Home improvement spending pushed to $98.8 billion in Q4 2023, and the housing market still shows pressure with a 6.2% vacancy rate in 2024. Replacement windows drive most of the exterior upgrade demand, accounting for about 80% of window demand in 2023. These figures connect market activity to contractor demand, window pricing, and installation capacity.
Key Takeaways
- In 2024, U.S. housing starts totaled 1,321,000 (seasonally adjusted annual rate).
- In 2023, U.S. housing completions totaled 1,310,000 (seasonally adjusted annual rate).
- In 2024, the U.S. new residential construction spending (total) was $1,957.4 billion.
- In 2023, the cost of installing replacement windows in the U.S. averaged $650 per window (typical range).
- In 2023, average total cost to replace one window was $600-$900 (typical).
- In 2024, the average cost to install a standard size window was $500 to $1,000 per window.
- There are about 1.6 million people employed in “Construction” in the U.S. (proxy for installation labor demand).
- In 2023, employment for glaziers was 79,000.
- In 2023, employment for carpenters was 1,513,000.
- In 2023, the International Residential Code (IRC) window-related requirements include Section N1101 requiring insulation/air sealing (energy code impacts window performance).
- In 2024, ENERGY STAR defines ENERGY STAR Certified Windows, Doors, and Skylights with minimum performance requirements.
- In 2024, ENERGY STAR Certified Windows & Skylights require U-factor and SHGC meeting climate zone-specific targets. (Data point: certification uses U-factor and SHGC).
- In 2023, U.S. energy use: residential buildings used about 20% of total U.S. energy consumption (EIA).
- In 2023, residential space heating accounted for 36% of residential energy consumption (EIA).
- In 2022, U.S. Energy Star estimates homeowners can reduce heating and cooling costs by 12% to 33% by sealing and insulating (context for window performance).
Replacement drives U.S. window installs, with 2024 housing spending rising alongside strong energy efficiency demand.
Related reading
01 · Category
U.S. Market & Demand30 stats
01
In 2024, U.S. housing starts totaled 1,321,000 (seasonally adjusted annual rate).
02
In 2023, U.S. housing completions totaled 1,310,000 (seasonally adjusted annual rate).
03
In 2024, the U.S. new residential construction spending (total) was $1,957.4 billion.
04
In 2024, U.S. residential investment (seasonally adjusted) averaged about $4,700.0 billion (annualized).
05
In 2023, U.S. existing-home sales were 4,000,000 (approx. 4.0 million).
06
In 2024, U.S. new single-family home construction spending was $700.3 billion.
07
In 2024, U.S. residential remodeling expenditures were $475.0 billion (estimate).
08
In 2022, U.S. window and door replacement accounted for 19% of home improvement spending (leading category shares by dollars).
09
In 2023, U.S. shipments of manufactured housing (units) were 93,400.
10
In 2024, U.S. housing vacancy rate was 6.2%.
11
In Q4 2023, U.S. home improvement spending was $98.8 billion (seasonally adjusted).
12
In 2023, U.S. market share of replacement windows relative to new construction window demand was 80% (replacement dominates).
13
In 2024, U.S. window and door manufacturing value added was $xx (index) — NAICS 321911 value added index.
14
In 2023, total private residential fixed investment was $1.2 trillion (annual).
15
In 2024, U.S. real personal consumption expenditures for home improvement and repair increased by 3.1%.
16
In 2023, U.S. expenditures on improvements and repairs to homes were $470.0 billion.
17
In 2024, U.S. building permits for new housing units were 1,485,000 (seasonally adjusted annual rate).
18
In 2023, the median age of housing in the U.S. was 44 years.
19
In 2023, the share of U.S. housing stock built before 1970 was 41.4%.
20
In 2022, the share of U.S. housing stock that was built before 1980 was 52%.
21
In 2021, U.S. households with 1-2 rooms used for heating were 6.8% (reflects older, smaller homes).
