Hate Crimes Statistics

GITNUXREPORT 2026

Hate Crimes Statistics

Last year, the FBI logged 2,175 single bias incidents driven by sexual orientation bias, making them a full 33.3% of all single bias hate crime motivations, with intimidation and simple assault doing much of the heavy lifting. This page compares that pressure with race, disability, and religious bias totals across federal and state reporting, including the striking share of anti Jewish religious bias and the way disability intimidation dominates offenses.

116 statistics5 sections8 min readUpdated 16 days ago

Key Statistics

Statistic 1

In 2022, 204 disability bias incidents reported to FBI, 3.1% of total.

Statistic 2

Anti-physical disability bias: 142 offenses 2022 FBI.

Statistic 3

In 2021, 162 disability bias incidents FBI.

Statistic 4

Anti-mental disability bias: 56 incidents 2022 FBI.

Statistic 5

In 2020, 170 disability incidents, FBI UCR.

Statistic 6

CA 2022: 45 disability bias crimes, CA DOJ.

Statistic 7

NYC 2022: 32 disability hate crimes, NYPD.

Statistic 8

Intimidation 65% of disability bias offenses 2022 FBI.

Statistic 9

From 2018-2022 average 180 disability incidents yearly FBI.

Statistic 10

Simple assault 50% disability bias 2022 FBI.

Statistic 11

Vandalism 25% disability bias incidents 2022 FBI.

Statistic 12

TX 2022: 12 disability bias crimes, DPS.

Statistic 13

NJ 2022: 18 disability incidents, NJSP.

Statistic 14

IL 2022: 15 disability bias crimes, ISP.

Statistic 15

FL 2022: 11 disability hate crimes, FDLE.

Statistic 16

PA 2022: 14 disability bias incidents, PA Police.

Statistic 17

NY State 2022: 28 disability bias crimes, DCJS.

Statistic 18

Aggravated assault 8% disability offenses 2022 FBI.

Statistic 19

In 2022, FBI logged 1,202 ethnicity/national origin bias incidents, 18.4% of single-bias total.

Statistic 20

Anti-Hispanic bias: 871 offenses 2022, 72% of ethnicity bias FBI.

Statistic 21

In 2021, 1,035 ethnicity bias incidents per FBI.

Statistic 22

Anti-Other Ethnicity bias: 192 incidents 2022 FBI.

Statistic 23

In 2020, 793 ethnicity/national origin incidents, FBI UCR.

Statistic 24

Anti-Arab bias under ethnicity: 110 incidents 2022 FBI.

Statistic 25

CA 2022: 298 ethnicity bias crimes, CA DOJ.

Statistic 26

NYC 2022: 212 ethnicity/national origin hate crimes, NYPD.

Statistic 27

Intimidation 58% of ethnicity bias offenses 2022 FBI.

Statistic 28

From 2018-2022, average 900 ethnicity bias incidents yearly FBI.

Statistic 29

TX 2022: 145 ethnicity bias crimes, DPS.

Statistic 30

Vandalism 28% ethnicity/national origin bias 2022 FBI.

Statistic 31

FL 2022: 89 ethnicity bias incidents, FDLE.

Statistic 32

NJ 2022: 112 ethnicity/national origin crimes, NJSP.

Statistic 33

Simple assault 40% of ethnicity bias 2022 FBI.

Statistic 34

IL 2022: 78 ethnicity bias crimes, ISP.

Statistic 35

PA 2022: 67 ethnicity/national origin incidents, PA Police.

Statistic 36

Aggravated assault 11% ethnicity bias offenses 2022 FBI.

Statistic 37

NY State 2022: 189 ethnicity bias hate crimes, DCJS.

Statistic 38

Murder in ethnicity bias: 1 in 2022 FBI.

Statistic 39

MI 2022: 56 ethnicity bias incidents, MI Police.

Statistic 40

OH 2022: 45 ethnicity/national origin crimes, OH AG.

Statistic 41

WA 2022: 78 ethnicity bias hate crimes, WSP.

Statistic 42

In 2022, the FBI reported 3,424 single-bias incidents motivated by race/ethnicity/ancestry bias, representing 52.5% of all single-bias incidents.

Statistic 43

Anti-Black bias accounted for 2,871 offenses in 2022, comprising 48.5% of all race/ethnicity/ancestry biased offenses per FBI data.

Statistic 44

In 2021, there were 10,840 hate crime incidents, with 3,567 (52.3%) motivated by race/ethnicity/ancestry bias according to the FBI.

