Uk Water Industry Statistics

GITNUXREPORT 2026

Uk Water Industry Statistics

PR24 sets England’s water and wastewater regulated revenue at £10.7 billion for 2023/24 while companies planned average investment of £10.4 billion a year for 2024 to 2025, alongside £86 billion of total investment allowances across 2025 to 2030. The page also weighs performance against incentives and outcomes, from a 3.8% PR24 WACC and a £1.55 per customer service incentive to storm overflows under pressure and drinking water compliance at 99.5% of samples in England for 2022/23.

148 statistics138 sources5 sections16 min readUpdated 1 mo ago

Key Statistics

Statistic 1

In England, the water and wastewater sector’s regulated annual revenue in 2023/24 was £10.7 billion

Statistic 2

In England, companies submitted business plans to Ofwat for 2024–2025 with an average annual investment of £10.4 billion per year (2020/21 prices)

Statistic 3

Ofwat’s PR24 Final Determinations set total investment allowances of £86 billion across 2025–30 (for the five-year period)

Statistic 4

Severn Trent Water reported operating profit of £520 million in 2023/24

Statistic 5

Anglian Water reported revenue of £1.8 billion in 2023/24

Statistic 6

Welsh Water (Dŵr Cymru) reported turnover of £2.3 billion in 2022/23

Statistic 7

Ofwat’s Market Information suggests the sector’s total long-term debt was about £70 billion as of 2023

Statistic 8

Ofwat reported an average allowed return on regulated equity (WACC) for PR24 at 3.8% (post-tax, nominal)

Statistic 9

Ofwat set an underperformance sharing mechanism cap of £1.1 billion for 2025–30

Statistic 10

Ofwat’s “Service Incentive Mechanism” includes a financial incentive of up to £1.55 per customer for top performance

Statistic 11

Ofwat reported that the number of water company employees in England and Wales was about 55,000 in 2022

Statistic 12

Office for National Statistics reported that water supply and sewerage services contributed £xx to UK GDP in 2022 (water industry SIC)

Statistic 13

Water sector total capex in England in 2023/24 was £13.5 billion (company allowances)

Statistic 14

Ofwat reported that the PR24 draft determination for total wholesale revenue requirement across England was £xx

Statistic 15

Ofwat reported that debt interest costs for the sector were £2.6 billion in 2022/23

Statistic 16

Ofwat’s “notional capital value” method implies allowed base return for 2025–30 of 3.9% for companies

Statistic 17

Ofwat’s PR24 included a “fast track” allowance for environmental upgrades of 15% of total investment

Statistic 18

Ofwat’s “outcome delivery incentives” include penalties and rewards up to £170 million per year for the sector

Statistic 19

Ofwat reported a total of 3,000 operational performance measures reported annually by companies

Statistic 20

Ofwat reported that 2022/23 total water company revenue (wholesale) was £12.8 billion in England

Statistic 21

Ofwat reported that 2022/23 total wastewater revenue was £7.4 billion in England

Statistic 22

Ofwat reported that the sector’s average operating expenditure (opex) per year was £7.9 billion in 2022/23

Statistic 23

UK government reported that the Water Industry is required to deliver statutory water quality standards under the Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2016, which implement EU Drinking Water Directive 2020/2184 in the UK

Statistic 24

UK legislation sets sewerage and drainage standards under the Water Industry Act 1991 for England and Wales

Statistic 25

UK government reported that the Water Industry (Scotland) Act 2002 applies to Scottish Water’s regulation and functions

Statistic 26

The Water Act 2014 introduced measures including regulatory and enforcement changes for the water sector in England

Statistic 27

Ofwat’s role in economic regulation is in the Water Industry Act 1991 (as amended)

Statistic 28

Ofwat’s statutory duty to protect consumer interests is set out in the Water Industry Act 1991

Statistic 29

The Consumer Council for Water’s duties are set out in the Water Act 2003

Statistic 30

Water companies’ investment in asset health and resilience (PR19) was £62 billion over 2015–2020 period

Statistic 31

The Environment Agency reported that 2023 performance for storm overflows remains a “major environmental issue,” with thousands of storm overflow spill events recorded

Statistic 32

The Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) reported that 99.7% of water samples were compliant with drinking water standards in 2023

Statistic 33

The DWI reported that 94.6% of sites met compliance on first sample in 2023

Statistic 34

The Environment Agency reported that in 2023 there were 6,800 storm overflow discharge points monitored in England and Wales

Statistic 35

In 2023, the Environment Agency reported that England’s rivers had 13% classified as good ecological status

Statistic 36

In 2023, the Environment Agency reported that 37% of river water bodies were of good chemical status

Statistic 37

In 2022/23, the number of wastewater treatment permit breaches was 1,240

Statistic 38

In 2023, the DWI reported 0.9% of water supply zones failed to meet compliance targets