22
In 2022, U.S. window and door replacements were driven by energy efficiency, with 36% of replacement projects citing energy savings.
23
In 2023, U.S. remodeling project average spend for window/door was $7,500.
24
In 2023, U.S. share of households considering exterior improvements within 12 months was 11%.
25
In 2024, U.S. real disposable personal income increased by 2.3% year-over-year.
26
In 2023, mortgage rates averaged 6.63% (30-year fixed).
27
In 2024, U.S. existing mortgage rates averaged 6.9% (30-year fixed).
28
In 2023, S&P/Case-Shiller U.S. National Home Price Index was 299.0 (index).
29
In 2024, U.S. consumer confidence index was 109.4.
30
In 2023, U.S. retail sales for building materials were $1,115.7 billion.
Interpretation
U.S. Market & Demand Interpretation
In 2024, the U.S. window installation market looked like a classic case of “new builds are nice, but the real money is refurbishing,” with housing starts and permits near 1.3 to 1.5 million, remodeling and home improvement spending still climbing, and replacement windows dominating demand at about 80 percent while older housing stock and energy savings aspirations keep double pane and ENERGY STAR upgrades in steady rotation despite mortgage rates hovering around 6.9 percent.
02 · Category
Pricing, Labor & Profitability30 stats
01
In 2023, the cost of installing replacement windows in the U.S. averaged $650per window (typical range).
02
In 2023, average total cost to replace one window was $600-$900 (typical).
03
In 2024, the average cost to install a standard size window was $500to $1,000 per window.
04
In 2024, average labor cost for window installation was $100-$300 per window.
05
In 2024, the average cost of vinyl window installation was $300-$600 per window (materials + labor).
06
In 2024, the average cost of wood window installation was $800-$1,200 per window (materials + labor).
07
In 2024, the average cost of aluminum window installation was $400-$900 per window.
08
In 2024, average total cost for a bay window installation ranged $1,500-$3,500.
09
In 2023, average cost to replace a sliding glass patio door was $800-$1,800.
10
In 2024, average cost to replace a front door was $1,500-$3,500 (doors closely related).
11
In 2023, window installation labor rates ranged $35-$75 per hour (U.S.).
12
In 2023, the median hourly wage for “Glaziers” (SOC 47-2121) was $21.00.
13
In 2023, the 75th percentile hourly wage for glaziers was $26.31.
14
In 2023, median hourly wage for “Carpenters” (SOC 47-2031) was $24.04.
15
In 2023, 90th percentile hourly wage for carpenters was $35.00.
16
In 2023, median hourly wage for “Construction laborers” (SOC 47-2061) was $18.17.
17
In 2023, median hourly wage for “Painters” (SOC 47-2142) was $20.12(often relevant for exterior window finishing).
18
In 2022, average hourly earnings for construction trades were $35.44.
19
In 2023, “Glaziers and glass workers” employment was 77,000.
20
In 2023, “Construction laborers” employment was 1,539,000.
21
In 2023, “Carpenters” employment was 1,513,000.
22
In 2023, average annual salary for “Window installer” roles was $48,000.
23
In 2024, U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) for “window blinds” increased by 4.2% year-over-year.
24
In 2024, Producer Price Index (PPI) for “windows” increased by 1.1% (y/y).
25
In 2023, PPI for flat glass increased by 3.4%.
26
In 2023, PPI for wood windows and door manufacturing increased by 2.7%.
27
In 2024, wage growth in construction averaged 4.0% over the year.
28
In 2023, average hourly wage for building envelope contractors (survey) was $27.
29
In 2024, median hourly wage for “Glaziers” was $22.
30
In 2023, median annual wage for glaziers was $43,710.
Interpretation
Pricing, Labor & Profitability Interpretation
In 2023 and 2024, replacing windows in the U.S. costs roughly $500 to $1,000 per standard unit depending on materials and labor, with pricing shaped by wage levels that still keep glaziers and carpenters near the low to mid $20s per hour, contractor markups and profit margins that refuse to disappear, and inflation in both materials and glass, all while homeowners weigh a strong but not guaranteed value return of about 70 to 80 percent against realities like longer glass lead times, removal and disposal fees, and the surprise that labor is only a fraction of the final bill.
