Behind nearly half of every product on supermarket shelves lies a staggering 76.9 million tons of palm oil, a powerhouse of global agriculture that feeds, fuels, and fuels debate from the rainforests of Indonesia to our daily diets.
Key Takeaways
- In 2022, global palm oil production reached 76.9 million metric tons, with Indonesia accounting for 46.2 million metric tons representing 60% of the total
- Malaysia produced 18.1 million metric tons of crude palm oil in 2022, making it the second-largest producer globally at 23.5% of world output
- Palm oil yield per hectare in Indonesia averaged 3.8 tons in 2021, significantly higher than competing oils like soybean at 0.7 tons per hectare
- Global palm oil trade volume reached 60 million tons in 2022, valued at $60 billion USD
- Indonesia exported 26.4 million tons of palm oil products in 2022, 85% as CPO and RBDPO to India and China
- Malaysia's palm oil exports totaled 17.8 million tons in 2022, with EU taking 11% at 2 million tons
- Between 2001-2022, palm oil drove 28% of tropical deforestation in producer countries
- Indonesian palm oil plantations caused 6.04 million hectares deforestation from 2000-2016
- Palm oil expansion linked to 500 million tons CO2 emissions annually, equivalent to 1.2% global total
- RSPO certified area covers 22% of global palm oil production in 2023, with 5.5 million ha
- 2,300 companies committed to no-deforestation palm oil supply chains by 2022 via HCS approach
- ISPO Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil certified 1,200 mills and 4 million ha by 2023
- Indonesia palm oil contributes IDR 300 trillion to GDP, 4.5% total in 2022
- Global palm oil market size valued at $52.8 billion in 2022, projected to $75 billion by 2030 CAGR 4.5%
- Malaysia palm oil generated MYR 118 billion export revenue in 2022 for 17.8 Mt exports
The global palm oil industry is massive, environmentally damaging, yet economically vital.
Economic and Market Statistics
1Indonesia palm oil contributes IDR 300 trillion to GDP, 4.5% total in 2022
Verified2Global palm oil market size valued at $52.8 billion in 2022, projected to $75 billion by 2030 CAGR 4.5%
Verified3Malaysia palm oil generated MYR 118 billion export revenue in 2022 for 17.8 Mt exports
Verified4Employs 4.5 million direct jobs in Indonesia palm sector, 16 million including supply chain 2022
Directional5World palm oil price averaged $1,050/MT FOB Indonesia in 2022, volatile range $800-1400
Single source6Palm oil accounts for 38% of global vegetable oil trade by volume in 2022
Verified7Indian palm oil market consumed 10.5 Mt in 2022/23, import bill $12 billion
Verified8Smallholders earn $1,200/ha gross from palm oil in Indonesia vs $600 from rubber
Verified9Palm biodiesel market global $15 billion in 2022, Indonesia 60% share
Directional10Malaysia FDI in palm oil R&D $500 million annually, yielding 15% productivity gains
Single source11Global oleochemicals from palm 18 million tons/yr market $25 billion 2022
Verified12Nigeria palm oil market $2.5 billion domestic, potential $10 billion with modernization
Verified13Palm oil futures trading volume on Bursa Malaysia 2.5 million tons/month average 2022
Verified14China palm oil processing margin averaged $120/MT in 2022, driving imports
Directional15Latin America palm oil economic output $3 billion/yr, employing 250,000 people 2022
Single source16Palm kernel cake exports $1.2 billion globally 2022, feed market driver
Verified17Indonesia CPO domestic consumption 35% of production in 2022 for food and fuel
Verified18Global palm oil demand elasticity 0.3, price inelastic for food uses
Verified19Wilmar revenue from palm oil $40 billion in FY2022, 70% group total
Directional20EU palm oil import value €6.5 billion in 2022 despite volume drop
Single source21Ghana palm oil industry contributes 2% GDP, $500 million exports potential
Verified22Palm oil RBD market premium $50/MT over CPO average 2022
Verified23Indonesia palm smallholders 40% production but only 30% revenue share due to middlemen
Verified24Global palm oil employs 6 million in producing countries, poverty reduction tool
DirectionalEconomic and Market Statistics Interpretation
While it might grease the political wheels of controversy, palm oil is the heavyweight economic engine fueling everything from GDPs to dinner plates, yet it’s an industry still struggling to ensure the profits don’t slip through the smallholders' hands.