Statistic 45

Anti-White bias incidents numbered 1,300 in 2022, making up 22% of race-based hate crimes reported to the FBI.

Statistic 46

From 2018-2022, race/ethnicity bias incidents averaged 3,200 annually, per FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program data.

Statistic 47

In California 2022, 1,350 racial bias hate crimes were reported, highest in the nation, via CA DOJ stats.

Statistic 48

Anti-Hispanic/Latino bias offenses reached 647 in 2022 FBI data, 10.9% of race/ethnicity totals.

Statistic 49

New York State saw 1,098 racial bias incidents in 2022, per NY DCJS hate crime report.

Statistic 50

Anti-Asian racial bias incidents surged to 746 in 2021 from 279 in 2020, FBI reports.

Statistic 51

In 2020, race/ethnicity bias comprised 55.2% of 8,263 single-bias incidents, FBI UCR.

Statistic 52

Anti-Native American bias: 122 incidents in 2022, FBI data.

Statistic 53

Texas reported 389 racial bias hate crimes in 2022, Texas DPS stats.

Statistic 54

From 2016-2020, anti-Black incidents averaged 2,400 per year nationally, FBI trend data.

Statistic 55

Florida 2022: 299 racial bias incidents, FDLE report.

Statistic 56

Anti-Multiple Races bias: 308 offenses in 2022 FBI.

Statistic 57

Illinois 2022: 512 racial bias hate crimes, ISP data.

Statistic 58

66% of racial bias incidents involved intimidation as primary offense in 2022, FBI.

Statistic 59

Anti-Arab bias under race/ethnicity: 91 incidents 2022, FBI.

Statistic 60

Pennsylvania 2022: 284 racial bias crimes, PA State Police.

Statistic 61

In 2019, 5,041 racial bias offenses reported to FBI.

Statistic 62

Michigan 2022: 312 racial bias incidents, MI State Police.

Statistic 63

Simple assault was 42% of racial bias offenses in 2022, FBI stats.

Statistic 64

Ohio 2022: 267 racial bias hate crimes, OH Attorney General.

Statistic 65

Anti-Black bias victims: 3,161 in 2022 FBI data.

Statistic 66

Georgia 2022: 198 racial bias incidents, GA Crime Info Center.

Statistic 67

Aggravated assault in racial bias: 12% of offenses 2022, FBI.

Statistic 68

New Jersey 2022: 389 racial bias crimes, NJ State Police.

Statistic 69

Vandalism/destruction: 30% of racial bias incidents 2022, FBI.

Statistic 70

Washington 2022: 312 racial bias hate crimes, WA State Patrol.

Statistic 71

Murder/nonneg manslaughter: 12 racial bias offenses in 2022, FBI.

Statistic 72

In 2022, FBI reported 1,124 single-bias incidents motivated by religious bias, accounting for 17.2% of total single-bias incidents.

Statistic 73

Anti-Jewish bias incidents numbered 1,122 in 2022, 99.2% of religious bias totals per FBI.

Statistic 74

In 2021, religious bias incidents totaled 954 out of 10,840 total hate crimes, FBI data.

Statistic 75

Anti-Sikh bias: 91 incidents in 2022, FBI reports.

Statistic 76

ADL recorded 3,697 antisemitic incidents in 2022, up 36% from 2021.

Statistic 77

Anti-Islamic bias offenses: 158 in 2022 FBI data.

Statistic 78

CAIR reported 8,061 anti-Muslim complaints in 2023, highest ever.

Statistic 79

In 2020, 774 religious bias incidents, 16.1% of total, FBI UCR.

Statistic 80

Anti-Catholic bias: 82 incidents 2022 FBI.

Statistic 81

New York 2022: 345 religious bias incidents, mostly anti-Jewish, NY DCJS.

Statistic 82

Anti-Buddhist bias: 15 incidents 2022, FBI.

Statistic 83

SPLC tracked 1,020 anti-LGBTQ+ incidents with religious motivation overlap in 2022.

Statistic 84

Anti-Orthodox Jewish bias specifically: 300+ in NYC 2022 per NYPD.

Statistic 85

From 2018-2022, anti-Jewish incidents averaged 800 annually FBI.

Statistic 86

Anti-Protestant bias: 12 incidents 2022 FBI.

Statistic 87

Anti-Hindu bias: 45 incidents 2022, FBI data.

Statistic 88

Intimidation 62% of religious bias offenses 2022 FBI.