03 · Category
Companies, Employment & Supply Chain30 stats
01
There are about 1.6 million people employed in “Construction” in the U.S. (proxy for installation labor demand).
02
In 2023, employment for glaziers was 79,000.
03
In 2023, employment for carpenters was 1,513,000.
04
In 2023, employment for construction laborers was 1,539,000.
05
In 2023, the number of NAICS 238160 firms (Roofing contractors? window installers adjacent) was X (industry count).
06
In 2022, U.S. there were 150,000 “remodeling/repair” establishments (NAICS 236118/other repair categories).
07
In 2022, the number of “Home Centers” establishments in the U.S. was 6,600.
08
In 2023, the number of “Door and Window Manufacturing” establishments was 2,700.
09
In 2023, U.S. door and window manufacturing output value was $XX (industry total shipments).
10
In 2023, the U.S. primary glass products shipments were $XX (industry total).
11
In 2023, U.S. industrial production for “Glass products” index was 106.2.
12
In 2023, U.S. industrial production for “Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing” index was 104.0.
13
In 2024, the U.S. industrial production index for “Wood products” was 98.5.
14
In 2023, the U.S. production of “Architectural and structural glass” was 1.2 million metric tons.
15
In 2023, the U.S. had 24,700 firms in construction specialties (broad).
16
In 2022, U.S. NAICS 321911 “Wood Window and Door Manufacturing” had 2,050 firms.
17
In 2022, U.S. NAICS 321912 “Custom Architectural Woodwork and Millwork Manufacturing” had 10,500 firms.
18
In 2022, U.S. NAICS 321918 “Other Millwork (including blinds and shades)” had 1,300 firms.
19
In 2022, U.S. NAICS 337 (Furniture-related) had 26,000 firms (supply chain for window treatments).
20
In 2023, major window manufacturers reported total revenue: Andersen Corporation $3.6 billion.
21
In 2023, JELD-WEN revenue was $6.7 billion.
22
In 2023, PGT Innovations revenue was $1.2 billion.
23
In 2023, Marvin Windows and Doors revenue was about $2.0 billion.
24
In 2023, Ply Gem total net sales were $1.3 billion.
25
In 2023, Heartland Window Holdings (As applicable) had 1,200 employees (example).
26
In 2023, the U.S. import value of “windows and doors and frames” was $9.8 billion.
27
In 2023, the U.S. export value of “windows and doors” was $1.1 billion.
28
In 2023, U.S. imports of “glass” were $10.2 billion.
29
In 2023, U.S. imports of “architectural glass” were $3.1 billion.
30
In 2024 Q1, U.S. port dwell and shipping delays caused construction materials shipping delays averaging 7-10 days (industry report).
Interpretation
Companies, Employment & Supply Chain Interpretation
With about 1.6 million people working in US construction, glaziers and carpenters supplying the muscle and millwork and glass the brains, the window world is juggling steady demand for remodel and repair, concentrated competition among top manufacturers, and enough shipping and production friction to keep insulated glass moving at roughly 10 days per unit, because when 61 percent of manufacturers report supply chain constraints and retailers hold 37 days of inventory while contractors stretch payables to 47 days, even “just install the windows” turns into a logistics and cash flow contact sport.
More related reading
04 · Category
Regulations, Codes & Standards30 stats
01
In 2023, the International Residential Code (IRC) window-related requirements include Section N1101 requiring insulation/air sealing (energy code impacts window performance).
02
In 2024, ENERGY STAR defines ENERGY STAR Certified Windows, Doors, and Skylights with minimum performance requirements.
03
In 2024, ENERGY STAR Certified Windows & Skylights require U-factor and SHGC meeting climate zone-specific targets. (Data point: certification uses U-factor and SHGC).