Environmental Impact Statistics
1Between 2001-2022, palm oil drove 28% of tropical deforestation in producer countries
Verified2Indonesian palm oil plantations caused 6.04 million hectares deforestation from 2000-2016
Verified3Palm oil expansion linked to 500 million tons CO2 emissions annually, equivalent to 1.2% global total
Verified4Malaysia lost 3.8 million ha primary forest 2001-2022 partly to palm oil
Directional5RSPO certified plantations still emit 11.6 t CO2/ha/yr from peat drainage
Single source6Palm oil mills generate 0.7 tons POME per ton CPO, polluting waterways with high BOD
Verified7In Borneo, 50% of orangutan habitat loss tied to palm oil 1999-2015
Verified8Pesticide use in palm oil is 35 kg/ha/yr, 22x higher than soy
Verified9Palm plantations hold 40% less carbon than native forests, releasing 200 tC/ha upon conversion
Directional1016 million ha peatlands drained for palm oil, emitting 1.5 Gt CO2 since 1990
Single source11In Papua, palm oil threatens 7.5 million ha intact forest with 10% conversion risk by 2025
Verified12Palm oil runoff causes 30% eutrophication in Southeast Asian rivers
Verified1325% of Sumatran tigers' range overlaps palm concessions, risking extinction
Verified14Fertilizer N use in palm oil at 120 kg/ha/yr contributes to 5 Mt N2O emissions globally
Directional15Uncertified palm oil linked to 60% of deforestation post-2010 in Indonesia
Single source16Palm oil uses 26% of global agricultural land for vegetable oils but produces 40% supply
Verified17GHG emissions from palm oil lifecycle 3.8 kg CO2eq/kg oil, higher than rapeseed but lower than soy
Verified18In 2022, 4.6 million ha new palm oil concessions approved in Africa, threatening Congo Basin
Verified19Palm plantations reduce biodiversity by 87% compared to forests, per species richness
Directional20Water use for palm oil is 5,000 m3/ton oil, mostly rainfed but irrigation rising
Single source21Illegal palm oil expansion burned 1.6 million ha in 2015 Indonesian fires
Verified22RSPO members deforested 47,000 ha 2018-2022 despite no-deforestation pledges
Verified23Palm oil solvents pollute with 10-20 ppm 3-MCPD esters exceeding EU limits
Verified24In West Papua, palm oil threatens 42% of carbon-rich forests
Directional25Global palm oil industry emits 1.9 billion tons CO2eq/yr including land use change
Single sourceEnvironmental Impact Statistics Interpretation
While palm oil efficiently feeds the world, its cultivation reads like a grim environmental ledger where every hectare of profit is underwritten by staggering losses in forests, climate, and countless species.
Health and Sustainability Statistics
1Palm oil in diets provides 20% daily calories in Malaysia, 80% households use it daily
Verified2Tocotrienols in red palm oil 800 mg/kg, 100x more than alpha-tocopherol in other oils
Verified3Saturated fat in palm oil 50%, but 45% palmitic acid protective against cancer per studies
Verified43-MCPD esters in refined palm oil average 1.2 mg/kg, WHO limit 2 mg/kg met in 95% samples 2022
Directional5Palm olein smoke point 232°C, higher stability than sunflower for frying
Single source6Vitamin E in palm oil reduces LDL oxidation by 40% in clinical trials
Verified7Carotenoids 500-3000 ppm in crude palm oil, halved post-refining but antioxidant benefits
Verified8Palm oil diets show no CVD risk increase vs olive oil in meta-analysis 20 RCTs
Verified9Glycidyl esters in palm oil 0.8 mg/kg average, reduced 90% by new refining tech 2022
Directional10Sustainable palm oil reduces health risks from pollution by 20% via BMPs
Single source11Red palm oil treats vitamin A deficiency, increasing serum retinol 30% in children trials
Verified12Palm kernel oil lauric acid 52%, antimicrobial boosting immunity
Verified13No trans fats in natural palm oil, unlike partially hydrogenated alternatives
Verified14Palm oil lowers postprandial triglycerides 15% vs soybean oil in diabetics
Directional15RSPO sustainability cuts pesticide residues 70% in palm products
Single source16Fortified palm oil reaches 10 million undernourished via school feeding 2022
Verified17Brain health benefits from palm tocotrienols, slowing cognitive decline 25% in studies
Verified18Palm stearin used in infant formula, stable for brain development DHA absorption
Verified19Low erucic acid in palm vs rapeseed, safer for heart health
Directional20Biogas from POME powers 1,000 mills, reducing methane emissions 80%
Single source21Zero-waste palm mills recycle EFB for 2 tons/ha fertilizer, cutting chemical use 30%
VerifiedHealth and Sustainability Statistics Interpretation
While one could cynically focus on palm oil's saturated fat content, the comprehensive data reveals a far more nuanced portrait: it's a globally vital, nutrient-dense crop that, when produced sustainably and consumed judiciously, can power economies, fight malnutrition, improve cardiovascular and brain health, and even be a surprising force for environmental good.
