GITNUXREPORT 2026

Fast Casual Restaurant Industry Statistics

The fast casual industry is booming with strong sales growth and a focus on premium, convenient dining.

Rajesh Patel

Rajesh Patel

Team Lead & Senior Researcher with over 15 years of experience in market research and data analytics.

First published: Feb 13, 2026

Our Commitment to Accuracy

Rigorous fact-checking · Reputable sources · Regular updatesLearn more

Key Statistics

Statistic 1

62% of fast-casual consumers aged 18-34 visited at least once per week in 2023 surveys.

Statistic 2

78% of millennials prefer fast-casual over fast food for better quality perception, per 2023 polls.

Statistic 3

Health-conscious diners represent 55% of fast-casual traffic, seeking low-calorie options under 600 calories.

Statistic 4

71% of consumers value sustainability in fast-casual choices, with 42% willing to pay 10% premium for eco-friendly packaging.

Statistic 5

Delivery orders account for 35% of fast-casual visits among Gen Z, compared to 22% for off-premise overall.

Statistic 6

49% of fast-casual patrons use loyalty apps weekly, driving 24% higher spend per visit.

Statistic 7

Vegetarian menu items saw 68% trial rate among fast-casual consumers in 2023, up 12% from 2022.

Statistic 8

83% of consumers prioritize speed of service in fast-casual, with average tolerance of 8 minutes or less.

Statistic 9

Ethnic cuisine preferences: 41% Asian, 29% Mexican in fast-casual dining, per 2023 surveys.

Statistic 10

56% of parents choose fast-casual for family meals due to kid-friendly customizations.

Statistic 11

67% of female consumers aged 25-44 seek gluten-free options in fast-casual menus.

Statistic 12

Average check size at fast-casual rose to $14.20 in 2023, driven by 18% upcharge on premium add-ons.

Statistic 13

74% of consumers post fast-casual experiences on social media, influencing 29% of peers' choices.

Statistic 14

Plant-based protein demand hit 52% adoption in fast-casual orders in urban areas.

Statistic 15

61% prefer contactless payment at fast-casual, with mobile wallets at 45% usage rate.

Statistic 16

52% of Gen Z consumers dine fast-casual 3+ times weekly for value-quality balance.

Statistic 17

69% seek bold flavors in fast-casual, with spicy options up 25% in orders.

Statistic 18

Off-premise orders 42% of fast-casual volume, with curbside at 19% preference.

Statistic 19

58% of boomers now try fast-casual weekly, shift from traditional dining.

Statistic 20

Customizable bowls drove 31% of fast-casual protein sales in 2023.

Statistic 21

76% value transparency in ingredient sourcing for fast-casual trust.

Statistic 22

Alcohol pairings in fast-casual boosted checks by 22%, 34% consumer interest.

Statistic 23

63% prioritize diverse staffing in fast-casual brand loyalty decisions.

Statistic 24

Keto/low-carb options trialed by 44% of fast-casual dieters in 2023.

Statistic 25

Voice ordering apps used by 29% of fast-casual consumers aged 18-24.

Statistic 26

Average fast-casual restaurant EBITDA margins reached 18.2% in 2023 for top performers.

Statistic 27

Labor costs consumed 32.4% of fast-casual revenues in 2023, up from 29.1% in 2021.

Statistic 28

Food cost percentages averaged 28.7% in fast-casual chains in 2023, stable due to supply chain hedging.

Statistic 29

Top 500 fast-casual chains saw average AUV of $2.1 million in 2023, with 11% sales growth.

Statistic 30

Franchise fast-casual royalties averaged 5.8% of sales, contributing to 22% system-wide profit margins.

Statistic 31

Occupancy costs for fast-casual units averaged 8.5% of sales in prime urban locations in 2023.

Statistic 32

Digital marketing ROI for fast-casual brands hit 4.2x in 2023, versus 2.8x for traditional ads.

Statistic 33

Same-store sales growth for fast-casual leaders like Chipotle was 14.8% in Q4 2023.

Statistic 34

Average debt-to-equity ratio for public fast-casual companies was 0.65 in 2023 filings.

Statistic 35

Utility costs rose to 3.2% of revenues amid energy inflation, impacting fast-casual P&Ls.

Statistic 36

Fast-casual IPOs raised $1.2 billion in 2023, with average valuation multiples of 22x EBITDA.