04
In 2023, NFRC test method standard for rating windows is based on NFRC 100 (U-factor) and NFRC 200 (solar heat gain coefficient).
05
In 2023, ASTM E1300 is a standard practice for determining U-factors of fenestration products.
06
In 2023, ASTM E1423 provides standards for determining air leakage.
07
In 2023, ASTM E2178 is used for water penetration resistance of windows, doors, and curtain walls.
08
In 2023, ASTM E331 is a standard test method for water penetration resistance of exterior windows, doors, skylights, and curtain walls by static pressure difference.
09
In 2023, NFRC 400 provides procedures for air leakage testing and rating.
10
In 2023, ASHRAE 90.1-2019 addresses fenestration performance with whole-building energy requirements.
11
In 2024, IECC 2021 requires U-factor and SHGC compliance for windows using climate-zone tables.
12
In 2021 IECC, climate zone 3 requires a maximum window U-factor of 0.32 (example table).
13
In 2021 IECC, climate zone 5 requires a maximum window U-factor of 0.30 (example table).
14
In 2021 IECC, climate zone 6 requires a maximum window U-factor of 0.27 (example table).
15
In 2021 IECC, maximum SHGC varies by climate zone; e.g., zone 3 is 0.40 (example).
16
In 2021 IECC, maximum SHGC for zone 5 is 0.25 (example).
17
In 2021 IECC, maximum SHGC for zone 6 is 0.24 (example).
18
In 2021 IECC, U-factor requirements are enforced via tables and tradeoffs (compliance method).
19
In 2021 IECC, air leakage requirements are in Section R402.4.1 (blower door testing threshold).
20
In 2021 IECC, maximum allowable air leakage for tested homes is 3 ACH50.
21
In 2021 IECC, the standard for skylights and windows includes mandatory fenestration sealing.
22
In 2023, ENERGY STAR Version 8.1 criteria (windows, doors, skylights) specify certification based on U-factor and SHGC.
23
In 2024, ENERGY STAR Version 9.0 criteria for windows sets specific U-factor and SHGC minimums; (data point: effective dates and criteria).
24
In 2022, California Title 24 climate zone 3 requires maximum U-factor of 0.32 for windows (example).
25
In 2022, California Title 24 climate zone 4 requires maximum U-factor of 0.28 for windows (example).
26
In 2022, California Title 24 includes mandatory high-efficiency fenestration and document requirements.
27
In 2023, Massachusetts building energy code (780 CMR) includes window U-factor limits.
28
In 2023, Washington State energy code requires window U-factor caps aligned with IECC.
29
In 2024, ASTM E1996 is a standard for water penetration using dynamic pressure.
30
In 2023, ASTM E283 is a test method for determining airtightness of building envelopes.
Interpretation
Regulations, Codes & Standards Interpretation
Window installation in 2023 to 2024 is basically the building envelope’s way of saying “prove it,” because codes and certifications (from IRC and IECC to ENERGY STAR, NFRC, and ASTM test methods) tighten the screw on insulation, airtightness, water and air leakage, and even fire, impact, and windstorm resistance, while OSHA and EPA lead and safety rules ensure that the only thing getting sealed better than a window is the risk profile of the crew installing it.
05 · Category
Sustainability, Energy Efficiency & Performance30 stats
01
In 2023, U.S. energy use: residential buildings used about 20% of total U.S. energy consumption (EIA).
02
In 2023, residential space heating accounted for 36% of residential energy consumption (EIA).
03
In 2022, U.S. Energy Star estimates homeowners can reduce heating and cooling costs by 12% to 33% by sealing and insulating (context for window performance).
04
In 2024, ENERGY STAR states that replacing windows can reduce heat loss and improve comfort. (qualitative with measurable).
05
In 2024, ENERGY STAR tool estimates typical annual heating savings for windows are up to $126(varies).
06
In 2024, ENERGY STAR for Windows & Doors uses U-factor and SHGC as certification metrics.
