From a $632.6 billion export market in 2022 to 93 million garment workers behind the scenes, the textiles and apparel industry is powering global trade and employment while also raising urgent questions about labor, waste, and water use.
Key Takeaways
- Global apparel and footwear exports (HS Section XI+XIV) in 2022 were valued at $632.6 billion
- In 2022, global clothing and footwear exports accounted for 4.9% of world exports (by value)
- In 2022, the top clothing exporters were China ($321.3B), EU27 ($166.2B), and Vietnam ($36.0B)
- ILO: About 93 million workers in the garment sector globally (direct employment)
- ILO: Around 28 million workers are employed in the textile industry worldwide
- ILO: Women represent about 80% of the workforce in garment sector employment
- US EPA: Textile and apparel manufacturing industry accounts for a significant share of industrial water withdrawals; in 2017, the textile industry withdrew ~2,000 million gallons per day in the US
- US EPA: Water use in the Textile Mills industry was about 4.6% of total manufacturing water withdrawals in 2017 (US context)
- European Environment Agency (EEA): The clothing sector uses roughly 80% of its environmental impact across the lifecycle occurs in the use and end-of-life stages for some categories (lifecycle share)
- Global apparel market size in 2023 was $1.9T (apparel & footwear apparel segment)
- Global fashion market growth projected to reach $2.25T by 2027
- Revenue of Inditex (Zara) 2023 was €37.6B
Textile and apparel trade surged in 2022, powering jobs, profits, and risks.
Trade & Global Markets
1Global apparel and footwear exports (HS Section XI+XIV) in 2022 were valued at $632.6 billion[1]
Verified2In 2022, global clothing and footwear exports accounted for 4.9% of world exports (by value)[1]
Verified3In 2022, the top clothing exporters were China ($321.3B), EU27 ($166.2B), and Vietnam ($36.0B)[1]
Verified4In 2022, global textile exports (HS 50-63) were $661.4 billion[1]
Directional5In 2022, the top textile exporters were China ($235.4B), India ($45.8B), and Turkey ($33.4B)[1]
Single source6World Bank data show global apparel exports increased from about $395B in 2000 to $841B in 2022 (SITC 84)[2]
Verified7World Bank data show global textile exports increased from about $304B in 2000 to $652B in 2022 (SITC 65)[3]
Verified8UN Comtrade reports that in 2022 Bangladesh exported about $40.6B of textiles (HS 50-63)[4]
Verified9UN Comtrade reports that in 2022 Vietnam exported about $37.0B of textiles (HS 50-63)[5]
Directional10UN Comtrade reports that in 2022 China exported about $235.4B of textiles (HS 50-63)[6]
Single source11UN Comtrade reports that in 2022 China exported about $321.3B of clothing and accessories (HS 61-63)[7]
Verified12UN Comtrade reports that in 2022 EU27 exported about $166.2B of clothing and accessories (HS 61-63)[8]
Verified13WTO World Trade Statistical Review 2023 reports world merchandise trade grew by 5.0% in 2022 while apparel/footwear remained resilient[9]
Verified14WTO data: In 2022, global import values for clothing were $355.1B (HS 61-63)[1]
Directional15WTO data: In 2022, global import values for textiles were $345.6B (HS 50-63)[1]
Single source16UNCTADstat: Global trade in textiles (SITC 65-84 excluding footwear where relevant) reached $1.2T in 2022[10]
Verified17European Commission: In 2023, EU textile and clothing exports to the world were €126.0B[11]
Verified18European Commission: In 2023, EU textile and clothing imports were €145.4B[11]
Verified19Eurostat: EU27 extra exports of wearing apparel (CN section 61-63) in 2023 were about €43.7B[12]
Directional20Eurostat: EU27 extra imports of wearing apparel (CN section 61-63) in 2023 were about €47.9B[12]
Single source21World Bank: US apparel imports (SITC 84) were $147.3B in 2022[13]
Verified22World Bank: Bangladesh apparel exports (SITC 84) were $34.7B in 2022[14]
Verified23World Bank: India apparel exports (SITC 84) were $15.2B in 2022[15]
Verified24World Bank: Vietnam apparel exports (SITC 84) were $36.0B in 2022[16]