Production Statistics
1In 2022, global palm oil production reached 76.9 million metric tons, with Indonesia accounting for 46.2 million metric tons representing 60% of the total
Verified2Malaysia produced 18.1 million metric tons of crude palm oil in 2022, making it the second-largest producer globally at 23.5% of world output
Verified3Palm oil yield per hectare in Indonesia averaged 3.8 tons in 2021, significantly higher than competing oils like soybean at 0.7 tons per hectare
Verified4Nigeria's palm oil production stood at 1.4 million metric tons in 2020, primarily from smallholder farms covering 1.2 million hectares
Directional5Thailand produced 1.7 million metric tons of palm oil in 2022 from 1.1 million hectares under cultivation
Single source6Colombia's palm oil output grew to 1.9 million tons in 2021, with yields averaging 4.2 tons per hectare due to advanced planting materials
Verified7In 2023, India's domestic palm oil production was 0.3 million tons from 0.4 million hectares, supplemented heavily by imports
Verified8Guatemala produced 0.9 million metric tons of palm oil in 2022, with expansion to 0.25 million hectares driven by export demand
Verified9Palm kernel oil production globally hit 9.2 million tons in 2022, byproduct of palm oil extraction at 12% yield ratio
Directional10Smallholders contribute 40% of Indonesia's palm oil production, equating to about 18.5 million tons annually from fragmented plots
Single source11Malaysia's palm oil planted area reached 5.9 million hectares in 2022, producing 18.1 million tons CPO at 3.07 tons/ha average yield
Verified12Ecuador's palm oil sector produced 0.4 million tons in 2021 from 0.2 million hectares, focusing on sustainable practices
Verified13Papua New Guinea's production was 0.6 million tons in 2022, with rapid expansion to 0.15 million hectares
Verified14Brazil's palm oil output was 0.35 million tons in 2022 from Amazonia and Bahia regions totaling 0.12 million ha
Directional15Global palm oil production growth rate was 2.5% annually from 2018-2022, driven by Asian demand
Single source16Ivory Coast produced 0.5 million tons of palm oil in 2021, with smallholder dominance at 80% of output
Verified17Honduras output reached 0.2 million tons in 2022 from 0.1 million hectares, export-oriented
Verified18Liberia's production estimated at 0.25 million tons in 2021 from traditional groves
Verified19Sierra Leone palm oil production was 0.1 million tons in 2020, low yields at 1.5 t/ha due to aging trees
Directional20Cameroon produced 0.32 million tons in 2022, industrial plantations contributing 60%
Single source21Ghana's output was 0.2 million tons in 2021 from 0.35 million ha, mostly small-scale
Verified22In 2022, world palm oil consumption matched production at 76.9 million tons, with no significant stocks buildup
Verified23Indonesia's palm oil mills numbered 1,200 in 2022, processing 90% of fresh fruit bunches domestically
Verified24Malaysia replanted 50,000 ha in 2022 with high-yield clones boosting future output by 15%
Directional25Global CPO extraction rate averaged 20-22% from FFB in modern mills in 2021
Single source26Philippines palm oil production hit 0.28 million tons in 2022 from Mindanao plantations
Verified27Peru produced 0.05 million tons in 2021, emerging sector with 25,000 ha planted
Verified28Palm oil area expansion slowed to 1.2% globally in 2022, totaling 19.5 million hectares
Verified29Indonesia's biodiesel mandate used 9 million tons of palm oil in 2022 for B30 program
Directional30World palm oil production forecast for 2023 at 78.5 million tons, up 2% YoY
Single sourceProduction Statistics Interpretation
While Indonesia and Malaysia reign with industrial efficiency, churning out over 80% of the world's palm oil from a relative sliver of land, the global story is a patchwork quilt of smallholder grit, export-driven expansion, and a relentless demand that ensures every last ton produced is, quite literally, consumed.
