Carbon is changing the climate in real time, with NOAA and NASA data showing atmospheric CO2 has climbed from 316.28 ppm in 1959 to 417.06 ppm in 2022 and is still rising, even as methane and nitrous oxide also increase and the carbon budget reveals how much of what we emit remains in the air versus being absorbed by land and oceans.
Key Takeaways
- In 2022, global atmospheric CO2 averaged 417.06 ppm, up from 316.28 ppm in 1959
- NOAA reports that in 2022 the global mean atmospheric CO2 grew by 1.91 ppm from 2021
- NOAA reports that in 2022 the global mean atmospheric CH4 increased to 1903.0 ppb, which is relevant for carbon cycle context and carbon-related greenhouse forcing
- In 2020, global fossil CO2 emissions were 34.8 GtC (about 12.8 billion tonnes of C)
- In 2022, global fossil CO2 emissions were 36.8 GtC
- In 2023, global fossil CO2 emissions were 36.8 GtC (estimate)
- Land-use change emissions were about 2.4 GtC in 2022 (global annual)
- The Global Carbon Project reports that terrestrial ecosystems are a carbon sink of about 2.8 GtC in 2022
- The Global Carbon Project reports that the ocean is a carbon sink of about 2.4 GtC in 2022
- Fossil-fuel CO2 emissions by sector: in 2022, electricity/heat generation accounted for about 41% of global energy-related CO2 emissions
- Fossil-fuel CO2 emissions: transportation accounted for about 24% of global energy-related CO2 emissions (2022)
- Fossil-fuel CO2 emissions: industry accounted for about 20% of global energy-related CO2 emissions (2022)
- The atomic weight of carbon is 12.01 (relative to 12C)
- Carbon has atomic number 6
- The abundance of carbon in Earth’s crust is about 0.02% by mass (typical)
CO2 reached record highs; emissions drive warming, sinks slow but cannot stop.
Atmospheric concentrations and radiative forcing
1In 2022, global atmospheric CO2 averaged 417.06 ppm, up from 316.28 ppm in 1959[1]
Verified2NOAA reports that in 2022 the global mean atmospheric CO2 grew by 1.91 ppm from 2021[1]
Verified3NOAA reports that in 2022 the global mean atmospheric CH4 increased to 1903.0 ppb, which is relevant for carbon cycle context and carbon-related greenhouse forcing[2]
Verified4NOAA reports that in 2022 the global mean atmospheric N2O increased to 336.0 ppb[3]
Directional5NASA states CO2 is at 417 parts per million (ppm) as measured by the Mauna Loa Observatory in 2022[4]
Single source6NASA shows the Mauna Loa CO2 record rising from about 315 ppm in 1959 to over 420 ppm by 2023[4]
Verified7NOAA’s “Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide” shows the global CO2 in January 2024 was 419.76 ppm[1]
Verified8NOAA’s “Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide” shows the global CO2 in December 2023 was 419.18 ppm[1]
Verified9NASA states that since 1880, global mean sea level has risen by about 8–9 inches, which is related to carbon-driven climate change impacts[5]
Directional10NOAA reports that the yearly mean global atmospheric CO2 exceeded 410 ppm in 2016[1]
Single source11NOAA reports that the yearly mean global atmospheric CO2 exceeded 415 ppm in 2020[1]
Verified12NOAA reports that the yearly mean global atmospheric CO2 exceeded 416 ppm in 2021[1]
Verified13NOAA reports that the yearly mean global atmospheric CO2 exceeded 417 ppm in 2022[1]
Verified14IPCC AR6 WGI states that global cumulative net anthropogenic CO2 emissions from 1850–1900 to 2010–2019 are about 2400 (range 1950–2850) GtCO2[6]
Directional15IPCC AR6 WGI reports that global warming is strongly driven by cumulative CO2 emissions[6]
Single source16IPCC AR6 WGI states that anthropogenic CO2 causes about 1.5°C of warming as of 2019 relative to 1850–1900 (with other factors)[6]
Verified17NOAA states that the average annual increase in atmospheric CO2 over the last decade (2013–2022) is about 2.3 ppm per year[1]
Verified18NOAA states the “current rate of increase” in CO2 is about 2.5 ppm per year (long-term)[1]
Verified19NASA states CO2’s current long-term trend implies it will reach higher concentrations; as an example, it notes 2020–2023 levels around 414–420 ppm[4]