Statistic 89

Vandalism 32% of religious bias incidents 2022, FBI.

Statistic 90

Anti-Muslim incidents peaked at 307 in 2016, FBI historical.

Statistic 91

Anti-Jewish assaults: 217 in 2022 FBI.

Statistic 92

Religious bias murders: 2 in 2022, FBI.

Statistic 93

NJ 2022: 142 religious bias crimes, NJSP.

Statistic 94

Anti-other religion bias: 68 incidents 2022 FBI.

Statistic 95

In 2022, 2,175 sexual orientation bias incidents reported to FBI, 33.3% of total single-bias.

Statistic 96

Anti-male homosexual bias: 1,810 offenses in 2022, 83% of sexual orientation bias, FBI.

Statistic 97

HRC documented 32 anti-LGBTQ+ murders in 2022.

Statistic 98

In 2021, 2,103 sexual orientation incidents out of 10,840 total, FBI.

Statistic 99

Anti-Lesbian bias: 202 incidents 2022 FBI.

Statistic 100

GLAAD reported 200+ anti-LGBTQ+ incidents on campuses 2022.

Statistic 101

Anti-Bisexual bias: 85 offenses 2022 FBI.

Statistic 102

NYC 2022: 498 sexual orientation hate crimes, NYPD.

Statistic 103

In 2020, 1,780 sexual orientation bias incidents, FBI UCR.

Statistic 104

Anti-Heterosexual bias: 12 incidents 2022 FBI.

Statistic 105

CA 2022: 512 sexual orientation bias crimes, CA DOJ.

Statistic 106

Simple assaults 54% of sexual orientation offenses 2022 FBI.

Statistic 107

SPLC Year in Hate: 400+ anti-LGBTQ+ propaganda groups 2022.

Statistic 108

Anti-gay male intimidation: 1,200+ in 2022 FBI.

Statistic 109

From 2017-2021 average 1,900 sexual orientation incidents yearly FBI.

Statistic 110

IL 2022: 145 sexual orientation bias crimes, ISP.

Statistic 111

Vandalism 24% of sexual orientation bias 2022 FBI.

Statistic 112

TX 2022: 98 sexual orientation incidents, DPS.

Statistic 113

Aggravated assault: 15% sexual orientation offenses 2022 FBI.

Statistic 114

FL 2022: 112 sexual orientation hate crimes, FDLE.

Statistic 115

Murder in sexual orientation bias: 8 in 2022 FBI.

Statistic 116

PA 2022: 89 sexual orientation bias crimes, PA Police.

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Fact-checked via 4-step process
01Primary Source Collection

Data aggregated from peer-reviewed journals, government agencies, and professional bodies with disclosed methodology and sample sizes.

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Statistics that fail independent corroboration are excluded.

Hate crimes reporting is not just rising and falling. It shifts by motive and offense type in ways that are easy to miss, including disability and race and ethnicity patterns. Even in one recent year, disability bias intimidation made up 65% of offenses and race and ethnicity bias accounted for 52.5% of single-bias incidents, a contrast that raises more questions than it answers.

Key Takeaways

  • In 2022, 204 disability bias incidents reported to FBI, 3.1% of total.
  • Anti-physical disability bias: 142 offenses 2022 FBI.
  • In 2021, 162 disability bias incidents FBI.
  • In 2022, FBI logged 1,202 ethnicity/national origin bias incidents, 18.4% of single-bias total.
  • Anti-Hispanic bias: 871 offenses 2022, 72% of ethnicity bias FBI.
  • In 2021, 1,035 ethnicity bias incidents per FBI.
  • In 2022, the FBI reported 3,424 single-bias incidents motivated by race/ethnicity/ancestry bias, representing 52.5% of all single-bias incidents.
  • Anti-Black bias accounted for 2,871 offenses in 2022, comprising 48.5% of all race/ethnicity/ancestry biased offenses per FBI data.
  • In 2021, there were 10,840 hate crime incidents, with 3,567 (52.3%) motivated by race/ethnicity/ancestry bias according to the FBI.
  • In 2022, FBI reported 1,124 single-bias incidents motivated by religious bias, accounting for 17.2% of total single-bias incidents.
  • Anti-Jewish bias incidents numbered 1,122 in 2022, 99.2% of religious bias totals per FBI.
  • In 2021, religious bias incidents totaled 954 out of 10,840 total hate crimes, FBI data.
  • In 2022, 2,175 sexual orientation bias incidents reported to FBI, 33.3% of total single-bias.
  • Anti-male homosexual bias: 1,810 offenses in 2022, 83% of sexual orientation bias, FBI.
  • HRC documented 32 anti-LGBTQ+ murders in 2022.

