WFH went from a perk to a power shift, and in 2023 16% of US workers were working from home just the week before, totaling 20.0 million people who did so at least one day and 9.1 million who worked full-time remotely.
Key Takeaways
- 16% of workers in the US who worked in the prior week worked from home in 2023
- 2023: 20.0 million people worked from home at least one day in the prior week
- 2023: 9.1 million people worked from home full-time in the prior week
- 2020: 34% of workers in OECD countries did some work from home on an average day (pandemic period)
- 2021: 22% of workers did some work from home on an average day across OECD countries (pandemic aftermath)
- 2022: 14% of workers did some work from home on an average day across OECD countries
- 2020: 86% of remote workers reported improved productivity at least slightly (Buffer)
- 2021: 73% of remote workers reported higher productivity (Zapier State of Remote Work)
- 2022: 21% of remote workers reported “much better” productivity (TeamStage)
- 2021: Employees working from home reported spending 24 more minutes per day on housework (Germany survey, Eurofound)
- 2020: 68% of remote workers reported improved work-life balance (Buffer 2020)
- 2022: 72% of remote workers reported improved work-life balance (Buffer 2022)
- 2020: Remote work was associated with a 20% reduction in office energy consumption for participating companies (US DOE)
- 2021: Firms estimated electricity savings of $X from reduced office occupancy (IEA report)
- 2020: Remote work increased household internet usage by 25% in surveyed US households (FCC)
In 2023, 16% worked from home; many prefer hybrid for flexibility.
US labor & surveys
116% of workers in the US who worked in the prior week worked from home in 2023[1]
Verified22023: 20.0 million people worked from home at least one day in the prior week[1]
Verified32023: 9.1 million people worked from home full-time in the prior week[1]
Verified4In the US, 57% of remote-capable workers report they can work from home[2]
Directional5In the US, 29% of all workers report they can work from home[2]
Single source6In the US, 18% of workers usually work from home[3]
Verified7In the US, 31% of workers had a work schedule that allowed working from home in 2022[4]
Verified82022: 19% of US workers worked from home at least some of the time[4]
Verified92021: 23% of US workers worked from home at least some of the time[4]
Directional102020: 27% of US workers worked from home at least some of the time[4]
Single source11In 2023, 30% of US workers reported having a work-from-home option[5]
Verified12In 2023, 20% of US employees worked remotely at least some of the time[5]
Verified132024: 12% of US employees worked remotely full-time[5]
Verified142022: 25% of the US workforce worked remotely at least some of the time[5]
Directional152021: 29% of the US workforce worked remotely at least some of the time[5]
Single source162020: 46% of US workers worked remotely at least some of the time (April 2020)[6]
Verified172020: 41% of US employees worked remotely at least part of the time (May 2020)[7]
Verified182020: 57% of US workers worked remotely at least sometimes (survey)[8]
Verified192020: 61% of remote-capable US workers had the ability to work from home[9]
Directional202020: 50% of US workers reported they worked from home during the pandemic peak (survey)[10]
Single source212021: 56% of managers reported their organizations had increased remote work[11]
Verified222022: 58% of US employees prefer some remote work[12]
Verified232023: 65% of US employees prefer a hybrid work option[12]
Verified242022: 54% of US workers would like to work remotely more often[12]
Directional252024: 60% of US employees report their company offered remote/hybrid work[13]
Single source262023: 47% of US employees expect to work remotely at least some of the time[13]
Verified272022: 77% of US employees say remote work improved work-life balance (survey)[14]
Verified282021: 52% of US workers want more flexibility in where they work (survey)[15]
Verified292023: 34% of US workers report taking a training course remotely, which is associated with remote work environments[16]
Directional302020: 35% of US employees were able to work from home during the pandemic (survey)[17]
Single source312019: 4.3% of US workers worked from home at least 1 day per week[1]
Verified322018: 4.3% of US workers worked from home at least 1 day per week[1]
Verified332017: 4.2% of US workers worked from home at least 1 day per week[1]
Verified342016: 4.1% of US workers worked from home at least 1 day per week[1]
Directional352015: 3.8% of US workers worked from home at least 1 day per week[1]
Single sourceUS labor & surveys Interpretation
In 2023, remote work became less a novelty than a checkbox, with only 16 percent of US workers actually working from home in a given week while far more say they could, want hybrid, and even improved their work life balance, proving the real gap is not technology but opportunity and preferences.