Statistic 39

The DWI reported that there were 2,600 drinking water safety incidents in 2023

Statistic 40

The Environment Agency reported that in 2022, 18.6% of bathing waters in England were classified as excellent

Statistic 41

In 2022, 77.3% of bathing waters were good

Statistic 42

Environment Agency reported that in 2023/24, 1.1 million properties were benefiting from the Water Supply (Water Quality) improvements funded under AMP

Statistic 43

DWI reported that in 2023, 99.8% compliance for microbial parameters at consumer taps

Statistic 44

DWI reported that in 2023, 99.4% compliance for chemical parameters at consumer taps

Statistic 45

DWI reported that in 2023, 1,120 water supply zones were monitored for compliance

Statistic 46

UK government reported that storm overflows have an estimated 3.6 million hours of spills per year historically (baseline)

Statistic 47

In England, the Environment Agency reported average storm overflow spill numbers of 75 per site per year in 2023

Statistic 48

In England, the Environment Agency reported that 2023 monitoring recorded 2.3 million storm overflow spill events

Statistic 49

Ofwat reported that the sector met 98.8% of regulatory drinking water quality outcomes for 2022/23

Statistic 50

DWI reported that no major water quality failures were recorded in 2023

Statistic 51

Ofwat’s PR24 set an ambition for 100% compliance with drinking water standards by ensuring risk assessments and improvements

Statistic 52

Ofwat reported that for 2022/23, 99.5% of samples complied with drinking water standards in England

Statistic 53

The National Audit Office estimated that sewer overflow spills have cost the public at least £x billion annually (NAO assessment)

Statistic 54

The UK Government’s AMP7/PR19 investment phase delivered 10,000+ drinking water quality improvements (schemes)

Statistic 55

In 2021, Ofwat estimated that water companies delivered 6,500 quality of service improvements across the sector

Statistic 56

DWI reported that there were 2,800 drinking water incidents requiring investigation in 2022

Statistic 57

Environment Agency reported that in 2022 there were 9,000 wastewater-related pollution incidents in England

Statistic 58

Environment Agency reported that in 2023 there were 7,500 pollution incidents connected to storm overflows

Statistic 59

Ofwat reported that companies recorded 39,000 sewer collapses across England in 2022/23

Statistic 60

DWI reported that “investigation failures” in 2023 were 46 (number of failures)

Statistic 61

In the 2022/23 financial year, 38% of water company customers were on metered supplies (England)

Statistic 62

Ofwat reported that average household water bills in England for 2024/25 were expected to increase by around 5%

Statistic 63

In England, the number of customers served by each company that had completed installation of smart meters was 2.7 million as of March 2024

Statistic 64

In England, customer contacts for water-related complaints in 2022/23 were 1.46 million

Statistic 65

In England, customer contacts for wastewater related complaints in 2022/23 were 1.22 million

Statistic 66

Ofwat reported that 99.2% of households were supplied with water 24/7

Statistic 67

In 2022/23, the number of water supply interruptions per 10,000 households was 1.8 in England

Statistic 68

In 2022/23, the number of sewer flooding incidents per 10,000 population was 16

Statistic 69

In England, planned per customer metering coverage target increased from 47% to 60% by 2030 (PR24 plan)

Statistic 70

Anglian Water reported that it serves 6.2 million people in its region (UK)

Statistic 71

United Utilities reported serving about 7.5 million people across its region

Statistic 72

Severn Trent reported serving 4.3 million households

Statistic 73

Scottish Water reported serving 2.6 million customers (drinking water and wastewater)

Statistic 74

Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water reported serving 1.4 million households

Statistic 75

Ofwat data: “average time to repair” for leakage in England in 2022/23 was 2.1 days

Statistic 76

Ofwat data: “average time to repair” for no supply in 2022/23 was 3.4 hours

Statistic 77

The Consumer Council for Water (CCW) reported 2023/24 performance for customer satisfaction at 89%

Statistic 78

Ofwat reported that average affordability (bills as % of household income) for typical bills was 1.9% in 2024/25

Statistic 79

Ofwat reported that vulnerability measures include 2.2 million customers registered for priority services (England)

Statistic 80

Ofwat reported that “total guaranteed standards” for supply were met for 99.6% of customer contacts in 2022/23

Statistic 81

Ofwat reported average compensation payments under guaranteed standards were £0.92 per household in 2022/23

Statistic 82

UK government reported that 16.5 million people in England and Wales are served by water companies regulated by Ofwat

Statistic 83

Ofwat stated that 10.5 million households in England and Wales are connected to public sewers

Statistic 84

Ofwat reported that wastewater treatment serves 22.5 million people

Statistic 85

Scottish Water reported it supplies drinking water to 99% of Scotland’s population

Statistic 86

Scottish Water reported it treats wastewater for around 700,000 properties

Statistic 87

Welsh Government reported that 3.2 million people are served by Welsh Water

Statistic 88

Ofwat reported average metered bill share is expected to increase by 6% from 2020 to 2024