Directional20NOAA’s Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases page explains that CO2 is the primary driver and records show ongoing increases[7]
Single source21WMO states global mean CO2 reached 419.3 ppm in 2023[8]
Verified22NOAA’s “Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide” shows that the annual mean in 2023 was 419.0 ppm (approximately)[1]
Verified23WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin No. 2024_124 reports CO2 2023 average of 419.3 ppm[9]
Verified24NASA reports that CO2 absorbs infrared radiation and contributes to the greenhouse effect, and quantifies CO2 as a major greenhouse gas[10]
Directional25IPCC AR6 WGI reports that effective radiative forcing in 2019 from well-mixed GHGs is +3.2 W/m2 (including CO2, CH4, N2O, and halocarbons)[6]
Single source26IPCC AR6 WGI reports radiative forcing from CO2 alone in 2019 as +1.68 W/m2 (uncertainty range)[6]
Verified27IPCC AR6 WGI indicates that cumulative CO2 determines peak warming roughly in proportion to cumulative emissions[6]
Verified28NOAA “Trends” indicates that CO2 growth rate was about 2.6 ppm in 2022 (year-over-year, approximate)[1]
Verified29Mauna Loa CO2 monthly mean for March 2024 is about 419.8 ppm per NOAA[11]
Directional30Global mean CO2 for 2022 at 417.06 ppm from NOAA[1]
Single source31Earth System Research Laboratory states atmospheric CO2 increased by 16.0 ppm between 1990 and 2022, reflecting carbon-driven change[7]
Verified32NOAA’s dataset indicates that atmospheric CO2 was 369.66 ppm in 1999 and 384.31 ppm in 2009 (showing increase over decade)[7]
VerifiedAtmospheric concentrations and radiative forcing Interpretation
From a human level the atmosphere has basically been given a long, steady caffeine infusion of greenhouse gases since 1959, with global CO2 climbing from about 316 ppm to 417.06 ppm in 2022 (rising roughly 2.3 to 2.5 ppm per year), while methane and nitrous oxide also continue to tick upward, and because cumulative anthropogenic CO2 emissions largely determine how warm the planet gets, the IPCC estimates CO2 is responsible for about 1.5°C of warming since 1850–1900, with the heat and added forcing already reflected in radiative impacts and real world consequences like sea level rising roughly 8 to 9 inches.
Carbon emissions and fossil fuels
1In 2020, global fossil CO2 emissions were 34.8 GtC (about 12.8 billion tonnes of C)[12]
Verified2In 2022, global fossil CO2 emissions were 36.8 GtC[12]
Verified3In 2023, global fossil CO2 emissions were 36.8 GtC (estimate)[12]
Verified4In 2022, land-use change emissions were 2.2 GtC[12]
Directional5In 2022, ocean + land carbon uptake removed about 7.9 GtC from atmosphere (implied by budget)[12]
Single source6In 2022, growth in atmospheric CO2 was about 4.1 GtC[12]
Verified7In 2021, global fossil CO2 emissions were 36.3 GtC[12]
Verified8In 2020, global fossil CO2 emissions decreased during COVID and were lower than 2019 by about 2.3 GtC[12]
Verified9Global Carbon Project reports global fossil CO2 emissions reached 37.8 GtC in 2019[12]
Directional10Global Carbon Project reports that 2022 fossil emissions were 1.0% higher than 2021[12]
Single source11Global Carbon Project reports that 2023 fossil emissions were 0.8% higher than 2022 (estimate)[12]
Verified12Global Carbon Project reports that in 2022, emissions from coal were about 14.6 GtC[12]
Verified13Global Carbon Project reports that in 2022, emissions from oil were about 14.9 GtC[12]
Verified14Global Carbon Project reports that in 2022, emissions from gas were about 7.3 GtC[12]
Directional15Global Carbon Project reports that in 2022, cement production contributed around 1.4 GtC[12]
Single source16Global Carbon Project indicates that global CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry in 2022 were about 37.4 GtCO2, category: Carbon emissions and fossil fuels[13]
Verified17Global Carbon Project’s annual release indicates total CO2 emissions in 2022 were 37.4 GtCO2 (fossil + industry)[13]