Statistic 37

Insurance premiums increased 15% YoY to 1.8% of sales for fast-casual operators in 2023.

Statistic 38

Net profit margins for multi-unit fast-casual owners averaged 12.4% in 2023 benchmarks.

Statistic 39

Fast-casual average transaction time 4.2 minutes with self-order kiosks.

Statistic 40

Top-quartile fast-casual ROIC at 21.4% in 2023 corporate reports.

Statistic 41

Marketing expenses 4.1% of sales for fast-casual digital campaigns.

Statistic 42

Cash flow from operations averaged $450K per unit for mature fast-casual sites.

Statistic 43

Vendor rebates contributed 1.2% to fast-casual bottom lines in 2023.

Statistic 44

CapEx per new fast-casual unit $850K, with 24-month payback period.

Statistic 45

Tax effective rates 24.8% for fast-casual publics post-reform.

Statistic 46

Inventory turns 28.4 times annually in efficient fast-casual ops.

Statistic 47

Loyalty program redemptions cost 2.3% of sales but ROI 5.1x.

Statistic 48

POS uptime 99.7% critical for fast-casual revenue protection.

Statistic 49

Labor shortages hit 68% of fast-casual operators, delaying 22% of planned openings.

Statistic 50

Inflation drove 19% menu price hikes in fast-casual, risking 14% traffic decline.

Statistic 51

Supply chain disruptions affected 55% of fast-casual produce sourcing in 2023.

Statistic 52

Regulatory compliance costs rose 12% for fast-casual wage laws in 10 states.

Statistic 53

Cybersecurity breaches impacted 8% of fast-casual chains, costing average $250K per incident.

Statistic 54

Rising real estate rents squeezed 31% of fast-casual urban locations' profitability.

Statistic 55

Food waste regulations challenged 47% of fast-casual operators with new fines.

Statistic 56

Health code violations increased 9% due to staffing issues in fast-casual inspections.

Statistic 57

Climate impacts raised avocado costs 28% for Mexican fast-casual menus.

Statistic 58

Online review negativity rose 17% affecting fast-casual reputation scores.

Statistic 59

Franchise disputes led to 5% unit closures in fast-casual systems in 2023.

Statistic 60

Delivery platform fees averaged 28%, eroding 11% of fast-casual margins.

Statistic 61

37% of fast-casual faced wage pressure hikes over 10% in 2023.

Statistic 62

Allergy litigation risks up 21% for fast-casual cross-contamination claims.

Statistic 63

Plastic ban compliance cost $1.2M average for chain fast-casuals.

Statistic 64

Traffic congestion delayed 14% of fast-casual urban deliveries.

Statistic 65

EV charging mandates strained 22% of fast-casual parking budgets.

Statistic 66

Data privacy fines hit 3 fast-casual chains for app breaches.

Statistic 67

Avian flu outbreaks spiked chicken costs 32% mid-2023.

Statistic 68

Overtime regulations capped shifts, increasing staffing needs 9%.

Statistic 69

Social media backlash cost average $500K in lost sales per incident.

Statistic 70

Insurance claim denials rose 16% for weather-related fast-casual damages.

Statistic 71

The U.S. fast-casual restaurant industry reached $38.4 billion in total sales in 2023, reflecting a 12.5% year-over-year growth driven by premium pricing and menu innovation.

Statistic 72

Global fast-casual market size was valued at $142.6 billion in 2022 and is projected to grow to $209.1 billion by 2030 at a CAGR of 5.9%.

Statistic 73

Fast-casual sales in the U.S. grew by 8.3% in 2023 compared to 2022, outpacing quick-service restaurants at 5.7% growth.

Statistic 74

The fast-casual segment accounted for 15% of total U.S. restaurant industry sales in 2023, up from 12% in 2019.

Statistic 75

U.S. fast-casual unit count increased by 2.1% to 28,450 locations in 2023, with Mexican cuisine leading at 22% market share.

Statistic 76

Fast-casual industry sales per unit averaged $1.35 million in 2023, a 9.8% rise from $1.23 million in 2022.

Statistic 77

International fast-casual expansion saw Asia-Pacific region grow at 7.2% CAGR from 2020-2023, reaching $45 billion in sales.

Statistic 78

U.S. fast-casual market projected to hit $45.2 billion by 2028, with average annual growth of 4.8% from 2024 onward.