07
In 2024, NFRC ratings include U-factor and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC).
08
In 2024, NFRC also rates visible transmittance (VT) and air leakage (AL).
09
In 2023, ENERGY STAR certified windows are tested and rated for air leakage, water penetration, and structural performance per specified protocols (ENERGY STAR).
10
In 2023, ASTM E283 defines test method for determining air leakage.
11
In 2023, the typical U-factor improvement from single-pane to ENERGY STAR certified windows is often 2x lower U-factor (varies).
12
In 2023, ENERGY STAR provides a “window U-factor” calculator by climate and insulation.
13
In 2022, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory reported window replacement can reduce energy use in heating climates by 10%-20% (range).
14
In 2020, LBNL measured that high-performance windows reduce heating and cooling energy by measurable percentages depending on baseline.
15
In 2023, NIST/engineering studies show energy savings depend on U-factor and infiltration.
16
In 2024, EPA ENERGY STAR says certified windows and doors can reduce energy use by 10% or more in many homes (program statement).
17
In 2024, the ENERGY STAR window and door program uses 3rd-party certified ratings.
18
In 2023, the U.S. Department of Energy estimates that about 10% of residential energy use is from air infiltration and leaks.
19
In 2023, DOE states that sealing and insulating can reduce energy bills by 5% to 30% (depending on climate and current conditions).
20
In 2022, DOE estimates that heat loss through windows can be substantial in winter (percentage varies with windows).
21
In 2024, “Cooler” window options (high solar reflectance) can reduce cooling loads.
22
In 2024, the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) ranges from near 0 to 1 for fenestration and impacts cooling.
23
In 2023, lower SHGC reduces solar heat gain in hot climates.
24
In 2024, high visible transmittance improves daylight while maintaining low U-factor.
25
In 2023, air leakage rates for windows measured as AL can be in cfm/ft^2 (depends).
26
In 2023, ENERGY STAR certified windows have specific tested air leakage thresholds.
27
In 2023, water penetration test standard is ASTM E331.
28
In 2023, water penetration via ASTM E547 measures resistance under dynamic pressure (related).
29
In 2023, air tightness can reduce heating/cooling energy demand. (DOE air sealing).
30
In 2022, DOE states window replacement is part of recommended upgrades in climate-specific energy audits.
Interpretation
Sustainability, Energy Efficiency & Performance Interpretation
In 2023 to 2024, U.S. window makers and regulators basically agreed on the same “grown up” message: because residential buildings burn roughly a fifth of America’s energy mainly for space heating and a big share of the rest is lost through air leaks, upgrading from leaky single pane windows with higher U factor and better SHGC and lower air leakage can cut heating and cooling loads enough to improve comfort, save up to around $126 a year for many households, and potentially reduce energy use and even CO2 emissions by 10 percent or more, all backed by third party testing and labels built on NFRC and ENERGY STAR metrics like U factor, SHGC, visible transmittance, and air leakage.
06 · Category
Sustainability, Sustainability, Energy Efficiency & Performance1 stats
01
In 2023, windows and doors account for a major portion of home heat loss (often quoted around 10%-25% depending on source).
Interpretation
Sustainability, Sustainability, Energy Efficiency & Performance Interpretation
In 2023, windows and doors were responsible for a surprisingly large slice of home heat loss, commonly cited at roughly 10% to 25%, which means this is one “small change” that can actually keep your house from bleeding warmth.
Reference
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APA
Min-ji Park. (2026, February 13). Window Installation Industry Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/window-installation-industry-statistics
MLA
Min-ji Park. "Window Installation Industry Statistics." Gitnux, 13 Feb 2026, https://gitnux.org/window-installation-industry-statistics.
Chicago
Min-ji Park. 2026. "Window Installation Industry Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/window-installation-industry-statistics.
Sources & references
116 datasets cited across this report · attribution is report-level
+52 additional datasets cited (not shown individually)