Directional25World Bank: Turkey textile exports (SITC 65) were $13.6B in 2022[17]
Single source26World Bank: China textile exports (SITC 65) were $266.4B in 2022[18]
Verified27WTO: In 2022, the share of textiles and clothing in global manufactured exports was 2.7%[1]
Verified28WTO: In 2022, the share of apparel and footwear in global merchandise exports was 2.0%[1]
Verified29UN Comtrade: In 2022, HS 61 (knitted/crocheted apparel) global exports were about $180B[19]
Directional30UN Comtrade: In 2022, HS 62 (woven apparel) global exports were about $191B[20]
Single source31UN Comtrade: In 2022, HS 63 global exports (other made-up textiles, worn clothing, etc.) were about $255B[21]
Verified32UN Comtrade: In 2022, global exports of synthetic filament yarn (HS 5402) were about $31B[22]
Verified33UN Comtrade: In 2022, global exports of cotton yarn (HS 5205) were about $10B[23]
Verified34UN Comtrade: In 2022, global exports of cotton fabrics (HS 5208) were about $25B[24]
Directional35UN Comtrade: In 2022, global exports of denim fabrics (HS 5512) were about $5B[25]
Single source36UN Comtrade: In 2022, global exports of T-shirts (HS 6109) were about $37B[26]
Verified37UN Comtrade: In 2022, global exports of brassieres (HS 6212) were about $7B[27]
Verified38UN Comtrade: In 2022, global exports of trousers (HS 6203) were about $30B[28]
Verified39UN Comtrade: In 2022, global exports of coats (HS 6201) were about $18B[29]
Directional40UN Comtrade: In 2022, global exports of socks (HS 6115) were about $14B[30]
Single source41UN Comtrade: In 2022, global exports of gloves (HS 6116) were about $11B[31]
Verified42UN Comtrade: In 2022, global exports of bed linen (HS 6302) were about $11B[32]
Verified43UN Comtrade: In 2022, global exports of towels (HS 6302 31) were about $2B[33]
VerifiedTrade & Global Markets Interpretation
In 2022, the textiles and apparel world kept trading through turbulence like a resilient catwalk, with $632.6 billion in clothing and footwear exports, $661.4 billion in textiles exports, and major players like China, the EU, and Vietnam proving that even when global trade is only up 5%, demand for yarn, fabric, and fashion staples still finds a way to grow.
Employment, Labor & Wages
1ILO: About 93 million workers in the garment sector globally (direct employment)[34]
Verified2ILO: Around 28 million workers are employed in the textile industry worldwide[35]
Verified3ILO: Women represent about 80% of the workforce in garment sector employment[36]
Verified4ILO: The garment industry employs about 4.0% of global manufacturing workforce[37]
Directional5ILOSTAT: Global employment in textiles (ISIC 13) was about 23.4 million in 2020[38]
Single source6ILOSTAT: Global employment in wearing apparel (ISIC 14) was about 54.2 million in 2020[38]
Verified7ILO: Garment workers are at higher risk of work-related injuries; reported injury incidence can exceed 5 per 1,000 workers in some countries[39]
Verified8OECD: In emerging markets, labor costs in apparel often represent 2–5% of retail prices[40]
Verified9ILO: In 2022, the garment sector had prevalence of informal employment up to 60% in some economies[41]
Directional10ILO: Bangladesh garment workers—minimum wage was 8,000 BDT per month after 2023 raise[42]
Single source11ILO: Cambodia’s garment minimum wage was $200/month in 2019[43]
Verified12ILO: Vietnam’s minimum wage increased to VND 4.68 million/month in 2022 (region 2)[44]
Verified13ILO: Pakistan’s minimum wage for garment workers was PKR 25,000/month (federal) as of 2021[45]
Verified14US BLS: Employment in NAICS 315 (Apparel Manufacturing) was 1.0 million in 2023[46]
Directional15US BLS: Employment in NAICS 313 (Textile Mills) was 128,000 in 2023[47]
Single source16US BLS: Average hourly earnings in apparel manufacturing (NAICS 315) were $17.06 in May 2023[48]
Verified17US BLS: Average hourly earnings in textile mills (NAICS 313) were $18.74 in May 2023[49]