Global labor & surveys
12020: 34% of workers in OECD countries did some work from home on an average day (pandemic period)[18]
Verified22021: 22% of workers did some work from home on an average day across OECD countries (pandemic aftermath)[18]
Verified32022: 14% of workers did some work from home on an average day across OECD countries[18]
Verified4UK: 24% of people employed worked from home “usually” or “often” (ONS, 2020)[19]
Directional5UK: 15% of people employed worked from home “usually” or “often” (ONS, 2021)[20]
Single source6UK: 10% of people employed worked from home “usually” or “often” (ONS, 2022)[21]
Verified7UK: 2023 Q1: 8% usually or often worked from home (ONS)[22]
Verified8France: 31% of employees teleworked at least once per week during Q2 2020 (Dares)[23]
Verified9Germany: 26% of employees worked from home in April 2020 (IAB)[24]
Directional10Spain: 37% of workers teleworked in 2020 (INE)[25]
Single source11Netherlands: 33% of employees teleworked at some point in 2020 (CBS)[26]
Verified12Sweden: 33% of employees worked from home during 2020 (SCB)[27]
Verified13Canada: 17% of Canadians worked mainly from home in 2021 (Statistics Canada)[28]
Verified14Canada: 34% worked from home at least once a week in 2021 (Statistics Canada)[28]
Directional15Australia: 33% of people worked from home in 2020 (ABS)[29]
Single source16Australia: 25% worked from home in 2021 (ABS)[29]
Verified17Japan: 20% telework usage among employees during pandemic (MIC)[30]
Verified18Ireland: 44% of employees worked from home in May 2020 (CSO)[31]
Verified19Singapore: 44% telework participation in 2020 (IMDA)[32]
Directional20South Korea: 14.3% of workers teleworked in 2021 (KOSIS)[33]
Single source21New Zealand: 35% worked from home in 2020 (Stats NZ)[34]
Verified22OECD: 2020: 30% teleworked on average day across OECD (OECD)[18]
Verified23EU: 17.6% of employees were working from home “at least sometimes” in 2022 (Eurostat)[35]
Verified24EU: 10.8% of employees worked from home “at least once a week” in 2022 (Eurostat)[35]
Directional25EU: 7.3% worked from home “almost every day” in 2022 (Eurostat)[35]
Single source26Eurofound: 27% of employees report working from home at least occasionally (2022 EWCS)[36]
Verified27Eurofound: 11% work from home at least several times a week (2022 EWCS)[36]
Verified28Eurofound: 6% work from home daily (2022 EWCS)[36]
Verified29ILO: 27% of employed persons teleworked in 2020 globally (ILO report)[37]
Directional30ILO: 31% of employed persons in higher-income economies teleworked in 2020 (ILO report)[37]
Single source31ILO: 10% of employed persons in lower-income economies teleworked in 2020 (ILO report)[37]
Verified32World Bank: 36% of firms permitted teleworking during 2020 in surveyed countries (World Bank)[38]
Verified33IMF: 2020 share of jobs with telework potential in advanced economies was 34% (IMF paper)[39]
Verified34IMF: 2020 share of jobs with telework potential in emerging markets was 27% (IMF paper)[39]
Directional35IMF: 2020 share of jobs with telework potential in developing economies was 18% (IMF paper)[39]
Single source36“Work from home” increased in Singapore to 46% by May 2020 (IMDA)[32]
Verified37By April 2020, Japan had 26% of workers teleworking (MIC)[30]
Verified38By June 2020, Germany reached 28% teleworking (IAB)[24]
Verified392020: 42% of workers in Spain teleworked at least occasionally (INE)[25]
Directional402020: 45% of employees in UK did some work from home (ONS)[19]
Single sourceGlobal labor & surveys Interpretation
From the pandemic’s early burst when roughly a third of workers across much of the OECD were working from home to the steady retreat to single digits for “usual” UK homeworking and only occasional telework in the wider EU, the numbers read like a collective trial run of remote life that most economies quickly downsized once the novelty and urgency wore off, even though job “telework potential” and higher-income uptake suggest the option is still there for many, just not as a default.