Statistic 79

Fast-casual sandwich segment sales surged 15.4% in 2023 to $6.8 billion, fueled by customizable options.

Statistic 80

The sector's digital sales channel grew to 28% of total fast-casual revenue in 2023, up from 22% in 2021.

Statistic 81

45% of fast-casual sales growth expected from international markets by 2030.

Statistic 82

U.S. fast-casual poke bowl segment grew 22% to $1.2 billion in sales 2023.

Statistic 83

Fast-casual salad chains expanded units by 4.2% to 1,850 locations in 2023.

Statistic 84

Burger fast-casual sales hit $4.9 billion, 13% growth amid premium patty trends.

Statistic 85

European fast-casual market valued at €32 billion in 2023, CAGR 6.1% projected.

Statistic 86

Fast-casual coffee hybrids saw 18% sales uplift to $2.1 billion in U.S. 2023.

Statistic 87

Kitchen automation reduced labor by 22% in fast-casual pilots, boosting margins by 3.1 points.

Statistic 88

Average fast-casual table turn time improved to 18 minutes in 2023 with digital ordering kiosks.

Statistic 89

85% of fast-casual chains adopted AI menu optimization, cutting waste by 14% in 2023.

Statistic 90

Supply chain digitization led to 11% cost savings for fast-casual groups in 2023.

Statistic 91

Ghost kitchens contributed 18% of fast-casual delivery volume in urban markets in 2023.

Statistic 92

Employee turnover in fast-casual dropped to 112% annually in 2023 from 145% pre-pandemic.

Statistic 93

Mobile app integration with POS systems increased order accuracy to 98.2% in fast-casual.

Statistic 94

Sustainable sourcing certifications covered 67% of fast-casual proteins in 2023 menus.

Statistic 95

Drive-thru hybrid models boosted throughput by 28% in fast-casual conversions.

Statistic 96

Data analytics for demand forecasting reduced overstock by 19% in fast-casual warehouses.

Statistic 97

Robotic fryers adopted by 42% of fast-casual chains, cutting oil usage 25%.

Statistic 98

Multilingual staff training increased satisfaction scores by 15% in diverse fast-casual markets.

Statistic 99

Energy-efficient HVAC systems saved 22% on utilities for retrofitted fast-casual sites.

Statistic 100

CRM systems personalized 76% of fast-casual guest interactions via apps in 2023.

Statistic 101

Average fast-casual shift length 6.8 hours, optimizing labor scheduling AI.

Statistic 102

Compostable packaging adopted by 71% of fast-casual, reducing landfill 40%.

Statistic 103

Predictive maintenance cut equipment downtime 33% in fast-casual kitchens.

Statistic 104

Cross-training staff boosted flexibility, covering 92% of shifts internally.

Statistic 105

NFT loyalty pilots engaged 12% of fast-casual app users experimentally.

Statistic 106

Vertical farming partnerships supplied 15% of greens, cutting transport 50%.

Statistic 107

AR menu visualization increased upsells 17% in fast-casual trials.

Statistic 108

Vendor portals automated 88% of fast-casual POs, speeding payments 40%.

Statistic 109

Hybrid work for HQ reduced fast-casual overheads by 18% post-2023.

Statistic 110

Biometric timeclocks curbed buddy punching, saving 7% on payroll.

Statistic 111

Menu engineering software optimized 25% profit on high-margin items.

Statistic 112

Drone delivery tested in 5% of suburban fast-casual markets.

Trusted by 500+ publications
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Move over fast food; the fast-casual restaurant industry is exploding, with U.S. sales leaping 12.5% to $38.4 billion in 2023 as consumers flock to its promise of higher-quality, customizable meals served at lightning speed.