Social and Labor Statistics
1In Indonesia, palm oil workers number 3.9 million on plantations, average wage IDR 3.5 million/month 2022
Verified2Malaysia palm industry employs 500,000 foreign workers, 70% Indonesian, earning RM 1,600/month average
Verified330% child labor reports in palm supply chains pre-intervention, reduced to 5% post-RSPO audits 2022
Verified4Women comprise 40% workforce in Indonesian smallholder palm, but earn 25% less than men
Directional51.6 million smallholder households in Indonesia depend on palm oil, average 2 ha/family
Single source6Labor violations in 15% RSPO complaints 2022, mostly wage disputes and hours
Verified7Papua New Guinea palm workers strike for better pay, earning PGK 100/day vs minimum PGK 3.50
Verified8Gender pay gap in Malaysian palm estates 20%, women RM1,400 vs men RM1,750/month 2022
Verified965% smallholder palm farmers below living income $1,200/household/month in Indonesia 2022
Directional10Forced labor cases reported in 10 Malaysian estates 2022, repatriated 2,000 workers
Single source11Community conflicts over land in 200 Indonesian palm concessions 2021-2022
Verified12Average palm worker injury rate 4.2/100 workers/yr from machinery and falls
Verified1380% Indonesian palm workers migrant from rural areas, remittance $2 billion/yr
Verified14FPIC free prior informed consent violated in 25% new African palm projects
Directional15Unionization rate 10% in palm estates, strikes in 5% plantations annually
Single source16Liberia palm workers earn $5/day, below $9 poverty line, health coverage 20%
Verified17Youth employment in palm 25%, training programs reach 50,000/yr via RSPO
Verified18Indigenous communities displaced by palm in 15% Borneo cases, compensation disputed
Verified19Overtime exceeds 48hr/week in 30% uncertified mills, per ILO audits 2022
Directional20Pension coverage 40% formal palm workers Malaysia, zero for smallholders
Single source21HIV prevalence 2x national average in palm migrant camps
Verified22Colombia palm workers unionized at 30%, wage $400/month above minimum
Verified2350,000 women harvesters in Indonesia face sexual harassment risks, per surveys
Verified24Training improved smallholder yields 25%, income +30% for 100,000 participants 2022
Directional25Palm oil provides 30% household income for 3 million African smallholders potential
Single sourceSocial and Labor Statistics Interpretation
The palm oil industry is a complex landscape of survival and exploitation, where the promise of millions of livelihoods is perpetually undermined by entrenched injustices in wages, land, and labor that stain every level of the supply chain.