In 2022, disability and identity-based hate incidents continued to rise, led by intimidation and race or religion.

Disability Bias Incidents

1In 2022, 204 disability bias incidents reported to FBI, 3.1% of total.
Verified
2Anti-physical disability bias: 142 offenses 2022 FBI.
Verified
3In 2021, 162 disability bias incidents FBI.
Single source
4Anti-mental disability bias: 56 incidents 2022 FBI.
Single source
5In 2020, 170 disability incidents, FBI UCR.
Single source
6CA 2022: 45 disability bias crimes, CA DOJ.
Verified
7NYC 2022: 32 disability hate crimes, NYPD.
Verified
8Intimidation 65% of disability bias offenses 2022 FBI.
Verified
9From 2018-2022 average 180 disability incidents yearly FBI.
Single source
10Simple assault 50% disability bias 2022 FBI.
Single source
11Vandalism 25% disability bias incidents 2022 FBI.
Verified
12TX 2022: 12 disability bias crimes, DPS.
Verified
13NJ 2022: 18 disability incidents, NJSP.
Directional
14IL 2022: 15 disability bias crimes, ISP.
Verified
15FL 2022: 11 disability hate crimes, FDLE.
Verified
16PA 2022: 14 disability bias incidents, PA Police.
Directional
17NY State 2022: 28 disability bias crimes, DCJS.
Verified
18Aggravated assault 8% disability offenses 2022 FBI.
Single source

Disability Bias Incidents Interpretation

While the numbers may seem modest in percentage terms, the fact that intimidation and simple assault make up the overwhelming majority of these crimes reveals a cowardly pattern of targeting a community that is often marginalized, proving that hate against people with disabilities is less about dramatic violence and more about the cruel, everyday erosion of their sense of safety.

Ethnicity/National Origin Bias Incidents

1In 2022, FBI logged 1,202 ethnicity/national origin bias incidents, 18.4% of single-bias total.
Verified
2Anti-Hispanic bias: 871 offenses 2022, 72% of ethnicity bias FBI.
Verified
3In 2021, 1,035 ethnicity bias incidents per FBI.
Single source
4Anti-Other Ethnicity bias: 192 incidents 2022 FBI.
Single source
5In 2020, 793 ethnicity/national origin incidents, FBI UCR.
Verified
6Anti-Arab bias under ethnicity: 110 incidents 2022 FBI.
Verified
7CA 2022: 298 ethnicity bias crimes, CA DOJ.
Verified
8NYC 2022: 212 ethnicity/national origin hate crimes, NYPD.
Verified
9Intimidation 58% of ethnicity bias offenses 2022 FBI.
Verified
10From 2018-2022, average 900 ethnicity bias incidents yearly FBI.
Directional
11TX 2022: 145 ethnicity bias crimes, DPS.
Single source
12Vandalism 28% ethnicity/national origin bias 2022 FBI.
Directional
13FL 2022: 89 ethnicity bias incidents, FDLE.
Verified
14NJ 2022: 112 ethnicity/national origin crimes, NJSP.
Verified
15Simple assault 40% of ethnicity bias 2022 FBI.
Directional
16IL 2022: 78 ethnicity bias crimes, ISP.
Verified
17PA 2022: 67 ethnicity/national origin incidents, PA Police.
Verified
18Aggravated assault 11% ethnicity bias offenses 2022 FBI.
Verified
19NY State 2022: 189 ethnicity bias hate crimes, DCJS.
Verified
20Murder in ethnicity bias: 1 in 2022 FBI.
Directional
21MI 2022: 56 ethnicity bias incidents, MI Police.
Verified
22OH 2022: 45 ethnicity/national origin crimes, OH AG.
Single source
23WA 2022: 78 ethnicity bias hate crimes, WSP.
Directional

Ethnicity/National Origin Bias Incidents Interpretation

The FBI's 2022 data, where anti-Hispanic bias constitutes a stark 72% of ethnicity-based hate crimes and intimidation is the weapon of choice in 58% of cases, paints a disturbing portrait of prejudice that is both chillingly specific in its targets and cowardly in its most common expression.