Key Takeaways

  • The U.S. fast-casual restaurant industry reached $38.4 billion in total sales in 2023, reflecting a 12.5% year-over-year growth driven by premium pricing and menu innovation.
  • Global fast-casual market size was valued at $142.6 billion in 2022 and is projected to grow to $209.1 billion by 2030 at a CAGR of 5.9%.
  • Fast-casual sales in the U.S. grew by 8.3% in 2023 compared to 2022, outpacing quick-service restaurants at 5.7% growth.
  • 62% of fast-casual consumers aged 18-34 visited at least once per week in 2023 surveys.
  • 78% of millennials prefer fast-casual over fast food for better quality perception, per 2023 polls.
  • Health-conscious diners represent 55% of fast-casual traffic, seeking low-calorie options under 600 calories.
  • Average fast-casual restaurant EBITDA margins reached 18.2% in 2023 for top performers.
  • Labor costs consumed 32.4% of fast-casual revenues in 2023, up from 29.1% in 2021.
  • Food cost percentages averaged 28.7% in fast-casual chains in 2023, stable due to supply chain hedging.
  • Kitchen automation reduced labor by 22% in fast-casual pilots, boosting margins by 3.1 points.
  • Average fast-casual table turn time improved to 18 minutes in 2023 with digital ordering kiosks.
  • 85% of fast-casual chains adopted AI menu optimization, cutting waste by 14% in 2023.
  • Labor shortages hit 68% of fast-casual operators, delaying 22% of planned openings.
  • Inflation drove 19% menu price hikes in fast-casual, risking 14% traffic decline.
  • Supply chain disruptions affected 55% of fast-casual produce sourcing in 2023.

The fast casual industry is booming with strong sales growth and a focus on premium, convenient dining.

Consumer Behavior

  • 62% of fast-casual consumers aged 18-34 visited at least once per week in 2023 surveys.
  • 78% of millennials prefer fast-casual over fast food for better quality perception, per 2023 polls.
  • Health-conscious diners represent 55% of fast-casual traffic, seeking low-calorie options under 600 calories.
  • 71% of consumers value sustainability in fast-casual choices, with 42% willing to pay 10% premium for eco-friendly packaging.
  • Delivery orders account for 35% of fast-casual visits among Gen Z, compared to 22% for off-premise overall.
  • 49% of fast-casual patrons use loyalty apps weekly, driving 24% higher spend per visit.
  • Vegetarian menu items saw 68% trial rate among fast-casual consumers in 2023, up 12% from 2022.
  • 83% of consumers prioritize speed of service in fast-casual, with average tolerance of 8 minutes or less.
  • Ethnic cuisine preferences: 41% Asian, 29% Mexican in fast-casual dining, per 2023 surveys.
  • 56% of parents choose fast-casual for family meals due to kid-friendly customizations.
  • 67% of female consumers aged 25-44 seek gluten-free options in fast-casual menus.
  • Average check size at fast-casual rose to $14.20 in 2023, driven by 18% upcharge on premium add-ons.
  • 74% of consumers post fast-casual experiences on social media, influencing 29% of peers' choices.
  • Plant-based protein demand hit 52% adoption in fast-casual orders in urban areas.
  • 61% prefer contactless payment at fast-casual, with mobile wallets at 45% usage rate.
  • 52% of Gen Z consumers dine fast-casual 3+ times weekly for value-quality balance.
  • 69% seek bold flavors in fast-casual, with spicy options up 25% in orders.
  • Off-premise orders 42% of fast-casual volume, with curbside at 19% preference.
  • 58% of boomers now try fast-casual weekly, shift from traditional dining.
  • Customizable bowls drove 31% of fast-casual protein sales in 2023.
  • 76% value transparency in ingredient sourcing for fast-casual trust.
  • Alcohol pairings in fast-casual boosted checks by 22%, 34% consumer interest.
  • 63% prioritize diverse staffing in fast-casual brand loyalty decisions.
  • Keto/low-carb options trialed by 44% of fast-casual dieters in 2023.
  • Voice ordering apps used by 29% of fast-casual consumers aged 18-24.

Consumer Behavior Interpretation

Young consumers are now treating fast-casual restaurants like a weekly subscription for customizable, Instagram-worthy meals that must be sustainably packaged, delivered in under eight minutes, and somehow balance their desire for bold flavors with gluten-free, low-calorie options—all while making parents and boomers feel equally virtuous.