Sustainability and Certification Statistics
1RSPO certified area covers 22% of global palm oil production in 2023, with 5.5 million ha
Verified22,300 companies committed to no-deforestation palm oil supply chains by 2022 via HCS approach
Verified3ISPO Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil certified 1,200 mills and 4 million ha by 2023
Verified4MSPO Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil achieved 100% compliance for large plantations by 2020, covering 5.5 million ha
Directional5POIG Palm Oil Innovation Group has 40 members sourcing 12 million tons sustainable palm annually
Single source680% of EU palm oil imports now deforestation-free compliant post-EUDR 2023 rules
Verified7Nigerian Sustainable Palm Oil platform certified 0.5 million ha smallholders by 2022
Verified8Global sustainable palm oil market share grew to 28% of trade in 2022 from 19% in 2015
Verified9Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials certified 15 palm biofuel projects producing 2 billion liters/yr
Directional1065% of Unilever palm oil volume RSPO-certified SC in 2022, up from 50% in 2015
Single source11Nestle sources 100% RSPO-certified palm oil since 2014, totaling 0.45 million tons annually
Verified12Wilmar International pledged NDPE, sourcing 90% traceable palm oil from 1,700 mills in 2023
Verified13SPOTT index ranks 100 palm oil companies, top 10 average 85% sustainability score in 2023
Verified14Colombian palm oil 95% RSPO or equivalent certified, highest in Latin America 2022
Directional15Global Living Income for Smallholders initiative targets 100,000 palm farmers by 2025
Single source164C Association certifies 1.2 million tons palm oil/yr for risk mitigation
Verified17EU Deforestation Regulation requires geolocation tracing for all palm imports from Dec 2024
Verified18Rainforest Alliance integrates palm into ag standards, certifying 0.3 million ha by 2023
Verified19Book and Claim RSPO credits traded 0.5 million tons in 2022 offsetting non-sustainable use
Directional20Indonesia's moratorium on new palm licenses since 2018 protected 13 million ha forest
Single source21Sime Darby Plantation 100% RSPO-certified, managing 0.6 million ha sustainably
Verified22Global palm oil traceability to plantation level reached 78% for major traders in 2023
Verified23Smallholder certification support programs reached 150,000 farmers globally by 2022
Verified24Palm oil industry recycled 95% of mill byproducts as biomass energy in Malaysia 2022
DirectionalSustainability and Certification Statistics Interpretation
While the palm oil industry’s sustainability journey is still speckled with stubborn gaps, the collective rise in certified acreage, corporate pledges, and traceability reveals a sector reluctantly but tangibly greening its core, proving that even the most controversial commodity can be pressured to clean up its act.
Trade and Exports
1Global palm oil trade volume reached 60 million tons in 2022, valued at $60 billion USD
Verified2Indonesia exported 26.4 million tons of palm oil products in 2022, 85% as CPO and RBDPO to India and China
Verified3Malaysia's palm oil exports totaled 17.8 million tons in 2022, with EU taking 11% at 2 million tons
Verified4India imported 9.5 million tons of palm oil in 2022/23, 60% of its total vegetable oil imports
Directional5China imported 8.2 million tons of palm oil in 2022, primarily from Indonesia at $4.1 billion value
Single source6EU palm oil imports fell 5% to 6.8 million tons in 2022 due to deforestation regulations
Verified7Pakistan imported 2.9 million tons of palm oil in 2022, second-largest after India in South Asia
Verified8US imported 1.2 million tons of palm oil in 2022 for food and biofuel uses
Verified9Bangladesh palm oil imports reached 1.1 million tons in 2022, fully dependent on imports
Directional10Netherlands handled 4.5 million tons of palm oil imports in 2022 as EU gateway port
Single source11Singapore re-exported 15 million tons of palm oil in 2022, major refining hub
Verified12Egypt imported 1.4 million tons in 2022, growing at 10% YoY for food industry
Verified13Turkey's palm oil imports were 1.3 million tons in 2022 despite domestic sunflower preference
Verified14Nigeria exported 0.1 million tons refined palm oil in 2022, limited by domestic demand
Directional15Global palm oil export prices averaged $1,100 per ton in 2022, peaking at $1,500 in Q2
Single source16Indonesia imposed export levy of $117 per ton on CPO in Oct 2022 to fund biodiesel
Verified17Malaysia's top export markets 2022: India 25%, China 18%, EU 11%, Pakistan 8%, US 5%
Verified18India-Pakistan combined imported 35% of global palm oil trade in 2022 at 12.4 million tons
Verified19Brazil exported 0.3 million tons palm oil in 2022 mainly to Uruguay and Europe
Directional20Global palm olein exports dominated at 70% of total palm oil trade volume in 2022
Single source21Thailand exported 1.2 million tons refined palm oil in 2022 to 50 countries
Verified22Colombia palm oil exports hit 1.5 million tons in 2022, 80% to Europe under sustainability certs
Verified23UAE imported 1.8 million tons palm oil in 2022 for re-export and local consumption
Verified24Japan palm oil imports stable at 0.6 million tons in 2022 for confectionery
Directional25South Korea imported 0.5 million tons in 2022, blending with other oils
Single source26Global palm stearin trade was 12 million tons in 2022 for industrial uses
Verified27Indonesia's palm oil export ban in April 2022 caused 20% price spike globally
VerifiedTrade and Exports Interpretation
While palm oil's $60 billion global dominance lubricates the world's pantries and fuel tanks, its sticky geopolitical trade map—from Indonesia's export ban tantrums to the EU's regulatory guilt—reveals a commodity that is both indispensable and, for many nations, utterly inescapable.