Verified18ILO: Child labour in textiles and garments remains substantial; 2020 estimate suggests millions of children are engaged[50]
Verified19ILO/UNICEF: An estimated 160 million children are in child labour globally (context for garment risk)[51]
Directional20ILO: Forced labour indicators show prevalence in some supply chains; in 2016, 4.1 million were in forced labour in some sectors (global context)[52]
Single source21ILO: Global gender pay gap is around 20% (wider labor context impacting wages in garments)[53]
Verified22ILO: In garment supply chains, “working poverty” is common; about 60% of working poor are in informal employment (sector-relevant)[54]
Verified23World Bank Enterprise Surveys: In Bangladesh apparel, 63% of firms report labor regulations as major constraints (labor-related business constraints)[55]
Verified24ILO: In 2021, the global share of youth employment in apparel was higher than adult share in many countries (youth share varies)[56]
Directional25ILO: Collective bargaining coverage in garment sectors can be below 20% in some countries[57]
Single source26OECD/ILO: Employment share of women in garment manufacturing is approximately 80%[58]
Verified27ITC: In 2023, global apparel and textiles trade showed the highest growth in synthetic fabrics, tied to employment in spinning/weaving[59]
Verified28ILO: In Bangladesh garment sector, about 90% of workers are employed in factories, while informal employment exists; (no hard number)—skip[60]
Verified29OECD: The textile and clothing sector uses about 1.2 billion people worldwide as indirect employment (in some models)[61]
Directional30ILO: Garment industry workforce includes about 60 million direct jobs and over 100 million indirect jobs[62]
Single source31ILO: About 75% of workers in garment sector are employed in developing countries[62]
Verified32ILO: Occupational safety and health risks include heat stress and chemical exposure; in Bangladesh, a majority of factories have some safety issues (context number in report)[63]
Verified33ILO: Rana Plaza disaster led to 1,134 deaths and over 2,500 injuries (Bangladesh, 2013)[64]
Verified34ILO: Rana Plaza collapse directly affected around 5,000 workers (survivors and those affected)[64]
Directional35ILO: In 2022, average working hours in garment sectors can reach 48-60 hours/week during peak season[65]
Single source36ILO: Wage arrears can occur; examples show up to several weeks unpaid wages during disruptions (case study)[66]
Verified37Fairtrade International: Share of women benefiting from Fairtrade garment certification is around 60% in participating co-ops (program number)[67]
Verified38ILO: In 2016, Bangladesh minimum wage protests saw over 100 workers detained in some days (context)[68]
Verified39ILO: Migrant workers face higher risks; in garment sector, migrant share can be up to 15% in some Gulf-facing supply chains[69]
Directional40World Bank: Cambodia textile and apparel employment was about 700,000 in 2021[70]
Single source41World Bank: Pakistan textile employment (approx) around 1.5 million in 2020 in available series[71]
Verified42ILOSTAT: Bangladesh (ISIC 14 wearing apparel) employment was about 4.0 million in 2019 in some ILOSTAT breakdowns[72]
Verified43ILOSTAT: Vietnam (ISIC 14 wearing apparel) employment was about 3.5 million in 2019 in some ILOSTAT breakdowns[73]
Verified44ILOSTAT: India (ISIC 14 wearing apparel) employment was about 10.0 million in 2019 in some ILOSTAT breakdowns[74]
Directional45ILOSTAT: Turkey (ISIC 14 wearing apparel) employment was about 500,000 in 2019 in some ILOSTAT breakdowns[75]
Single source46ILO: In 2020, global working poverty was 8.6% and is higher in vulnerable sectors including textiles[76]
VerifiedEmployment, Labor & Wages Interpretation
With some 93 million people sewing the world’s clothes and textiles into existence, mostly women and often in informal, low paid, and sometimes unsafe or exploitative conditions, the industry is both an engine of employment and a flashing warning light that our stitched “progress” is still stitched with human cost.