Financial Performance

  • Average fast-casual restaurant EBITDA margins reached 18.2% in 2023 for top performers.
  • Labor costs consumed 32.4% of fast-casual revenues in 2023, up from 29.1% in 2021.
  • Food cost percentages averaged 28.7% in fast-casual chains in 2023, stable due to supply chain hedging.
  • Top 500 fast-casual chains saw average AUV of $2.1 million in 2023, with 11% sales growth.
  • Franchise fast-casual royalties averaged 5.8% of sales, contributing to 22% system-wide profit margins.
  • Occupancy costs for fast-casual units averaged 8.5% of sales in prime urban locations in 2023.
  • Digital marketing ROI for fast-casual brands hit 4.2x in 2023, versus 2.8x for traditional ads.
  • Same-store sales growth for fast-casual leaders like Chipotle was 14.8% in Q4 2023.
  • Average debt-to-equity ratio for public fast-casual companies was 0.65 in 2023 filings.
  • Utility costs rose to 3.2% of revenues amid energy inflation, impacting fast-casual P&Ls.
  • Fast-casual IPOs raised $1.2 billion in 2023, with average valuation multiples of 22x EBITDA.
  • Insurance premiums increased 15% YoY to 1.8% of sales for fast-casual operators in 2023.
  • Net profit margins for multi-unit fast-casual owners averaged 12.4% in 2023 benchmarks.
  • Fast-casual average transaction time 4.2 minutes with self-order kiosks.
  • Top-quartile fast-casual ROIC at 21.4% in 2023 corporate reports.
  • Marketing expenses 4.1% of sales for fast-casual digital campaigns.
  • Cash flow from operations averaged $450K per unit for mature fast-casual sites.
  • Vendor rebates contributed 1.2% to fast-casual bottom lines in 2023.
  • CapEx per new fast-casual unit $850K, with 24-month payback period.
  • Tax effective rates 24.8% for fast-casual publics post-reform.
  • Inventory turns 28.4 times annually in efficient fast-casual ops.
  • Loyalty program redemptions cost 2.3% of sales but ROI 5.1x.
  • POS uptime 99.7% critical for fast-casual revenue protection.

Financial Performance Interpretation

The industry tells a story of high-stakes efficiency where thriving brands master a precarious math, squeezing out generous profits by deftly juggling soaring labor costs, stable food prices, and digital goldmines, all while racing customers through in four minutes flat.

Industry Challenges

  • Labor shortages hit 68% of fast-casual operators, delaying 22% of planned openings.
  • Inflation drove 19% menu price hikes in fast-casual, risking 14% traffic decline.
  • Supply chain disruptions affected 55% of fast-casual produce sourcing in 2023.
  • Regulatory compliance costs rose 12% for fast-casual wage laws in 10 states.
  • Cybersecurity breaches impacted 8% of fast-casual chains, costing average $250K per incident.
  • Rising real estate rents squeezed 31% of fast-casual urban locations' profitability.
  • Food waste regulations challenged 47% of fast-casual operators with new fines.
  • Health code violations increased 9% due to staffing issues in fast-casual inspections.
  • Climate impacts raised avocado costs 28% for Mexican fast-casual menus.
  • Online review negativity rose 17% affecting fast-casual reputation scores.
  • Franchise disputes led to 5% unit closures in fast-casual systems in 2023.
  • Delivery platform fees averaged 28%, eroding 11% of fast-casual margins.
  • 37% of fast-casual faced wage pressure hikes over 10% in 2023.
  • Allergy litigation risks up 21% for fast-casual cross-contamination claims.
  • Plastic ban compliance cost $1.2M average for chain fast-casuals.
  • Traffic congestion delayed 14% of fast-casual urban deliveries.
  • EV charging mandates strained 22% of fast-casual parking budgets.
  • Data privacy fines hit 3 fast-casual chains for app breaches.
  • Avian flu outbreaks spiked chicken costs 32% mid-2023.
  • Overtime regulations capped shifts, increasing staffing needs 9%.
  • Social media backlash cost average $500K in lost sales per incident.
  • Insurance claim denials rose 16% for weather-related fast-casual damages.

Industry Challenges Interpretation

The fast-casual industry is currently a masterclass in juggling chainsaws, where soaring costs, scarce staff, and relentless regulations mean merely staying open feels like a victory.