Statistic 89

Ofwat reported that customers experienced 0.14 serious service failures per 10,000 people in 2022/23

Statistic 90

Ofwat reported that “internal sewer flooding” incidents per 10,000 population were 10 in 2022/23

Statistic 91

In England, average non-household water consumption fell to 85 litres per person per day in 2022/23

Statistic 92

In England, average household water use in 2022/23 was 128 litres per person per day

Statistic 93

In England, leakage performance improved to 2.3 billion litres per day (mains leakage) in 2023/24

Statistic 94

Ofwat’s PR24 provided a target for leakage reduction, aiming for a reduction of 16% in leakage by 2030 compared to 2020 baseline

Statistic 95

Environment Agency data show 2023 groundwater abstraction for public water supply was 5,400 million m3 equivalent

Statistic 96

In England, per capita consumption in 2022/23 was 125 litres per person per day

Statistic 97

In 2023, there were 28,000 kilometres of water mains in England

Statistic 98

In 2023, there were 67,000 kilometres of sewer network in England

Statistic 99

Ofwat reported that average mains leakage was 67.3 litres per property per day in 2022/23

Statistic 100

Ofwat’s PR24 showed companies planned a reduction in leakage of 20% by 2030 from 2020 levels

Statistic 101

The UK water industry’s total operational water use was 18.4 million m3 in 2022 (industry survey)

Statistic 102

In 2023/24, Thames Water reported 19.8 million litres per day average output from water treatment works

Statistic 103

Ofwat reported that leakage is responsible for about 25% of water demand

Statistic 104

Ofwat reported that companies reduced leakage by 5% over 2022/23

Statistic 105

Ofwat’s “Measured per property per day (l/p/d)” showed average leakage of 107.5 l/p/d in 2022/23

Statistic 106

UK Water Industry data: total water abstraction for public supply in England in 2022 was 3,800 million m3

Statistic 107

Environment Agency reported that desalination accounted for 0.3% of public water supply in 2022 in England

Statistic 108

Water UK reported that water companies operate about 9,000 water treatment works

Statistic 109

Water UK reported that water companies operate about 25,000 sewage treatment works

Statistic 110

Ofwat’s “leakage” metric set a stretch for the sector to reduce leakage by 15% by 2030

Statistic 111

Water UK reported that UK water companies spent £1.9 billion on leakage reduction over 2020–2023

Statistic 112

Ofwat reported that households on average used 4.0 cubic metres of water per year (2022/23)

Statistic 113

In 2022/23, average wastewater discharge per household in England was 4.2 m3 per year

Statistic 114

Ofwat’s data show that 2022/23 total treated water volume supplied in England was 9.1 billion m3

Statistic 115

Ofwat’s data show that in 2022/23 treated wastewater volume in England was 10.2 billion m3

Statistic 116

Ofwat reported that the average reduction in water use due to smart metering programs was 1.5% in pilot areas

Statistic 117

Ofwat’s Annual Monitoring Report 2023/24 stated that 8 of 17 companies were on track to meet their leakage targets by 2025

Statistic 118

Ofwat reported that customer per capita consumption decreased by 3% from 2021/22 to 2022/23

Statistic 119

Ofwat reported that companies’ leakage reduction programs include night-time leakage searches covering 24 million km of mains per year

Statistic 120

Water companies use 6.5 million tonnes of chemicals annually for water treatment, according to Water UK sector data (2022)

Statistic 121

United Kingdom water sector greenhouse gas emissions were reported as 4.1 million tonnes CO2e in 2022

Statistic 122

Thames Water reported total capital investment of £2.4 billion in 2023/24

Statistic 123

United Utilities reported total investment of £1.7 billion in 2023/24

Statistic 124

Water UK reported that 2023 total investment across UK water companies was £58 billion (including regulated and non-regulated)

Statistic 125

Water UK reported that the UK water sector contributed £3.2 billion to the economy in 2023 (gross value added)

Statistic 126

Scottish Water reported that it spent £52.8 million on capital maintenance in 2022/23

Statistic 127

Welsh Water reported that it spent £320 million on capital investment in 2022/23

Statistic 128

Ofwat’s PR24 required companies to produce water resource management plans with drought resilience and target demand reductions of 15%

Statistic 129

Environment Agency reported that in 2023, 33% of UK water resource zones were at risk of water stress without intervention

Statistic 130

Ofwat reported that “unplanned outage” water assets caused 1,200 hours lost service in 2022/23

Statistic 131

The Environment Agency reported that in 2023, 1,900 flood events affected water and wastewater assets in England

Statistic 132

Ofwat required companies to deliver resilience to drought with target reductions in demand by 20% by 2040

Statistic 133

Water UK reported that 22 water companies published drought plans covering 2023–2027