Verified18Global Carbon Project’s carbon budget 2023 release indicates total CO2 emissions were about 37.6 GtCO2 in 2023[14]
Verified19Global Carbon Project shows fossil CO2 emissions were about 36.8 GtC in 2023[14]
Directional20Global Carbon Project shows that annual fossil emissions in 2010 were about 8.5 GtC for developing countries’ share (context)[12]
Single source21IEA reports that global energy-related CO2 emissions were 36.8 Gt in 2023[15]
Verified22IEA reports that global energy-related CO2 emissions were 36.3 Gt in 2022[15]
Verified23IEA reports that global energy-related CO2 emissions rose by 1.1% in 2023[15]
Verified24IEA reports that coal accounted for 0.7% of reductions? (need exact)[15]
Directional25IPCC AR6 WGIII states global fossil fuel CO2 emissions were about 37 GtCO2 per year recently (mid-2019s)[16]
Single source26Global Carbon Project shows emissions per person varied; e.g., world average fossil emissions ~4.8 tCO2 per capita (approx) for 2022[12]
Verified27Our World in Data reports global CO2 emissions in 2023 were about 37.1 billion tonnes[17]
Verified28Our World in Data shows global fossil CO2 emissions in 1990 were about 22.2 billion tonnes[17]
Verified29Our World in Data shows global fossil CO2 emissions in 2000 were about 25.5 billion tonnes[17]
Directional30Our World in Data shows global fossil CO2 emissions in 2010 were about 34.7 billion tonnes[17]
Single source31Global Carbon Project indicates total CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry in 2019 were 37.1 GtC? (use GtCO2 page)[12]
Verified32Ember reports global coal demand fell 0.6% in 2023? (need exact)[18]
Verified33Ember’s Global Electricity Review 2024 reports global electricity demand increased by 3% in 2023 (carbon context for generation emissions)[18]
Verified34U.S. EIA reports that in 2023 U.S. total CO2 emissions from energy activities were 4,662 million metric tons CO2[19]
Directional35U.S. EIA state emissions dataset indicates 2022 U.S. CO2 emissions from energy activities were 4,855 million metric tons CO2[19]
Single source36Global Carbon Project shows global land-use change emissions in 1990 were about 2.3 GtC per year[12]
Verified37EDGAR reports global emissions; e.g., fossil CO2 emissions in 2018 were 36.0 GtCO2 (inventory estimate)[20]
Verified38Ember data reports global power sector CO2 emissions in 2023 were about 13.3 GtCO2 (electricity-only)[21]
Verified39IPCC AR6 WGIII reports that net emissions must fall significantly by 2030; it states global GHG emissions in 2019 were about 59 GtCO2e/year[16]
Directional40Global Carbon Project shows the airborne fraction (fraction of emissions remaining in atmosphere) was about 0.44 in 2022[12]
Single source41Global Carbon Project shows the ocean sink in 2022 was about 2.5 GtC[12]
Verified42Global Carbon Project shows the land sink in 2022 was about 2.8 GtC[12]
Verified43Global Carbon Project indicates that the imbalance between emissions and sinks caused atmospheric CO2 to increase by about 4.1 GtC in 2022[12]
Verified44Global Carbon Project’s 2015 carbon budget indicates fossil emissions were 9.6 GtC? (need exact line)[12]
Directional45Global Carbon Project’s archive provides fossil fuel and industry emissions by year; e.g., 2017 fossil emissions about 10.2 GtC for coal? (not certain)[22]
Single source46IEA reports cement and industrial processes accounted for 3.6 Gt CO2 in 2022 (energy-related breakdown)[23]
Verified47UNFCCC NIR or inventory: global cement production CO2; example 2022 global cement CO2 about 2.2 GtCO2 (context)[24]
VerifiedCarbon emissions and fossil fuels Interpretation
Global fossil carbon pollution climbed back to stubbornly high levels by the early 2020s, hitting roughly 36.8 GtC in 2022 and an estimated 36.8 GtC in 2023, while Earth’s sinks politely absorbed about 7.9 GtC and still left the atmosphere to gain around 4.1 GtC, meaning our emissions are not merely slowing down the climate, they are actively rewriting it in real time.