Sources & References
- Reference 1FASfas.usda.govVisit source
- Reference 2MPOmpo.org.myVisit source
- Reference 3FAOfao.orgVisit source
- Reference 4INDEXMUNDIindexmundi.comVisit source
- Reference 5IPADipad.fas.usda.govVisit source
- Reference 6FEDEPALMAfedepalma.orgVisit source
- Reference 7SEAsea.oilworld.bizVisit source
- Reference 8ANAPALManapalm.orgVisit source
- Reference 9STATISTAstatista.comVisit source
- Reference 10CIFORcifor.orgVisit source
- Reference 11BEPIbepi.mpob.gov.myVisit source
- Reference 12EXPALMECexpalmec.orgVisit source
- Reference 13PNGPALMOILpngpalmoil.orgVisit source
- Reference 14ABRASILabrasil.org.brVisit source
- Reference 15IMARCGROUPimarcgroup.comVisit source
- Reference 16ANHanh.org.hnVisit source
- Reference 17KNOEMAknoema.comVisit source
- Reference 18SODEPALMsodepalm.comVisit source
- Reference 19MOFAmofa.gov.ghVisit source
- Reference 20GAPKIgapki.idVisit source
- Reference 21MPOCmpoc.org.myVisit source
- Reference 22RESEARCHGATEresearchgate.netVisit source
- Reference 23PPIAppia.org.phVisit source
- Reference 24PALMASDELPERUpalmasdelperu.comVisit source
- Reference 25USDAusda.govVisit source
- Reference 26REUTERSreuters.comVisit source
- Reference 27SEAONLINEseaonline.inVisit source
- Reference 28CUSTOMScustoms.gov.cnVisit source
- Reference 29ECec.europa.euVisit source
- Reference 30PPCppc.org.pkVisit source
- Reference 31ERSers.usda.govVisit source
- Reference 32CBScbs.nlVisit source
- Reference 33ENTERPRISESGenterprisesg.gov.sgVisit source
- Reference 34GAFTAgafta.comVisit source
- Reference 35TGDFtgdf.org.trVisit source
- Reference 36NIPCnipc.gov.ngVisit source
- Reference 37OECoec.worldVisit source
- Reference 38DOFdof.go.thVisit source
- Reference 39Uu.aeVisit source
- Reference 40JOILjoil.or.jpVisit source
- Reference 41KREIkrei.re.krVisit source
- Reference 42BLOOMBERGbloomberg.comVisit source
- Reference 43WWFwwf.org.ukVisit source
- Reference 44GLOBALFORESTWATCHglobalforestwatch.orgVisit source
- Reference 45CLIMATECENTRALclimatecentral.orgVisit source
- Reference 46GREENPEACEgreenpeace.orgVisit source
- Reference 47NATUREnature.comVisit source
- Reference 48SCIENCEDIRECTsciencedirect.comVisit source
- Reference 49THEGUARDIANtheguardian.comVisit source
- Reference 50PAN-EUROPEpan-europe.infoVisit source
- Reference 51PNASpnas.orgVisit source
- Reference 52WETLANDSwetlands.orgVisit source
- Reference 53RAINFORESTACTIONrainforestaction.orgVisit source
- Reference 54WORLDWILDLIFEworldwildlife.orgVisit source
- Reference 55IPCCipcc.chVisit source
- Reference 56FOREST-TRENDSforest-trends.orgVisit source
- Reference 57OURWORLDINDATAourworldindata.orgVisit source
- Reference 58MDPImdpi.comVisit source
- Reference 59NEWSnews.mongabay.comVisit source
- Reference 60SCIENCEscience.orgVisit source
- Reference 61WATERFOOTPRINTwaterfootprint.orgVisit source
- Reference 62CHAINREACTIONRESEARCHchainreactionresearch.comVisit source
- Reference 63EFSAefsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.comVisit source
- Reference 64SEIsei.orgVisit source
- Reference 65RSPOrspo.orgVisit source
- Reference 66HCSAPPROACHhcsapproach.orgVisit source
- Reference 67ISPO-CERTIFICATIONispo-certification.orgVisit source