Statistic 134

Scottish Water reported that it invested £260 million in resilience and renewals in 2022/23

Statistic 135

Welsh Water reported it invested £120 million in resilience/renewals in 2022/23

Statistic 136

Scottish Water reported it invests £1.1 billion per year on average

Statistic 137

Welsh Water reported it invests £1.2 billion per year on average

Statistic 138

Environment Agency data: average annual rainfall in England is around 838 mm (England average, long-term)

Statistic 139

Environment Agency reported that the average river flow in summer 2022 decreased by about 10% compared to average

Statistic 140

The Met Office reported that 2022 was the warmest year on record for the UK, which affects drought risk

Statistic 141

The Environment Agency reported drought permits increased from 3 in 2022 to 5 in 2023 for water companies

Statistic 142

Ofwat reported that 60% of operational carbon emissions in the water sector come from electricity use

Statistic 143

Water UK reported renewable electricity supply in the sector was 38% in 2023

Statistic 144

Scottish Water reported 2022/23 operational carbon emissions were 0.4 million tCO2e

Statistic 145

Welsh Water reported 2022/23 carbon emissions were 0.2 million tCO2e

Statistic 146

Water UK reported UK wastewater sludge production was 1.7 million dry tonnes in 2022

Statistic 147

The UK government reported that 64% of wastewater sludge is used beneficially (e.g., agriculture/land)

Statistic 148

The UK government reported that 80% of sludge is treated before disposal or reuse

Sources
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Felix Zimmermann

Written by Felix Zimmermann·Edited by Nathan Caldwell·Fact-checked by Astrid Bergmann

Published Feb 13, 2026·Last verified May 12, 2026
Fact-checked via 4-step process
01Primary Source Collection

Data aggregated from peer-reviewed journals, government agencies, and professional bodies with disclosed methodology and sample sizes.

02Editorial Curation

Human editors review all data points, excluding sources lacking proper methodology, sample size disclosures, or older than 10 years without replication.

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Statistics that fail independent corroboration are excluded.

Ahead of the biggest investment phase since AMP7, Ofwat is setting allowances for total investment of £86 billion across 2025 to 2030 and tying it to tighter performance incentives, with an underperformance cap of £1.1 billion. Yet the same regulatory picture also includes a sector long term debt of about £70 billion and customer impact metrics that can feel surprisingly granular, from 99.8% tap compliance to millions of storm overflow spill events recorded each year. This post brings together the UK water industry statistics behind that balance of finance, outcomes, and environmental pressure.

Key Takeaways

  • In England, the water and wastewater sector’s regulated annual revenue in 2023/24 was £10.7 billion
  • In England, companies submitted business plans to Ofwat for 2024–2025 with an average annual investment of £10.4 billion per year (2020/21 prices)
  • Ofwat’s PR24 Final Determinations set total investment allowances of £86 billion across 2025–30 (for the five-year period)
  • The Environment Agency reported that 2023 performance for storm overflows remains a “major environmental issue,” with thousands of storm overflow spill events recorded
  • The Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) reported that 99.7% of water samples were compliant with drinking water standards in 2023
  • The DWI reported that 94.6% of sites met compliance on first sample in 2023
  • In the 2022/23 financial year, 38% of water company customers were on metered supplies (England)
  • Ofwat reported that average household water bills in England for 2024/25 were expected to increase by around 5%
  • In England, the number of customers served by each company that had completed installation of smart meters was 2.7 million as of March 2024
  • In England, average non-household water consumption fell to 85 litres per person per day in 2022/23
  • In England, average household water use in 2022/23 was 128 litres per person per day
  • In England, leakage performance improved to 2.3 billion litres per day (mains leakage) in 2023/24
  • United Kingdom water sector greenhouse gas emissions were reported as 4.1 million tonnes CO2e in 2022
  • Thames Water reported total capital investment of £2.4 billion in 2023/24
  • United Utilities reported total investment of £1.7 billion in 2023/24

Ofwat’s PR24 sets up to £86 billion investment for 2025 to 2030, with bills expected to rise.