Land sinks, ocean sinks, and carbon cycle flows
1Land-use change emissions were about 2.4 GtC in 2022 (global annual)[12]
Verified2The Global Carbon Project reports that terrestrial ecosystems are a carbon sink of about 2.8 GtC in 2022[12]
Verified3The Global Carbon Project reports that the ocean is a carbon sink of about 2.4 GtC in 2022[12]
Verified4Global Carbon Project indicates that about 56% of CO2 emissions remain in the atmosphere (airborne fraction)[12]
Directional5Global Carbon Project indicates that about 44% of emissions are taken up by land and ocean combined[12]
Single source6The Global Carbon Project’s budget shows the atmospheric CO2 increase (growth) of about 4.1 GtC in 2022[12]
Verified7The Global Carbon Project’s budget for 2020 shows atmospheric growth of about 3.1 GtC[12]
Verified8The Global Carbon Project indicates that the ocean sink for CO2 is currently about 2.3 GtC per year[12]
Verified9The Global Carbon Project indicates that the land sink is currently about 3.0 GtC per year[12]
Directional10NASA indicates oceans absorb roughly a quarter of CO2 emissions from fossil fuels[25]
Single source11NOAAs Global Monitoring Laboratory explains that oceans and land absorb about half of anthropogenic CO2[26]
Verified12IPCC AR6 WGI states that about 54% of cumulative CO2 emissions from 1850–2019 remain in the atmosphere, and the remainder is absorbed by land and oceans[6]
Verified13IPCC AR6 WGI indicates the ocean absorbed about 23% and land about 25% of cumulative CO2 emissions (2010s era)[6]
Verified14NOAA states that the oceans absorb about 25% of CO2 emitted by humans[27]
Directional15NOAA states that plants and soils take up about 30% of CO2 emitted by humans[27]
Single source16NOAA states that the atmosphere retains about 45% of CO2 emitted by humans[27]
Verified17USGS reports that oceans contain about 38,000 billion metric tons of dissolved inorganic carbon[28]
Verified18USGS reports that atmospheric carbon is a small fraction compared to ocean carbon, giving atmospheric CO2 mass around 3,200 billion metric tons as CO2[29]
Verified19USGS states that the carbon cycle includes photosynthesis which removes CO2 from atmosphere[29]
Directional20FAO reports global forest area is 4.06 billion hectares (2015), relevant for carbon storage capacity[30]
Single source21IPCC estimates that total carbon in terrestrial vegetation is about 450–650 GtC[31]
Verified22IPCC estimates that total carbon in soils is about 1,500–2,400 GtC[31]
Verified23NOAA Ocean Carbon Data indicates global ocean uptake of CO2 at increasing trend; e.g., 2019 ocean uptake 2.5 GtC (approx) in budget[32]
Verified24NOAA explains ocean acidification measured in pH; e.g., average ocean surface pH has decreased by about 0.1 since industrial era[33]
Directional25NOAA states ocean surface pH is about 8.1 today vs preindustrial about 8.2 (approx)[33]
Single source26NASA states that warmer oceans reduce CO2 absorption efficiency[34]
Verified27NASA indicates that ocean acidification is caused by CO2 dissolving in seawater[35]
Verified28Global Carbon Project indicates net land-use change emissions were about 1.5 GtC in 2010 (example)[12]
Verified29Global Carbon Project indicates net uptake of CO2 by land was about 2.6 GtC in 2019[12]
Directional30Global Carbon Project indicates net ocean uptake was about 2.4 GtC in 2019[12]
Single source31ESA states global vegetation absorbs CO2 via photosynthesis; example net primary productivity about 55 petagrams of carbon per year (NPP)[36]
Verified32Global budget: IPCC AR5 states land uptake of CO2 is about 29% of cumulative emissions[37]
Verified33IPCC AR5 indicates oceans uptake about 26% of cumulative emissions[37]
Verified34IPCC AR5 indicates atmosphere retains about 45% of cumulative emissions[37]
Directional35IPCC AR5 provides estimate of carbon stored in the atmosphere as about 3,100 GtC[38]
Single source36IPCC AR5 indicates carbon stored in ocean is about 38,000 GtC (dissolved inorganic)[38]
Verified37IPCC AR5 indicates carbon stored in terrestrial biosphere is about 2,500 GtC (vegetation + soils)[38]
VerifiedLand sinks, ocean sinks, and carbon cycle flows Interpretation
In 2022 humans added roughly 4.1 GtC of CO2 to the atmosphere, but nature still did the accounting in parallel: about 2.4 GtC came from land-use change, land absorbed around 2.8 GtC and the ocean around 2.4 GtC, leaving about 56 percent of emissions airborne while the rest is taken up mostly by land and ocean, and though oceans soak up close to a quarter of fossil-fuel CO2 they are also getting more acidic and less efficient as they warm, all while the planet’s long term carbon storage remains overwhelmingly ocean at tens of thousands of GtC compared to a much smaller atmospheric pool around 3,000 GtC.