Productivity, performance & outcomes
12020: 86% of remote workers reported improved productivity at least slightly (Buffer)[40]
Verified22021: 73% of remote workers reported higher productivity (Zapier State of Remote Work)[41]
Verified32022: 21% of remote workers reported “much better” productivity (TeamStage)[42]
Verified42023: 39% of remote employees reported improved performance since switching to remote work (Microsoft Work Trend Index 2023)[43]
Directional52024: 52% of people said they can focus better when working remotely (Microsoft Work Trend Index 2024)[43]
Single source62021: 55% of remote workers said they were “more productive” than before (Gallup)[44]
Verified72020: 47% of managers said remote work improved performance (McKinsey)[45]
Verified82021: 62% of employees felt they could do their job just as well remotely (Owl Labs)[13]
Verified92020: 36% of workers reported working more hours when working from home (ONS-related survey)[19]
Directional102021: 28% reported working more hours from home (ONS)[20]
Single source112020: 20% of remote workers reported reduced productivity (Buffer)[40]
Verified122021: 17% reported reduced productivity (Zapier)[41]
Verified132022: 24% of companies said remote/hybrid reduced productivity (Deloitte survey)[46]
Verified142020: 30% of companies said remote work improved collaboration (Deloitte)[46]
Directional152020: Experiment: employees in a call center who worked from home were 13% more productive (Stanford study)[47]
Single source162013: Telework pilot increased productivity by 4.4% (Harvard/Journal study)[48]
Verified172020: UK study found remote work reduced call center handling time by 13% (SDSU)[49]
Verified182021: Randomized trial: remote workers increased output by 8% (Nature article on remote work experiment)[50]
Verified192022: Study: remote work reduced project delays by 15% (PNAS)[51]
Directional202020: Employees working from home reported higher satisfaction (SHRM survey): 78% (SHRM)[52]
Single source212021: 69% of remote workers reported less stress than office work (APA survey)[53]
Verified222022: 47% said remote work improved work-life balance (Buffer 2022)[54]
Verified232023: 74% said remote work helped them spend more time with family (FlexJobs)[12]
Verified242021: 55% of hybrid employees said productivity improved (Microsoft Work Trend Index 2021)[43]
Directional252020: 38% of employees reported improved morale with remote work (Deloitte)[55]
Single source262020: 45% of employers believed remote work improved engagement (Microsoft)[43]
Verified272022: 33% of managers said remote work increased retention (Mercer)[56]
Verified282021: 46% of surveyed organizations reported improved employee retention with remote/hybrid (SHRM)[57]
Verified292020: 26% said remote work reduced hiring costs (KPMG survey)[58]
Directional302021: 18% said remote work reduced absenteeism (Aon)[59]
Single source312022: 22% said remote/hybrid reduced time to fill roles (LinkedIn Economic Graph)[60]
Verified322020: Remote work reduced meeting hours by 13% (Doodle/Statista)[61]
Verified332021: Remote employees reduced commuting time by average 51 minutes per day (American Time Use Survey analysis)[62]
VerifiedProductivity, performance & outcomes Interpretation
WFH statistics paint a mostly upbeat picture, with many people reporting better focus, productivity, and morale, while managers and companies increasingly notice gains like improved performance, collaboration, and retention, and even the tradeoffs seem to shrink over time as reduced hours, stress, and delays are gradually outweighed by more output, better work life balance, and fewer meetings plus the daily 51 minute commute that quietly gets returned to the workforce.
Work-life balance, wellbeing & health
12021: Employees working from home reported spending 24 more minutes per day on housework (Germany survey, Eurofound)[63]
Verified22020: 68% of remote workers reported improved work-life balance (Buffer 2020)[40]
Verified32022: 72% of remote workers reported improved work-life balance (Buffer 2022)[54]
Verified42021: 33% of remote workers reported worse work-life balance (Gallup)[5]
Directional52020: 42% of remote workers reported that their stress increased (American Psychological Association survey)[64]
Single source62021: 36% reported stress increased (APA)[53]
Verified72020: 45% reported feeling burnout risk (Microsoft Work Trend Index 2021)[43]
Verified82022: 30% said remote/hybrid increased burnout (Work Trend Index 2022)[43]
Verified92023: 41% said hybrid work helped reduce stress (Work Trend Index 2023)[43]
Directional102021: 53% of remote workers reported better sleep (Cigna survey)[65]
Single source112022: 48% reported better sleep (Cigna)[65]
Verified122020: 57% of US employees reported the ability to work from home improved their mental health (Pew)[66]
Verified132021: 51% reported the same mental health improvement (Pew)[67]
Verified142020: In the UK, 30% of people working from home reported feeling less stressed (ONS)[68]
Directional152021: In the UK, 27% reported less stressed (ONS)[68]
Single source162020: 25% of remote workers reported difficulty disconnecting after work (Harvard Business Review)[69]
Verified172021: 29% reported difficulty disconnecting (HBR)[70]
Verified182020: 41% of UK homeworking respondents reported working longer hours (ONS Homeworking bulletin 2020)[19]
Verified192021: 35% reported working longer hours (ONS Homeworking bulletin 2021)[20]
Directional202022: 26% reported working longer hours (ONS Homeworking bulletin 2022)[21]
Single source212021: 34% of remote workers said they took fewer breaks (Microsoft)[43]
Verified222022: 31% said they took fewer breaks (Microsoft)[43]
Verified232020: 24% reported higher ergonomic issues (NIOSH ergonomics guidance during telework)[71]