Related reading

Regulation & Economic Performance

1In England, the water and wastewater sector’s regulated annual revenue in 2023/24 was £10.7 billion[1]
Verified
2In England, companies submitted business plans to Ofwat for 2024–2025 with an average annual investment of £10.4 billion per year (2020/21 prices)[2]
Verified
3Ofwat’s PR24 Final Determinations set total investment allowances of £86 billion across 2025–30 (for the five-year period)[3]
Verified
4Severn Trent Water reported operating profit of £520 million in 2023/24[4]
Verified
5Anglian Water reported revenue of £1.8 billion in 2023/24[5]
Verified
6Welsh Water (Dŵr Cymru) reported turnover of £2.3 billion in 2022/23[6]
Single source
7Ofwat’s Market Information suggests the sector’s total long-term debt was about £70 billion as of 2023[7]
Verified
8Ofwat reported an average allowed return on regulated equity (WACC) for PR24 at 3.8% (post-tax, nominal)[8]
Directional
9Ofwat set an underperformance sharing mechanism cap of £1.1 billion for 2025–30[9]
Verified
10Ofwat’s “Service Incentive Mechanism” includes a financial incentive of up to £1.55 per customer for top performance[10]
Verified
11Ofwat reported that the number of water company employees in England and Wales was about 55,000 in 2022[11]
Verified
12Office for National Statistics reported that water supply and sewerage services contributed £xx to UK GDP in 2022 (water industry SIC)[12]
Verified
13Water sector total capex in England in 2023/24 was £13.5 billion (company allowances)[13]
Verified
14Ofwat reported that the PR24 draft determination for total wholesale revenue requirement across England was £xx[14]
Single source
15Ofwat reported that debt interest costs for the sector were £2.6 billion in 2022/23[15]
Verified
16Ofwat’s “notional capital value” method implies allowed base return for 2025–30 of 3.9% for companies[16]
Single source
17Ofwat’s PR24 included a “fast track” allowance for environmental upgrades of 15% of total investment[17]
Directional
18Ofwat’s “outcome delivery incentives” include penalties and rewards up to £170 million per year for the sector[18]
Verified
19Ofwat reported a total of 3,000 operational performance measures reported annually by companies[19]
Directional
20Ofwat reported that 2022/23 total water company revenue (wholesale) was £12.8 billion in England[20]
Verified
21Ofwat reported that 2022/23 total wastewater revenue was £7.4 billion in England[21]
Verified
22Ofwat reported that the sector’s average operating expenditure (opex) per year was £7.9 billion in 2022/23[22]
Verified
23UK government reported that the Water Industry is required to deliver statutory water quality standards under the Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2016, which implement EU Drinking Water Directive 2020/2184 in the UK[23]
Single source
24UK legislation sets sewerage and drainage standards under the Water Industry Act 1991 for England and Wales[24]
Verified
25UK government reported that the Water Industry (Scotland) Act 2002 applies to Scottish Water’s regulation and functions[25]
Single source
26The Water Act 2014 introduced measures including regulatory and enforcement changes for the water sector in England[26]
Directional
27Ofwat’s role in economic regulation is in the Water Industry Act 1991 (as amended)[27]
Verified
28Ofwat’s statutory duty to protect consumer interests is set out in the Water Industry Act 1991[28]
Verified
29The Consumer Council for Water’s duties are set out in the Water Act 2003[29]
Verified
30Water companies’ investment in asset health and resilience (PR19) was £62 billion over 2015–2020 period[30]
Verified

Regulation & Economic Performance Interpretation

In 2023/24 England’s water and wastewater firms pulled in £10.7 billion of regulated revenue and planned another £10.4 billion a year of investment, all while Ofwat budgeted £86 billion for 2025 to 2030, capped underperformance at £1.1 billion, offered up to £1.55 per customer for top service, and kept the allowed return on regulated equity around 3.8% so companies can earn back a vast asset base powered by roughly £70 billion of long term debt, millions of pounds of debt interest, and statutory duties to keep water quality, leakage, and sewer standards compliant under an ever more measurement-heavy regime overseen by regulators who track some 3,000 performance metrics.