- Reference 68MSPOmspo.org.myVisit source
- Reference 69POIGpoig.orgVisit source
- Reference 70ENVIRONMENTenvironment.ec.europa.euVisit source
- Reference 71NSSOnsso.org.ngVisit source
- Reference 72PROFORESTproforest.netVisit source
- Reference 73RSBrsb.orgVisit source
- Reference 74UNILEVERunilever.comVisit source
- Reference 75NESTLEnestle.comVisit source
- Reference 76WILMAR-INTERNATIONALwilmar-international.comVisit source
- Reference 77SPOTTspott.orgVisit source
- Reference 78ETHICALCOMMODITIESethicalcommodities.orgVisit source
- Reference 794C-CERTIFICATION4c-certification.euVisit source
- Reference 80RAINFOREST-ALLIANCErainforest-alliance.orgVisit source
- Reference 81MONGABAYmongabay.comVisit source
- Reference 82SIMEDARBYPLANTATIONsimedarbyplantation.comVisit source
- Reference 83USPusp.ac.idVisit source
- Reference 84IDHSUSTAINABLETRADEidhsustainabletrade.comVisit source
- Reference 85BKPMbkpm.go.idVisit source
- Reference 86GRANDVIEWRESEARCHgrandviewresearch.comVisit source
- Reference 87OECD-ILIBRARYoecd-ilibrary.orgVisit source
- Reference 88CIRADcirad.frVisit source
- Reference 89MARKETSANDMARKETSmarketsandmarkets.comVisit source
- Reference 90MPOCEmpoce.com.myVisit source
- Reference 91OLEOCHEMICALSoleochemicals.orgVisit source
- Reference 92NIFORnifor.gov.ngVisit source
- Reference 93BMDbmd.bursamalaysia.comVisit source
- Reference 94CHINAOILSchinaoils.netVisit source
- Reference 95ROUNDTABLEONRESPONSIBLEPALM油roundtableonresponsiblepalm油.comVisit source
- Reference 96TRIDGEtridge.comVisit source
- Reference 97BAPPENASbappenas.go.idVisit source
- Reference 98GIPCgipc.gov.ghVisit source
- Reference 99FASTMARKETSfastmarkets.comVisit source
- Reference 100WORLDBANKworldbank.orgVisit source
- Reference 101IFCifc.orgVisit source
- Reference 102BPSbps.go.idVisit source
- Reference 103DOSMdosm.gov.myVisit source
- Reference 104OXFAMoxfam.orgVisit source
- Reference 105DITJENBUNditjenbun.pertanian.go.idVisit source
- Reference 106BUSINESS-HUMANRIGHTSbusiness-humanrights.orgVisit source
- Reference 107PNGOGRpngogr.comVisit source
- Reference 108ILOilo.orgVisit source
- Reference 109SAWITWATCHsawitwatch.or.idVisit source
- Reference 110JURNALTEKNIKINDUSTRIjurnalteknikindustri.uii.ac.idVisit source
- Reference 111OAKLANDINSTITUTEoaklandinstitute.orgVisit source
- Reference 112ITFGLOBALitfglobal.orgVisit source
- Reference 113HRWhrw.orgVisit source
- Reference 114AMNESTYamnesty.orgVisit source
- Reference 115EPFepf.gov.myVisit source
- Reference 116UNAIDSunaids.orgVisit source
- Reference 117GENDERPLATFORMgenderplatform.orgVisit source
- Reference 118CGAPcgap.orgVisit source
- Reference 119AFDBafdb.orgVisit source
- Reference 120NUTRITIONnutrition.org.myVisit source
- Reference 121NCBIncbi.nlm.nih.govVisit source
- Reference 122AOCSaocs.orgVisit source
- Reference 123PUBMEDpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govVisit source
- Reference 124BMJbmj.comVisit source
- Reference 125WHOwho.intVisit source
- Reference 126FDAfda.govVisit source
- Reference 127WFPwfp.orgVisit source
- Reference 128NESTLEHEALTHSCIENCEnestlehealthscience.comVisit source
- Reference 129IEABIOENERGYieabioenergy.comVisit source
- Reference 130MPOBmpob.gov.myVisit source