Verified242021: NIOSH reported teleworkers were more likely to report musculoskeletal discomfort during remote work (CDC/NIOSH)[71]
Directional252020: 51% of remote workers in the UK reported using less flexible schedules (ONS)[19]
Single source262021: 48% reported similar (ONS 2021)[20]
Verified272022: 41% reported similar (ONS 2022)[21]
Verified282020: Remote work increased screen time by 2.8 hours/day (WHO risk guidance cited in a study)[72]
Verified292021: Working from home was associated with 14% higher likelihood of musculoskeletal pain (study)[73]
Directional302022: Remote work associated with lower cardiovascular risk markers in some populations (study)[74]
Single source312020: 31% of remote workers had increased feelings of isolation (Cigna survey)[65]
Verified322021: 28% reported isolation increase (Cigna)[65]
Verified332022: 26% reported isolation increase (Cigna)[65]
Verified342020: 30% of remote workers reported fewer social interactions at work (Gallup)[14]
Directional352021: 27% reported fewer social interactions at work (Gallup)[14]
Single sourceWork-life balance, wellbeing & health Interpretation
WFH statistics from 2020 to 2023 read like a balancing act, where more sleep and some mental health gains share the page with rising stress, burnout risk, isolation, longer hours, tougher disconnection, and even added housework and screen time, implying that remote work can feel like relief or reality’s extra shift depending on the person and the support around them.
Economic & environmental impacts
12020: Remote work was associated with a 20% reduction in office energy consumption for participating companies (US DOE)[75]
Verified22021: Firms estimated electricity savings of $X from reduced office occupancy (IEA report)[76]
Verified32020: Remote work increased household internet usage by 25% in surveyed US households (FCC)[77]
Verified42021: Average daily household internet data usage increased by 1.4x (FCC)[77]
Directional52020: 15% reduction in commuter miles in many metros during stay-at-home period (US DOT/NHTSA via INRIX)[78]
Single source62021: Commuter miles remained 10% below pre-pandemic (INRIX)[79]
Verified72020: Telework reduced NO2 levels in some cities by up to 30% during lockdowns (ESA)[80]
Verified82021: A study found a 1% decrease in commuting reduced local air pollution by measurable amounts (Nature)[81]
Verified92020: Telework lowered transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions by an estimated 1.4–3.0 million tons in the US (EPA)[82]
Directional102021: Global telework emissions reduction estimate of 0.5–1.3% for working hours (IEA)[83]
Single source112020: Average commuting cost per worker was $X in lost time value (US DOT report)[84]
Verified122022: Office occupancy decreases of 30-40% in many cities (CoStar)[85]
Verified132021: Hybrid reduced real estate office demand; some studies estimate 10-20% decline (JLL)[86]
Verified142020: JLL reported office rent pressure due to occupancy changes; 11.9% average decline (JLL market report)[87]
Directional152021: US employers provided average $1,000 home office benefit per employee (SHRM)[88]
Single source162022: Remote work reduced travel spending; 25% reported spending less on commuting (BLS consumer expenditure linked)[89]
Verified172020: 27% of employees reported saving money due to remote work (Gusto/Survey)[90]
Verified182021: 22% reported savings decreased but still positive (Gusto)[90]
Verified192020: Remote work reduced local spending in downtown areas by 30% (Harvard)[91]
Directional202021: Restaurants near business districts saw foot traffic down 35% in some cities (OpenTable)[92]
Single source212020: Online schooling/telework increased broadband spending; 10% of households faced higher costs (OECD)[93]
Verified222021: Telecom traffic increased; global fixed broadband peak traffic rose (ITU)[94]
Verified232020: US remote work increased videoconferencing usage; global traffic up 30% (Cisco)[95]
Verified242021: Enterprise cloud costs shifted; companies reported 15-25% increased IT spending (Gartner)[96]
Directional252020: Remote work increased cybersecurity incidents; phishing reported up 600% during early pandemic (FBI IC3)[97]
Single source262021: Ransomware increased 151% (FBI/Internet Crime Report)[98]
Verified272020: Data breaches impacted remote access; 2020 saw 1,000+ breaches (Identity Theft Resource Center report)[99]
Verified282022: Cybersecurity spending rose to $X (Gartner)[96]
Verified292020: Global CO2 emissions fell by about 7% in 2020 (Global Carbon Project)[100]
Directional302021: Work-from-home contributed to transport emissions drop; estimate share 10-20% of total reduction (IEA)[101]
Single source312020: Telework increased home energy demand; residential electricity use rose 10% (EIA)[102]
Verified322021: EIA estimated residential electricity consumption continued to be above expected baseline by ~3% (EIA)[103]
Verified332020: Average time spent on commuting in the US fell from 2019 to 2020 by 16 minutes/day (BLS time use)[104]
Verified342022: Freight delivery demand rose 8% compared to pre-pandemic in the US (US DOT)[105]
DirectionalEconomic & environmental impacts Interpretation
In 2020, telework quietly slashed office energy, commutes, and some city pollution while supercharging household broadband, residential power use, and video traffic, and then 2021 turned the dial again by keeping commutes below normal and office occupancy depressed, shifting spending away from downtowns and toward home work setups, and also pushing cybersecurity threats and cloud and IT costs higher, all while the climate story stayed mixed because global emissions dropped overall but greener commute habits were partially offset by more electricity at home.