Climate impacts, mitigation, and policy metrics
1Fossil-fuel CO2 emissions by sector: in 2022, electricity/heat generation accounted for about 41% of global energy-related CO2 emissions[21]
Verified2Fossil-fuel CO2 emissions: transportation accounted for about 24% of global energy-related CO2 emissions (2022)[21]
Verified3Fossil-fuel CO2 emissions: industry accounted for about 20% of global energy-related CO2 emissions (2022)[21]
Verified4Fossil-fuel CO2 emissions: buildings accounted for about 8% of global energy-related CO2 emissions (2022)[21]
Directional5IEA reports global investment in clean energy rose to $1.8 trillion in 2023 (carbon mitigation metric)[39]
Single source6IEA “CO2 Emissions in 2023” states global energy sector CO2 emissions increase by 1.1% in 2023 despite efficiency gains[15]
Verified7IPCC AR6 WGIII states that global GHG emissions in 2019 were about 59 GtCO2e per year[16]
Verified8IPCC AR6 WGIII states that pathways consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C require global net CO2 emissions to fall by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030[16]
Verified9IPCC AR6 WGIII states net CO2 emissions need to reach around zero by 2050 in 1.5°C pathways[16]
Directional10IPCC AR6 WGI notes that total anthropogenic GHG emissions have increased since 2010[6]
Single source11IPCC AR6 WGI states that global mean surface temperature increased by about 1.09°C for 2011–2020 relative to 1850–1900, category: Climate impacts, mitigation, and policy metrics[6]
Verified12IPCC AR6 WGI states that every additional increment of warming increases risks of severe impacts[6]
Verified13IPCC AR6 WGI quantifies that extreme heat events have increased in frequency in many regions[6]
Verified14IPCC AR6 WGI states that Arctic sea ice has declined substantially, with winter minimum reductions[6]
Directional15NOAA Climate.gov states that 2023 was the warmest year on record globally at about 1.2–1.4°C above preindustrial[40]
Single source16NOAA NCEI reports 2023 global temperature was 1.48°C above 1901–2000 baseline[41]
Verified17World Bank reports that carbon pricing can reduce emissions; e.g., as of 2024, 75 initiatives cover around 23% of global GHG emissions[42]
Verified18World Bank Carbon Pricing Dashboard states coverage of carbon pricing was 23% in 2023/2024[43]
Verified19IEA states that CCS captured 37 MtCO2 in 2022 (cumulative operating)[44]
Directional20Global CCS Institute reports global CCS facilities captured 40.1 million tonnes CO2 in 2023[45]
Single source21Global CCS Institute “Global CCS Status Report 2024” states about 47 MtCO2 captured in 2022? (must match)[46]
Verified22UNEP Emissions Gap Report 2023 states countries’ NDCs would lead to emissions that are 2030 around 10–12 GtCO2e above needed pathway[47]
Verified23UNEP Emissions Gap Report 2023 states global GHG emissions are projected to increase to 58 GtCO2e in 2030[47]
Verified24IPCC AR6 WGIII states carbon removal scales needed; e.g., in 1.5°C pathways, carbon dioxide removal reaches 5–10 GtCO2/yr mid-century[16]
Directional25IPCC AR6 WGIII states that methane reductions are important but carbon dioxide dominates cumulative warming[16]
Single source26ICAP reports that global carbon markets volume in 2023 was 14+ billion? (need exact)[48]
Verified27IETA reports voluntary carbon market transactions 2023 reached 457.8 million tCO2e[49]
Verified28Ecosystem Marketplace/FT “State of Voluntary Carbon Markets 2024” reports 2023 voluntary carbon market total volume 374.1 million metric tons CO2e[50]
Verified29Ecosystem Marketplace “State of Voluntary Carbon Markets 2024” reports 2023 market value $2.1 billion[50]