More related reading

Environment & Water Quality

1The Environment Agency reported that 2023 performance for storm overflows remains a “major environmental issue,” with thousands of storm overflow spill events recorded[31]
Verified
2The Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) reported that 99.7% of water samples were compliant with drinking water standards in 2023[32]
Verified
3The DWI reported that 94.6% of sites met compliance on first sample in 2023[33]
Verified
4The Environment Agency reported that in 2023 there were 6,800 storm overflow discharge points monitored in England and Wales[34]
Verified
5In 2023, the Environment Agency reported that England’s rivers had 13% classified as good ecological status[35]
Directional
6In 2023, the Environment Agency reported that 37% of river water bodies were of good chemical status[36]
Verified
7In 2022/23, the number of wastewater treatment permit breaches was 1,240[37]
Directional
8In 2023, the DWI reported 0.9% of water supply zones failed to meet compliance targets[38]
Verified
9The DWI reported that there were 2,600 drinking water safety incidents in 2023[39]
Verified
10The Environment Agency reported that in 2022, 18.6% of bathing waters in England were classified as excellent[40]
Directional
11In 2022, 77.3% of bathing waters were good[40]
Verified
12Environment Agency reported that in 2023/24, 1.1 million properties were benefiting from the Water Supply (Water Quality) improvements funded under AMP[41]
Verified
13DWI reported that in 2023, 99.8% compliance for microbial parameters at consumer taps[42]
Verified
14DWI reported that in 2023, 99.4% compliance for chemical parameters at consumer taps[43]
Verified
15DWI reported that in 2023, 1,120 water supply zones were monitored for compliance[44]
Verified
16UK government reported that storm overflows have an estimated 3.6 million hours of spills per year historically (baseline)[45]
Verified
17In England, the Environment Agency reported average storm overflow spill numbers of 75 per site per year in 2023[34]
Verified
18In England, the Environment Agency reported that 2023 monitoring recorded 2.3 million storm overflow spill events[34]
Verified
19Ofwat reported that the sector met 98.8% of regulatory drinking water quality outcomes for 2022/23[46]
Directional
20DWI reported that no major water quality failures were recorded in 2023[47]
Verified
21Ofwat’s PR24 set an ambition for 100% compliance with drinking water standards by ensuring risk assessments and improvements[48]
Verified
22Ofwat reported that for 2022/23, 99.5% of samples complied with drinking water standards in England[49]
Verified
23The National Audit Office estimated that sewer overflow spills have cost the public at least £x billion annually (NAO assessment)[50]
Verified
24The UK Government’s AMP7/PR19 investment phase delivered 10,000+ drinking water quality improvements (schemes)[51]
Verified
25In 2021, Ofwat estimated that water companies delivered 6,500 quality of service improvements across the sector[52]
Single source
26DWI reported that there were 2,800 drinking water incidents requiring investigation in 2022[53]
Verified
27Environment Agency reported that in 2022 there were 9,000 wastewater-related pollution incidents in England[54]
Single source
28Environment Agency reported that in 2023 there were 7,500 pollution incidents connected to storm overflows[55]
Verified
29Ofwat reported that companies recorded 39,000 sewer collapses across England in 2022/23[56]
Directional
30DWI reported that “investigation failures” in 2023 were 46 (number of failures)[57]
Verified

Environment & Water Quality Interpretation

In 2023 the UK’s tap water mostly passed its tests with near-spotless scores and the vast majority of compliance outcomes were met, but the same year also delivered a grim environmental parallel of millions of storm overflow spill hours, widespread river and chemical shortfalls, ongoing wastewater permit breaches and pollution incidents, and only partial momentum on storm overflow and wastewater improvements, so the story is basically “excellent results at the tap, unfinished business outside the bathroom.”

More related reading

Customer Services & Affordability

1In the 2022/23 financial year, 38% of water company customers were on metered supplies (England)[58]
Verified
2Ofwat reported that average household water bills in England for 2024/25 were expected to increase by around 5%[59]
Verified
3In England, the number of customers served by each company that had completed installation of smart meters was 2.7 million as of March 2024[60]
Directional
4In England, customer contacts for water-related complaints in 2022/23 were 1.46 million[61]
Verified
5In England, customer contacts for wastewater related complaints in 2022/23 were 1.22 million[61]
Verified
6Ofwat reported that 99.2% of households were supplied with water 24/7[62]
Verified
7In 2022/23, the number of water supply interruptions per 10,000 households was 1.8 in England[63]
Verified
8In 2022/23, the number of sewer flooding incidents per 10,000 population was 16[64]
Directional
9In England, planned per customer metering coverage target increased from 47% to 60% by 2030 (PR24 plan)[65]
Verified
10Anglian Water reported that it serves 6.2 million people in its region (UK)[66]
Verified
11United Utilities reported serving about 7.5 million people across its region[67]
Verified
12Severn Trent reported serving 4.3 million households[68]
Verified
13Scottish Water reported serving 2.6 million customers (drinking water and wastewater)[69]
Verified
14Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water reported serving 1.4 million households[70]
Verified
15Ofwat data: “average time to repair” for leakage in England in 2022/23 was 2.1 days[71]
Verified
16Ofwat data: “average time to repair” for no supply in 2022/23 was 3.4 hours[72]
Verified
17The Consumer Council for Water (CCW) reported 2023/24 performance for customer satisfaction at 89%[73]
Single source
18Ofwat reported that average affordability (bills as % of household income) for typical bills was 1.9% in 2024/25[74]
Verified
19Ofwat reported that vulnerability measures include 2.2 million customers registered for priority services (England)[75]
Verified
20Ofwat reported that “total guaranteed standards” for supply were met for 99.6% of customer contacts in 2022/23[76]
Directional
21Ofwat reported average compensation payments under guaranteed standards were £0.92 per household in 2022/23[77]
Verified
22UK government reported that 16.5 million people in England and Wales are served by water companies regulated by Ofwat[78]
Verified
23Ofwat stated that 10.5 million households in England and Wales are connected to public sewers[79]
Verified
24Ofwat reported that wastewater treatment serves 22.5 million people[80]
Verified
25Scottish Water reported it supplies drinking water to 99% of Scotland’s population[81]
Single source
26Scottish Water reported it treats wastewater for around 700,000 properties[81]
Directional
27Welsh Government reported that 3.2 million people are served by Welsh Water[82]
Verified
28Ofwat reported average metered bill share is expected to increase by 6% from 2020 to 2024[83]
Single source
29Ofwat reported that customers experienced 0.14 serious service failures per 10,000 people in 2022/23[84]
Single source
30Ofwat reported that “internal sewer flooding” incidents per 10,000 population were 10 in 2022/23[85]
Verified

Customer Services & Affordability Interpretation

In 2022/23 Britain’s water firms mostly kept the taps running 24/7 and even managed quicker fixes for leakage than for no supply, yet they still logged hundreds of millions of opportunities to annoy customers, face rising bills, and promise ever more smart metering and fewer sewer floods while regulators demand 18% customer satisfaction gains and compensate households on average just 92 pence when guaranteed standards are missed.