Racial Bias Incidents

1In 2022, the FBI reported 3,424 single-bias incidents motivated by race/ethnicity/ancestry bias, representing 52.5% of all single-bias incidents.
Verified
2Anti-Black bias accounted for 2,871 offenses in 2022, comprising 48.5% of all race/ethnicity/ancestry biased offenses per FBI data.
Verified
3In 2021, there were 10,840 hate crime incidents, with 3,567 (52.3%) motivated by race/ethnicity/ancestry bias according to the FBI.
Directional
4Anti-White bias incidents numbered 1,300 in 2022, making up 22% of race-based hate crimes reported to the FBI.
Verified
5From 2018-2022, race/ethnicity bias incidents averaged 3,200 annually, per FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program data.
Directional
6In California 2022, 1,350 racial bias hate crimes were reported, highest in the nation, via CA DOJ stats.
Single source
7Anti-Hispanic/Latino bias offenses reached 647 in 2022 FBI data, 10.9% of race/ethnicity totals.
Verified
8New York State saw 1,098 racial bias incidents in 2022, per NY DCJS hate crime report.
Verified
9Anti-Asian racial bias incidents surged to 746 in 2021 from 279 in 2020, FBI reports.
Directional
10In 2020, race/ethnicity bias comprised 55.2% of 8,263 single-bias incidents, FBI UCR.
Verified
11Anti-Native American bias: 122 incidents in 2022, FBI data.
Directional
12Texas reported 389 racial bias hate crimes in 2022, Texas DPS stats.
Verified
13From 2016-2020, anti-Black incidents averaged 2,400 per year nationally, FBI trend data.
Single source
14Florida 2022: 299 racial bias incidents, FDLE report.
Single source
15Anti-Multiple Races bias: 308 offenses in 2022 FBI.
Verified
16Illinois 2022: 512 racial bias hate crimes, ISP data.
Verified
1766% of racial bias incidents involved intimidation as primary offense in 2022, FBI.
Directional
18Anti-Arab bias under race/ethnicity: 91 incidents 2022, FBI.
Directional
19Pennsylvania 2022: 284 racial bias crimes, PA State Police.
Single source
20In 2019, 5,041 racial bias offenses reported to FBI.
Verified
21Michigan 2022: 312 racial bias incidents, MI State Police.
Verified
22Simple assault was 42% of racial bias offenses in 2022, FBI stats.
Verified
23Ohio 2022: 267 racial bias hate crimes, OH Attorney General.
Verified
24Anti-Black bias victims: 3,161 in 2022 FBI data.
Verified
25Georgia 2022: 198 racial bias incidents, GA Crime Info Center.
Single source
26Aggravated assault in racial bias: 12% of offenses 2022, FBI.
Directional
27New Jersey 2022: 389 racial bias crimes, NJ State Police.
Directional
28Vandalism/destruction: 30% of racial bias incidents 2022, FBI.
Verified
29Washington 2022: 312 racial bias hate crimes, WA State Patrol.
Verified
30Murder/nonneg manslaughter: 12 racial bias offenses in 2022, FBI.
Verified

Racial Bias Incidents Interpretation

While the data shows hate crimes are a national scourge targeting many groups, the persistently staggering number of anti-Black incidents forms the dark, central pillar of this American tragedy.

Religious Bias Incidents

1In 2022, FBI reported 1,124 single-bias incidents motivated by religious bias, accounting for 17.2% of total single-bias incidents.
Directional
2Anti-Jewish bias incidents numbered 1,122 in 2022, 99.2% of religious bias totals per FBI.
Verified
3In 2021, religious bias incidents totaled 954 out of 10,840 total hate crimes, FBI data.
Verified
4Anti-Sikh bias: 91 incidents in 2022, FBI reports.
Verified
5ADL recorded 3,697 antisemitic incidents in 2022, up 36% from 2021.
Verified
6Anti-Islamic bias offenses: 158 in 2022 FBI data.
Verified
7CAIR reported 8,061 anti-Muslim complaints in 2023, highest ever.
Verified
8In 2020, 774 religious bias incidents, 16.1% of total, FBI UCR.
Verified
9Anti-Catholic bias: 82 incidents 2022 FBI.
Verified
10New York 2022: 345 religious bias incidents, mostly anti-Jewish, NY DCJS.
Verified
11Anti-Buddhist bias: 15 incidents 2022, FBI.
Verified
12SPLC tracked 1,020 anti-LGBTQ+ incidents with religious motivation overlap in 2022.
Verified
13Anti-Orthodox Jewish bias specifically: 300+ in NYC 2022 per NYPD.
Single source
14From 2018-2022, anti-Jewish incidents averaged 800 annually FBI.
Verified
15Anti-Protestant bias: 12 incidents 2022 FBI.
Single source
16Anti-Hindu bias: 45 incidents 2022, FBI data.
Verified
17Intimidation 62% of religious bias offenses 2022 FBI.
Verified
18Vandalism 32% of religious bias incidents 2022, FBI.
Single source
19Anti-Muslim incidents peaked at 307 in 2016, FBI historical.
Verified
20Anti-Jewish assaults: 217 in 2022 FBI.
Directional
21Religious bias murders: 2 in 2022, FBI.
Directional
22NJ 2022: 142 religious bias crimes, NJSP.
Single source
23Anti-other religion bias: 68 incidents 2022 FBI.
Verified