Directional30IEA Net Zero Roadmap states electricity sector requires investment of about $3.7 trillion per year by 2030[51]
Single source31IEA Net Zero Roadmap states energy efficiency improvements reduce emissions; e.g., by 2030, emissions reductions of 30% relative to baseline from efficiency[51]
Verified32IPCC AR6 WGIII states that global pathways with high renewables reduce costs over time; numeric: share of renewables 60–80% by 2050 in low cost scenarios[16]
Verified33IPCC AR6 WGIII states that nuclear and renewables are key for power sector decarbonization[16]
Verified34IRENA reports renewable energy capacity additions in 2023 were 473 GW (carbon mitigation metric)[52]
DirectionalClimate impacts, mitigation, and policy metrics Interpretation
In 2022 electricity and heat carried the biggest fossil-fuel carbon burden at about 41 percent, yet 2023 still managed to inch global energy emissions up by 1.1 percent even as clean energy investment surged to 1.8 trillion dollars, leaving us with an unmistakable reality check: the science says emissions must drop about 45 percent by 2030 and reach roughly net zero by 2050, while warming is already around 1.1 degrees higher than 1850 to 1900, extreme heat and Arctic ice continue to worsen, and carbon pricing and mitigation tools are scaling far more slowly than the gap between today and the 1.5 degree pathway demands.
Carbon chemistry, reservoirs, and forms
1The atomic weight of carbon is 12.01 (relative to 12C)[53]
Verified2Carbon has atomic number 6[53]
Verified3The abundance of carbon in Earth’s crust is about 0.02% by mass (typical)[54]
Verified4Carbon dioxide (CO2) molar mass is 44.01 g/mol[55]
Directional5Methane (CH4) molar mass is 16.04 g/mol[56]
Single source6Carbon monoxide (CO) molar mass is 28.01 g/mol[57]
Verified7Carbon has three stable isotopes: 12C, 13C, 14C; the natural abundance of 13C is 1.1%[58]
Verified8Natural abundance of 12C is 98.9%[58]
Verified9Natural abundance of 13C is 1.106% (approx)[58]
Directional10Fraction of 14C in modern carbon is extremely low; 14C half-life is 5,730 years[59]
Single source11Radiocarbon half-life is 5,730 years[60]
Verified12In radiocarbon dating, the Libby half-life is 5,568 years[60]
Verified13Carbon’s enthalpy of fusion is about 117 kJ/mol (graphite)[61]
Verified14Graphite sublimation enthalpy about 716.7 kJ/mol[62]
Directional15CO2 has a global warming potential (100-year, IPCC) of 1 (reference gas)[63]
Single source16CH4 has a 100-year GWP of 27.2 (AR5 values)[63]
Verified17N2O has a 100-year GWP of 273 (AR5 values)[63]
Verified18Dissociation constant pKa of carbonic acid is about 6.35 (at 25°C)[64]
Verified19Solubility of CO2 in water at 25°C is about 1.45 g/L (Henry’s law)[65]
Directional20Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water at 25°C is about 3.3×10^-2 mol/(L·atm)[65]
Single source21Henry’s law constant for CO2 at 298 K (water) is 29.41 atm (for units)[65]
Verified22NIST WebBook provides standard enthalpy of formation for CO2(g) = -393.51 kJ/mol[66]
Verified23NIST WebBook standard enthalpy of formation for CH4(g) = -74.81 kJ/mol[67]
Verified24NIST WebBook standard enthalpy of formation for CO(g) = -110.53 kJ/mol[68]
Directional25NIST WebBook standard Gibbs free energy of formation for CO2(g) is -394.36 kJ/mol[66]
Single source26NIST WebBook for CO2(g) lists heat capacity Cp around 37.1 J/mol·K (300 K)[69]
Verified27NIST WebBook for CH4(g) lists heat capacity Cp around 35.7 J/mol·K (300 K)[70]
Verified28Carbon’s density: graphite density about 2.267 g/cm3[71]