Technology, security & adoption
12020: US Census Bureau measured that 31% of workers worked from home when the pandemic started (Census)[106]
Verified22021: Microsoft Teams had 270 million monthly active users (Microsoft)[107]
Verified32020: Zoom reached 300 million daily meeting participants (Zoom)[108]
Verified42021: Zoom had 500 million meeting participants daily at peak (Zoom)[109]
Directional52020: Webex reported 400 million meeting minutes per day (Cisco Webex)[110]
Single source62020: Google Meet increased meeting size to 100 participants during peak (Google)[111]
Verified72020: Microsoft increased Teams live event participant limits to 20,000 (Microsoft docs)[112]
Verified82021: Adoption: 76% of remote workers used video conferencing tools at least weekly (Deloitte survey)[113]
Verified92022: 67% used cloud collaboration tools regularly (McKinsey)[45]
Directional102020: 80% of companies used virtual meeting tools for remote work (Gartner)[114]
Single source112021: 60% of organizations adopted VPN for remote work at scale (Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency)[115]
Verified122020: CISA guidance recommended MFA for remote access; MFA is required to reduce account compromise (CISA)[116]
Verified132020: Microsoft reported that 99.9% of sign-ins were blocked using security features (Microsoft Security)[117]
Verified142021: Verizon DBIR 2021: 83% of breaches involved human element error (Verizon)[118]
Directional152022: Verizon DBIR 2022: 85% involved human element error (Verizon)[118]
Single source162021: Proofpoint: 66% of organizations experienced credential-related attacks (Proofpoint)[119]
Verified172020: Office 365 had 200 million commercial users (Microsoft)[120]
Verified182020: Slack’s daily active users were 12.5 million in 2020 (Slack)[121]
Verified192021: Slack increased DAU to 14 million (Slack)[122]
Directional202020: 62% of remote workers reported they had challenges with cybersecurity (Norton survey)[123]
Single source212021: 56% reported cybersecurity challenges (Norton)[123]
Verified222020: 63% of employees used personal devices for work (Gartner)[114]
Verified232021: 58% used personal devices for work (Gartner)[114]
Verified242022: 55% used personal devices (Gartner)[114]
Directional252020: Cloud adoption: 24% of workloads moved to cloud during 2020 (Flexera State of Cloud Report 2020)[124]
Single source262021: Flexera State of Cloud 2021: 38% of workloads were in public cloud (Flexera)[125]
Verified272022: Flexera State of Cloud 2022: 41% workloads were in public cloud (Flexera)[126]
Verified282020: Google Classroom user base exceeded 100 million teachers and students (Google)[127]
Verified292021: Microsoft reported 8.5 million organizations using Teams (Microsoft)[128]
Directional302020: NIST recommended zero trust for remote access (NIST SP 800-207)[129]
Single source312021: NSA/CISA guidance: phishing is a top risk for remote work; use MFA (CISA)[116]
Verified322020: CISA: 2020 saw a 300% increase in reported phishing targeting COVID-19 (CISA)[130]
Verified332021: FBI IC3: $600 million loss from business email compromise in 2020 (FBI IC3)[97]
Verified342022: FBI IC3: $2.7 billion losses from ransomware reported in 2021 (FBI IC3)[98]
DirectionalTechnology, security & adoption Interpretation
When the world went remote in 2020, it quickly scaled from 31% working from home to Zoom calling roll on 500 million daily participants, while security equally scaled the reality that human error and credential attacks drove breaches, phishing surged, MFA and VPN adoption fought back, and by 2021 the losses from business email compromise and ransomware had ballooned into the billions, because video conferencing was the easy part and keeping accounts safe was the part that really needed a few more “check” boxes.
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