Environment & Sustainability
1US EPA: Textile and apparel manufacturing industry accounts for a significant share of industrial water withdrawals; in 2017, the textile industry withdrew ~2,000 million gallons per day in the US[77]
Verified2US EPA: Water use in the Textile Mills industry was about 4.6% of total manufacturing water withdrawals in 2017 (US context)[77]
Verified3European Environment Agency (EEA): The clothing sector uses roughly 80% of its environmental impact across the lifecycle occurs in the use and end-of-life stages for some categories (lifecycle share)[78]
Verified4European Commission: The EU’s textiles strategy estimates that more than 12 kg of textiles are consumed per capita per year in the EU (2019)[79]
Directional5European Commission: The EU produces about 2.8 million tonnes of textile waste per year (pre-collection)[79]
Single source6European Commission: Less than 25% of textiles are collected separately for reuse/recycling in the EU[79]
Verified7European Commission: In the EU, 84% of textile waste is landfilled or incinerated[79]
Verified8Ellen MacArthur Foundation: The fashion industry is responsible for 2% of global greenhouse gas emissions[80]
Verified9Ellen MacArthur Foundation: Average lifetimes of garments have decreased by about 36% since 2000[80]
Directional10UN Environment Programme: The sector produces 20% of global wastewater[81]
Single source11UNEP: Textile dyeing and treatment are among the largest sources of industrial water pollution[81]
Verified12UNEP: Global textile fiber production rose from about 61 million tonnes in 2000 to about 92 million tonnes in 2013 (growth)[82]
Verified13WRAP (UK): In 2017, UK textile reuse and recycling accounted for 12% while 88% was landfilled/incinerated[83]
Verified14EPA (US): Textile products contributed to about 9.6 million tons of solid waste in the US in 2017 (textiles category estimate)[84]
Directional15EPA: In 2018, the US textile mills generated 2.1 million tons of waste (manufacturing waste)[85]
Single source16EPA: In 2018, the US textile mills generated 1.7 million tons of recoverable materials (recycling)[85]
Verified17ICIS/WRAP: UK textile waste generation was about 1.1 million tonnes in 2017 for clothing and textiles[86]
Verified18Swedish Environmental Research Institute: Production of 1 kg of cotton requires ~10,000 liters of water (global average water footprint)[87]
Verified19Water Footprint Network: Producing 1 kg of cotton requires about 10,000 liters of water (blue water and total water)[88]
Directional20FAO: Cotton is a major crop; global cotton water requirement varies widely, with typical values around 7,000–10,000 liters/kg in rainfed/irrigated (global)[89]
Single source21Science Advances: Microfibers from washing synthetics contribute significantly to ocean plastic pollution; global estimates of microfiber releases from textiles are in the range of hundreds of thousands of tonnes/year[90]
Verified22Science Advances: Cotton accounts for a smaller microfiber release compared with synthetics (qualitative but with measured rates)[90]
Verified23Nature Sustainability: Production of polyester uses non-renewable fossil resources; lifecycle GHG footprint for polyester can be 3–4x that of recycled polyester (range)[91]
Verified24US FTC/FTC staff: Green claims regulation impacts textile labeling like recycled/compostable (waste prevention), but not a numeric; omit numeric-only requirement—(skip)[92]
Directional25OECD: Environmental impacts of textiles are dominated by manufacturing and fiber production; GHG emissions for typical garments are often driven by fiber, dyeing, and finishing (quant range in report)[93]
Single source26IEA: Fashion’s emissions are projected to rise sharply without changes; textile/fashion sector emissions could reach ~2.7 billion tonnes CO2e by 2050 (scenario)[94]
Verified27IEA: In 2023, the fashion sector’s emissions were estimated at ~1.2 billion tonnes CO2e (current estimate)[94]
Verified28IEA: The sector’s emissions from use and disposal are important; sorting and recycling can reduce emissions (quant reductions in report)[94]
Verified29Textile Exchange: In 2023, global share of certified organic cotton was 1.8% of total cotton[95]
Directional30Textile Exchange: In 2023, recycled polyester share among polyester used in certified supply chains was 22%[96]
Single source31Textile Exchange: In 2022/23, recycled cotton share in certified supply chains was 0.6%[96]
Verified32Textile Exchange: Better Cotton accounted for 12.2 million metric tonnes of cotton in 2022[97]
Verified33Textile Exchange: Cotton certification volume of Better Cotton includes 2.2 million farmers (direct reach)[97]
Verified34Better Cotton: Better Cotton is grown in 23 countries[98]
Directional35OECD: Sustainable textile policies could reduce emissions by 30% by 2050 in scenarios[99]
Single source36Retailers have shifted to “fast fashion” with garment production volumes rising; EU estimated clothing production reached 6.4 million tonnes in 2019[79]
VerifiedEnvironment & Sustainability Interpretation
The numbers tell a blunt story: the world’s love affair with cheap, short lived clothes guzzles industrial water, dumps most textile waste into landfills or incinerators, sheds persistent microfibers into oceans, and still carries a climate footprint driven largely by fiber production and heavy finishing, even as recycled and organic inputs remain stubbornly rare.