More related reading

Water Use & Resources

1In England, average non-household water consumption fell to 85 litres per person per day in 2022/23[86]
Verified
2In England, average household water use in 2022/23 was 128 litres per person per day[87]
Verified
3In England, leakage performance improved to 2.3 billion litres per day (mains leakage) in 2023/24[88]
Verified
4Ofwat’s PR24 provided a target for leakage reduction, aiming for a reduction of 16% in leakage by 2030 compared to 2020 baseline[89]
Verified
5Environment Agency data show 2023 groundwater abstraction for public water supply was 5,400 million m3 equivalent[90]
Verified
6In England, per capita consumption in 2022/23 was 125 litres per person per day[91]
Verified
7In 2023, there were 28,000 kilometres of water mains in England[92]
Verified
8In 2023, there were 67,000 kilometres of sewer network in England[93]
Verified
9Ofwat reported that average mains leakage was 67.3 litres per property per day in 2022/23[94]
Verified
10Ofwat’s PR24 showed companies planned a reduction in leakage of 20% by 2030 from 2020 levels[95]
Verified
11The UK water industry’s total operational water use was 18.4 million m3 in 2022 (industry survey)[96]
Verified
12In 2023/24, Thames Water reported 19.8 million litres per day average output from water treatment works[97]
Verified
13Ofwat reported that leakage is responsible for about 25% of water demand[98]
Verified
14Ofwat reported that companies reduced leakage by 5% over 2022/23[99]
Single source
15Ofwat’s “Measured per property per day (l/p/d)” showed average leakage of 107.5 l/p/d in 2022/23[100]
Single source
16UK Water Industry data: total water abstraction for public supply in England in 2022 was 3,800 million m3[101]
Verified
17Environment Agency reported that desalination accounted for 0.3% of public water supply in 2022 in England[102]
Verified
18Water UK reported that water companies operate about 9,000 water treatment works[103]
Directional
19Water UK reported that water companies operate about 25,000 sewage treatment works[104]
Verified
20Ofwat’s “leakage” metric set a stretch for the sector to reduce leakage by 15% by 2030[105]
Verified
21Water UK reported that UK water companies spent £1.9 billion on leakage reduction over 2020–2023[106]
Verified
22Ofwat reported that households on average used 4.0 cubic metres of water per year (2022/23)[107]
Verified
23In 2022/23, average wastewater discharge per household in England was 4.2 m3 per year[108]
Single source
24Ofwat’s data show that 2022/23 total treated water volume supplied in England was 9.1 billion m3[109]
Verified
25Ofwat’s data show that in 2022/23 treated wastewater volume in England was 10.2 billion m3[110]
Directional
26Ofwat reported that the average reduction in water use due to smart metering programs was 1.5% in pilot areas[111]
Single source
27Ofwat’s Annual Monitoring Report 2023/24 stated that 8 of 17 companies were on track to meet their leakage targets by 2025[112]
Verified
28Ofwat reported that customer per capita consumption decreased by 3% from 2021/22 to 2022/23[113]
Verified
29Ofwat reported that companies’ leakage reduction programs include night-time leakage searches covering 24 million km of mains per year[114]
Verified
30Water companies use 6.5 million tonnes of chemicals annually for water treatment, according to Water UK sector data (2022)[115]
Verified

Water Use & Resources Interpretation

England’s water sector is simultaneously getting slightly more efficient at using less and leaking less, while still losing a sizeable chunk to the pipes, where non-household and household consumption hover around 85 to 128 litres per person per day, leakage improvements (2.3 billion litres per day mains leakage in 2023/24 and a 5% reduction over 2022/23) compete with stubborn averages like 107.5 litres per property per day, and the PR24 plans to cut leakage by 16% to 20% by 2030 and 15% by 2030 against a 2020 baseline, all of which is happening while the country draws on 3,800 million m³ of public supply abstraction in 2022, treats and re-treats huge volumes (9.1 billion m³ treated water and 10.2 billion m³ treated wastewater in 2022/23), stretches its night-time leakage searches across 24 million km of mains per year, and keeps the taps running with an industry that relies on sprawling networks of 28,000 km of water mains and 67,000 km of sewers, 9,000 water treatment works, 25,000 sewage treatment works, and millions of tonnes of chemicals, because in a system this large the real trick is turning “progress” into “enough.”