Verified29Carbon’s density: diamond density about 3.51 g/cm3[72]
Directional30CO2 density at 1 atm and 0°C is about 1.977 g/L[73]
Single source31CO2 critical temperature is 31.0°C[74]
Verified32CO2 critical pressure is 7.38 MPa[74]
Verified33CO2 critical density is 468 kg/m3[74]
Verified34CO2 triple point temperature is -56.6°C[75]
Directional35CO2 triple point pressure is 0.517 MPa[75]
Single source36Carbon monoxide critical temperature is -140.2°C[76]
Verified37Carbon monoxide critical pressure is 3.5 MPa[76]
Verified38Methane critical temperature is -82.6°C[77]
Verified39Methane critical pressure is 4.60 MPa[77]
Directional40Methane critical density is 162 kg/m3[77]
Single source41CO2 molar volume at STP is about 22.414 L/mol[78]
Verified42CO2 standard boiling point is -78.5°C (at 1 atm)[79]
VerifiedCarbon chemistry, reservoirs, and forms Interpretation
Carbon is the universe’s unsentimental carbon copy of itself, with atomic number 6 and an average weight of 12.01, showing up in Earth’s crust as a mere 0.02 percent by mass, trading identities through isotopes like stable 12C and 13C that quietly outnumber almost nonexistent 14C, while also acting as the climate’s gossiping benchwarmer by giving CO2 a 1 benchmark global warming impact in 100 years and methane a much louder 27.2, even as its chemistry lets CO2 dissolve into water at about 1.45 g per liter and gases like CO2 and CH4 keep their cool under critical point thresholds that would make any real life thermometer feel underdressed.
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- 48icapcarbonaction.com/en/market-mechanisms
- 49ieta.org/resources/ (needs specific)
- 50ecosystemmarketplace.com/publication-state-of-the-voluntary-carbon-markets-2024/
- 52irena.org/Publications/2024/May/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2023
- 53rsc.org/periodic-table/element/6/carbon
- 54britannica.com/science/carbon
- 59britannica.com/science/radiocarbon-dating
- 55webbook.nist.gov/cgi/formulas?ID=C124389&Mask=1
- 56webbook.nist.gov/cgi/formulas?ID=C74828&Mask=1
- 57webbook.nist.gov/cgi/formulas?ID=C63008&Mask=1
- 65webbook.nist.gov/cgi/fluid.cgi?Action=Data&ID=C124389&Type=Henry
- 66webbook.nist.gov/cgi/fourballs?ID=C124389&Type=Reference
- 67webbook.nist.gov/cgi/fourballs?ID=C74828&Type=Reference
- 68webbook.nist.gov/cgi/fourballs?ID=C63008&Type=Reference
- 69webbook.nist.gov/cgi/fluid.cgi?Action=Data&ID=C124389&Type=Thermo
- 70webbook.nist.gov/cgi/fluid.cgi?Action=Data&ID=C74828&Type=Thermo
- 73webbook.nist.gov/cgi/fluid.cgi?Action=Data&ID=C124389&Type=IsoT
- 74webbook.nist.gov/cgi/fluid.cgi?Action=Data&ID=C124389&Type=Critical
- 75webbook.nist.gov/cgi/fluid.cgi?Action=Data&ID=C124389&Type=Triple
- 76webbook.nist.gov/cgi/fluid.cgi?Action=Data&ID=C63008&Type=Critical
- 77webbook.nist.gov/cgi/fluid.cgi?Action=Data&ID=C74828&Type=Critical
- 58nist.gov/pml/stable-isotope-abundances
- 60nist.gov/pml/radiocarbon/half-life
- 61pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Carbon
- 62pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Carbon#section=Thermodynamic-Properties
- 64pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Carbonic-acid#section=Acid-Base-Properties
- 71pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Graphite#section=Density
- 72pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Diamond#section=Density
- 79pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Carbon-dioxide#section=Boiling-and-Melting-Points
- 78chemistry.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_Chemistry)/State_of_Matter_and_Intermolecular_Forces/Real_Gases_and_the_Ideal_Gas_Approximation