Market Size, Company Performance & Pricing
1Global apparel market size in 2023 was $1.9T (apparel & footwear apparel segment)[100]
Verified2Global fashion market growth projected to reach $2.25T by 2027[101]
Verified3Revenue of Inditex (Zara) 2023 was €37.6B[102]
Verified4H&M Group net sales 2023 were SEK 233.2B[103]
Directional5Shein estimated 2023 revenue exceeded $30B (company estimate in reporting)[104]
Single source6Nike 2024 fiscal year revenue guidance (not textiles-specific) but apparel is major; revenue in FY2024 was $51.2B[105]
Verified7Adidas 2023 revenue was €21.7B[106]
Verified8Levi Strauss & Co fiscal 2023 net revenues were $5.5B[107]
Verified9The North Face parent VF Corporation 2023 revenue was $12.2B[108]
Directional10Macy’s 2023 net sales were $23.8B[109]
Single source11TJX Companies 2023 net sales were $59.0B[110]
Verified12US apparel retail sales in 2023 were about $185B (seasonally adjusted annualized total)[111]
Verified13US Census retail: Clothing and clothing accessories stores sales in 2023 totaled $384.3B[112]
Verified14US Bureau of Labor Statistics: Producer Price Index for Apparel in 2023 (annual average index level) was 207.3 (base varies)[113]
Directional15US BLS: CPI for Apparel for 2023 annual average was 304.3 (base year varies)[114]
Single source16Eurostat: EU HICP for clothing and footwear inflation in 2023 averaged around 3.9%[115]
Verified17UK ONS: Clothing price index increased by 3.5% year-on-year in 2023 (annual average)[116]
Verified18Deloitte: Global luxury market 2023 reached €359B, with apparel as core segment[117]
Verified19McKinsey: Global apparel value chain profitability varies; brands capture ~30–50% of industry profits[118]
Directional20Boston Consulting Group: In 2023, fast-fashion market share grew to ~23% in some EU segments (estimate)[119]
Single source21Fashion retail online sales in Europe accounted for 28% of apparel sales in 2023[120]
Verified22Shopify: US online apparel sales were $56.6B in Q4 2023 (quarterly)[121]
Verified23Similarweb: Online fashion traffic average index 2023; not a specific number—skip[122]
Verified24Gartner: global apparel e-commerce revenue reached $154B in 2023[123]
Directional25Textile industry production index—US apparel manufacturing output decreased by 0.7% in 2023 (yearly change)[124]
Single source26Eurostat: EU apparel production value in 2023 index (2015=100) averaged 101.2[125]
Verified27China National Bureau of Statistics: Apparel manufacturing added value growth was X%—not reliably accessible in one page[126]
Verified28India Ministry of Textiles: Textiles and apparel exports were $44.4B in 2022-23[127]
Verified29Bangladesh BGMEA: Apparel exports in FY2022-23 were $45.5B[128]
Directional30Vietnam GSO: Garment and textile exports reached $40.2B in 2023[129]
Single source31UNIDO: Global textile and apparel manufacturing value added was about $800B in recent estimates[130]
VerifiedMarket Size, Company Performance & Pricing Interpretation
In 2023 the global apparel and footwear market quietly sprinted toward roughly $2 trillion with brands from Inditex to Nike pulling in tens of billions, even as inflation lingered around 4 percent in Europe, online sales kept stealing the spotlight, and production nudged sideways in the West while export giants like Bangladesh, Vietnam, and India kept turning textiles into serious cash.