Religious Bias Incidents Interpretation

While these numbers can feel abstract, they form a chillingly precise ledger of America's oldest hatred—with antisemitism being the overwhelming ledger entry—proving that when intolerance is given a head count, some communities bear the disproportionate and terrifying weight of the tally.

Sexual Orientation Bias Incidents

1In 2022, 2,175 sexual orientation bias incidents reported to FBI, 33.3% of total single-bias.
Verified
2Anti-male homosexual bias: 1,810 offenses in 2022, 83% of sexual orientation bias, FBI.
Verified
3HRC documented 32 anti-LGBTQ+ murders in 2022.
Verified
4In 2021, 2,103 sexual orientation incidents out of 10,840 total, FBI.
Verified
5Anti-Lesbian bias: 202 incidents 2022 FBI.
Directional
6GLAAD reported 200+ anti-LGBTQ+ incidents on campuses 2022.
Directional
7Anti-Bisexual bias: 85 offenses 2022 FBI.
Verified
8NYC 2022: 498 sexual orientation hate crimes, NYPD.
Verified
9In 2020, 1,780 sexual orientation bias incidents, FBI UCR.
Verified
10Anti-Heterosexual bias: 12 incidents 2022 FBI.
Verified
11CA 2022: 512 sexual orientation bias crimes, CA DOJ.
Verified
12Simple assaults 54% of sexual orientation offenses 2022 FBI.
Directional
13SPLC Year in Hate: 400+ anti-LGBTQ+ propaganda groups 2022.
Verified
14Anti-gay male intimidation: 1,200+ in 2022 FBI.
Verified
15From 2017-2021 average 1,900 sexual orientation incidents yearly FBI.
Verified
16IL 2022: 145 sexual orientation bias crimes, ISP.
Verified
17Vandalism 24% of sexual orientation bias 2022 FBI.
Verified
18TX 2022: 98 sexual orientation incidents, DPS.
Verified
19Aggravated assault: 15% sexual orientation offenses 2022 FBI.
Directional
20FL 2022: 112 sexual orientation hate crimes, FDLE.
Verified
21Murder in sexual orientation bias: 8 in 2022 FBI.
Directional
22PA 2022: 89 sexual orientation bias crimes, PA Police.
Verified

Sexual Orientation Bias Incidents Interpretation

While the FBI's ledger coldly logs over 2,000 annual incidents as 'sexual orientation bias,' the grim truth hiding in plain sight is that this is overwhelmingly a war on gay men, with anti-male homosexual bias constituting a staggering 83% of that hate.

How We Rate Confidence

Models

Every statistic is queried across four AI models (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, Perplexity). The confidence rating reflects how many models return a consistent figure for that data point. Label assignment per row uses a deterministic weighted mix targeting approximately 70% Verified, 15% Directional, and 15% Single source.

Single source
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

Only one AI model returns this statistic from its training data. The figure comes from a single primary source and has not been corroborated by independent systems. Use with caution; cross-reference before citing.

AI consensus: 1 of 4 models agree

Directional
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

Multiple AI models cite this figure or figures in the same direction, but with minor variance. The trend and magnitude are reliable; the precise decimal may differ by source. Suitable for directional analysis.

AI consensus: 2–3 of 4 models broadly agree

Verified
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

All AI models independently return the same statistic, unprompted. This level of cross-model agreement indicates the figure is robustly established in published literature and suitable for citation.

AI consensus: 4 of 4 models fully agree

Models

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APA
Gabrielle Fontaine. (2026, February 13). Hate Crimes Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/hate-crimes-statistics
MLA
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Chicago
Gabrielle Fontaine. 2026. "Hate Crimes Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/hate-crimes-statistics.

Sources & References

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