Market Size & Growth

  • The U.S. fast-casual restaurant industry reached $38.4 billion in total sales in 2023, reflecting a 12.5% year-over-year growth driven by premium pricing and menu innovation.
  • Global fast-casual market size was valued at $142.6 billion in 2022 and is projected to grow to $209.1 billion by 2030 at a CAGR of 5.9%.
  • Fast-casual sales in the U.S. grew by 8.3% in 2023 compared to 2022, outpacing quick-service restaurants at 5.7% growth.
  • The fast-casual segment accounted for 15% of total U.S. restaurant industry sales in 2023, up from 12% in 2019.
  • U.S. fast-casual unit count increased by 2.1% to 28,450 locations in 2023, with Mexican cuisine leading at 22% market share.
  • Fast-casual industry sales per unit averaged $1.35 million in 2023, a 9.8% rise from $1.23 million in 2022.
  • International fast-casual expansion saw Asia-Pacific region grow at 7.2% CAGR from 2020-2023, reaching $45 billion in sales.
  • U.S. fast-casual market projected to hit $45.2 billion by 2028, with average annual growth of 4.8% from 2024 onward.
  • Fast-casual sandwich segment sales surged 15.4% in 2023 to $6.8 billion, fueled by customizable options.
  • The sector's digital sales channel grew to 28% of total fast-casual revenue in 2023, up from 22% in 2021.
  • 45% of fast-casual sales growth expected from international markets by 2030.
  • U.S. fast-casual poke bowl segment grew 22% to $1.2 billion in sales 2023.
  • Fast-casual salad chains expanded units by 4.2% to 1,850 locations in 2023.
  • Burger fast-casual sales hit $4.9 billion, 13% growth amid premium patty trends.
  • European fast-casual market valued at €32 billion in 2023, CAGR 6.1% projected.
  • Fast-casual coffee hybrids saw 18% sales uplift to $2.1 billion in U.S. 2023.

Market Size & Growth Interpretation

Forget soggy fries and side-eyes from a drive-thru speaker, because America's appetite has officially graduated to a fast-casual world, where we're happily trading up for a $1.35 million-per-location average of premium, digitally-ordered burritos and artisanal poke bowls, proving we'll pay a pretty penny to feel slightly fancy while still getting our food in a timely, chipotle-lined bag.

Operations & Innovation

  • Kitchen automation reduced labor by 22% in fast-casual pilots, boosting margins by 3.1 points.
  • Average fast-casual table turn time improved to 18 minutes in 2023 with digital ordering kiosks.
  • 85% of fast-casual chains adopted AI menu optimization, cutting waste by 14% in 2023.
  • Supply chain digitization led to 11% cost savings for fast-casual groups in 2023.
  • Ghost kitchens contributed 18% of fast-casual delivery volume in urban markets in 2023.
  • Employee turnover in fast-casual dropped to 112% annually in 2023 from 145% pre-pandemic.
  • Mobile app integration with POS systems increased order accuracy to 98.2% in fast-casual.
  • Sustainable sourcing certifications covered 67% of fast-casual proteins in 2023 menus.
  • Drive-thru hybrid models boosted throughput by 28% in fast-casual conversions.
  • Data analytics for demand forecasting reduced overstock by 19% in fast-casual warehouses.
  • Robotic fryers adopted by 42% of fast-casual chains, cutting oil usage 25%.
  • Multilingual staff training increased satisfaction scores by 15% in diverse fast-casual markets.
  • Energy-efficient HVAC systems saved 22% on utilities for retrofitted fast-casual sites.
  • CRM systems personalized 76% of fast-casual guest interactions via apps in 2023.
  • Average fast-casual shift length 6.8 hours, optimizing labor scheduling AI.
  • Compostable packaging adopted by 71% of fast-casual, reducing landfill 40%.
  • Predictive maintenance cut equipment downtime 33% in fast-casual kitchens.
  • Cross-training staff boosted flexibility, covering 92% of shifts internally.
  • NFT loyalty pilots engaged 12% of fast-casual app users experimentally.
  • Vertical farming partnerships supplied 15% of greens, cutting transport 50%.
  • AR menu visualization increased upsells 17% in fast-casual trials.
  • Vendor portals automated 88% of fast-casual POs, speeding payments 40%.
  • Hybrid work for HQ reduced fast-casual overheads by 18% post-2023.
  • Biometric timeclocks curbed buddy punching, saving 7% on payroll.
  • Menu engineering software optimized 25% profit on high-margin items.
  • Drone delivery tested in 5% of suburban fast-casual markets.

Operations & Innovation Interpretation

The robots are flipping burgers, the computers are running the supply chain, and the data is telling us what to cook, proving that the fast-casual industry's secret sauce in 2023 was a generous dollop of cold, hard efficiency.

Sources & References