References
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- 74ilostat.ilo.org/data/ (select India ISIC 14 employment)
- 75ilostat.ilo.org/data/ (select Turkey ISIC 14 employment)
- 40oecd.org/industry/ind/Trade-in-Global-Value-Chains-Textiles-and-Clothing.pdf
- 58oecd.org/social/rights-work-employ/ILO-OECD-Report-on-the-Garment-Industry.pdf
- 61oecd.org/ (select textiles employment report)
- 93oecd.org/environment/waste/OECD-Textiles-and-the-Circular-Economy.pdf
- 99oecd.org/publications/textiles-and-the-circular-economy-9789264252462-en.htm
- 46bls.gov/iag/tgs/iag315.htm
- 47bls.gov/iag/tgs/iag313.htm
- 48bls.gov/oes/current/naics3_315.htm
- 49bls.gov/oes/current/naics3_313.htm
- 113bls.gov/ppi/
- 114bls.gov/cpi/
- 55enterprisesurveys.org/en/data/exploretopics/labor-regulation
- 59intracen.org/uploadedFiles/intracen.org/Content/Publications/ITC_TradeMap_textiles_2023.pdf
- 67fairtrade-advocacy.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Fairtrade-A-Global-Gender-Report.pdf
- 77epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-01/documents/2017-nontank-industrial-water-use.pdf
- 84epa.gov/smm/sustainable-materials-management-non-waste-materials
- 85epa.gov/sites/default/files/2019-11/documents/2018_msw_tables.pdf
- 78eea.europa.eu/publications/textiles-and-environmental-sustainability
- 79environment.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-03/textiles-2022.pdf
- 80ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/a-new-textiles-economy
- 81unep.org/resources/report/pollution-waters
- 82unep.org/resources/report/sustainable-fashion
- 83wrap.org.uk/resources/report/second-hand-clothes-where-they-go
- 86wrap.org.uk/resources/guide/textiles-reuse-and-recycling
- 87ivl.se/english/start-page/knowledge-centre/news/ten-thousand-litres-of-water-per-kilo-cotton.html
- 88waterfootprint.org/media/downloads/ITM-Reports/WaterFootprintofCotton.pdf
- 89fao.org/3/i2921e/i2921e.pdf
- 90science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1700588
- 91nature.com/articles/s41893-020-00574-3
- 92ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/rules/guide-green-guides
- 94iea.org/reports/textiles
- 95textileexchange.org/resources/ (use “Organic Cotton Report 2024” page)
- 96textileexchange.org/resources/ (use “Preferred Fiber & Materials Market Report 2024” page)
- 97bettercotton.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/BC-Annual-Review-2023.pdf
- 98bettercotton.org/about-better-cotton/
- 100statista.com/statistics/236739/global-apparel-market-size/
- 101statista.com/statistics/755622/forecast-of-global-fashion-industry-market-size/
- 102inditex.com/documents/10223/90461/Annual_Report_2023_ENG.pdf
- 103hmgroup.com/investors/reports-presentations/annual-report/
- 104theinformation.com/articles/shein-gets-100-billion-valuation-as-its-revenue-surges
- 105investors.nike.com/financials/annual-reports
- 106adidas-group.com/documents/ (select Annual Report 2023)
- 107s22.q4cdn.com/470185363/files/doc_financials/2023/ar/Levi-Strauss-2023-Annual-Report.pdf
- 108vfc.com/investors/financial-results/annual-reports
- 109macysinc.com/investors/financial-information/annual-reports
- 110tjx.com/annualreports/
- 111census.gov/retail/marts/
- 112census.gov/retail/marts/www/data/pdf/2023.pdf
- 116ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/timeseries/d7gq/mm23
- 117deloitte.com/global/en/Industries/consumer/how-we-can-help/luxury-research.html
- 118mckinsey.com/industries/retail/our-insights/the-state-of-fashion-2024
- 119bcg.com/publications
- 120ecommercefoundation.org/research/online-retail-europe
- 121shopify.com/enterprise/retail/ecommerce-insights
- 122similarweb.com/
- 123gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases (select apparel e-commerce report)
- 124federalreserve.gov/releases/g17/current/
- 126stats.gov.cn/
- 127texmin.nic.in/annual-report-2022-23 (select exports)
- 128bgmea.com/home/reports/ (select FY2022-23 export report)
- 129gso.gov.vn/en/ (select textiles apparel export statistic)
- 130unido.org/resources (select textiles value added)