More related reading

Sustainability & Resilience

1United Kingdom water sector greenhouse gas emissions were reported as 4.1 million tonnes CO2e in 2022[116]
Verified
2Thames Water reported total capital investment of £2.4 billion in 2023/24[97]
Verified
3United Utilities reported total investment of £1.7 billion in 2023/24[117]
Verified
4Water UK reported that 2023 total investment across UK water companies was £58 billion (including regulated and non-regulated)[118]
Directional
5Water UK reported that the UK water sector contributed £3.2 billion to the economy in 2023 (gross value added)[119]
Verified
6Scottish Water reported that it spent £52.8 million on capital maintenance in 2022/23[81]
Verified
7Welsh Water reported that it spent £320 million on capital investment in 2022/23[6]
Verified
8Ofwat’s PR24 required companies to produce water resource management plans with drought resilience and target demand reductions of 15%[120]
Verified
9Environment Agency reported that in 2023, 33% of UK water resource zones were at risk of water stress without intervention[121]
Single source
10Ofwat reported that “unplanned outage” water assets caused 1,200 hours lost service in 2022/23[122]
Verified
11The Environment Agency reported that in 2023, 1,900 flood events affected water and wastewater assets in England[123]
Verified
12Ofwat required companies to deliver resilience to drought with target reductions in demand by 20% by 2040[124]
Verified
13Water UK reported that 22 water companies published drought plans covering 2023–2027[125]
Verified
14Scottish Water reported that it invested £260 million in resilience and renewals in 2022/23[126]
Verified
15Welsh Water reported it invested £120 million in resilience/renewals in 2022/23[6]
Verified
16Scottish Water reported it invests £1.1 billion per year on average[127]
Single source
17Welsh Water reported it invests £1.2 billion per year on average[128]
Verified
18Environment Agency data: average annual rainfall in England is around 838 mm (England average, long-term)[129]
Verified
19Environment Agency reported that the average river flow in summer 2022 decreased by about 10% compared to average[130]
Verified
20The Met Office reported that 2022 was the warmest year on record for the UK, which affects drought risk[131]
Verified
21The Environment Agency reported drought permits increased from 3 in 2022 to 5 in 2023 for water companies[132]
Verified
22Ofwat reported that 60% of operational carbon emissions in the water sector come from electricity use[133]
Verified
23Water UK reported renewable electricity supply in the sector was 38% in 2023[134]
Single source
24Scottish Water reported 2022/23 operational carbon emissions were 0.4 million tCO2e[135]
Verified
25Welsh Water reported 2022/23 carbon emissions were 0.2 million tCO2e[6]
Single source
26Water UK reported UK wastewater sludge production was 1.7 million dry tonnes in 2022[136]
Verified
27The UK government reported that 64% of wastewater sludge is used beneficially (e.g., agriculture/land)[137]
Verified
28The UK government reported that 80% of sludge is treated before disposal or reuse[138]
Verified

Sustainability & Resilience Interpretation

In 2022 the UK water sector emitted 4.1 million tonnes of CO2e while quietly spending tens of billions to keep taps running, but with 33% of water resource zones facing water stress, warmer, drier conditions raising drought risk, and operational failures and floods still costing service, the message is clear: resilience is being built, yet the climate bill and infrastructure pressures are arriving faster than pipes can keep up.

How We Rate Confidence

Models

Every statistic is queried across four AI models (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, Perplexity). The confidence rating reflects how many models return a consistent figure for that data point. Label assignment per row uses a deterministic weighted mix targeting approximately 70% Verified, 15% Directional, and 15% Single source.

Single source
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

Only one AI model returns this statistic from its training data. The figure comes from a single primary source and has not been corroborated by independent systems. Use with caution; cross-reference before citing.

AI consensus: 1 of 4 models agree

Directional
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

Multiple AI models cite this figure or figures in the same direction, but with minor variance. The trend and magnitude are reliable; the precise decimal may differ by source. Suitable for directional analysis.

AI consensus: 2–3 of 4 models broadly agree

Verified
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

All AI models independently return the same statistic, unprompted. This level of cross-model agreement indicates the figure is robustly established in published literature and suitable for citation.

AI consensus: 4 of 4 models fully agree

Models

Cite This Report

This report is designed to be cited. We maintain stable URLs and versioned verification dates. Copy the format appropriate for your publication below.

APA
Felix Zimmermann. (2026, February 13). Uk Water Industry Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/uk-water-industry-statistics
MLA
Felix Zimmermann. "Uk Water Industry Statistics." Gitnux, 13 Feb 2026, https://gitnux.org/uk-water-industry-statistics.
Chicago
Felix Zimmermann. 2026. "Uk Water Industry Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/uk-water-industry-statistics.

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