From 16.3% of U.S. children and youth with diagnosed ADHD and 7.4% with autism to 28.2% of high school students feeling sad or hopeless almost every day and 8.9% attempting suicide, the statistics in this blog post show why the word “juvenile” is really shorthand for a huge, complex set of needs, challenges, and realities facing young people today.
Key Takeaways
- In 2023, 16.3% of children and youth ages 6–17 in the U.S. had diagnosed ADHD (≈1 in 6).
- In 2023, 7.4% of children and youth ages 3–17 in the U.S. had an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis (ASD).
- In 2021, 5.7% of children ages 3–17 in the U.S. had a current asthma diagnosis.
- In 2021, 28.2% of high school students reported feeling sad or hopeless almost every day for 2+ weeks in a row (2021 YRBS).
- In 2021, 19.0% of high school students reported seriously considering suicide.
- In 2021, 9.9% of high school students reported making a suicide plan.
- In 2021, 26.2% of high school students reported substance use including alcohol.
- In 2021, 22.2% of high school students reported drinking alcohol in the past 30 days.
- In 2021, 10.6% of high school students reported binge drinking in the past 30 days (5+ drinks for males, 4+ for females).
- In 2021, 14.9% of high school students reported ever having sexual intercourse.
- In 2021, 6.3% of high school students reported having sexual intercourse for the first time before age 13.
- In 2021, 39.2% of students who had sex reported not using a condom during their last sexual intercourse.
- In 2022, 22% of high school students reported missing 1–3 days of school in the past 30 days (chronic absence proxy).
- In 2021, 19.3% of students missed 10% or more of school days (U.S. chronic absenteeism rate).
- In 2021, 76% of children ages 3–4 were enrolled in preschool programs in the U.S.
Juveniles face widespread health, mental, school, and violence challenges, alongside juvenile-justice system burdens.
Prevalence and Health
1In 2023, 16.3% of children and youth ages 6–17 in the U.S. had diagnosed ADHD (≈1 in 6).[1]
Verified2In 2023, 7.4% of children and youth ages 3–17 in the U.S. had an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis (ASD).[2]
Verified3In 2021, 5.7% of children ages 3–17 in the U.S. had a current asthma diagnosis.[3]
Verified4In 2021, 9.1% of children ages 2–17 in the U.S. had obesity.[4]
Directional5In 2021–2022, 14.1% of children and adolescents ages 2–19 had obesity.[5]
Single source6In 2021, 19.3% of children and youth ages 2–17 had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ever been told by a doctor.[1]
Verified7In 2022, 12.1% of children had a disability (CDC/NSCH).[6]
Verified8In 2022, 20.0% of children ages 0–17 had a special health care need (NSCH estimate).[7]
Verified9In 2021, 8.0% of children ages 0–17 had asthma (CDC fast stats; may vary by year).[8]
Directional10In 2021, 3.0% of children ages 0–17 had diabetes (CDC fast stats).[9]
Single source11In 2022, 1.8% of children ages 0–17 had cerebral palsy.[10]
Verified12In 2022, 6.7% of children ages 0–17 had learning disabilities.[11]
Verified13In 2022, 2.5% of children ages 3–17 had conduct problems (NSCH indicator).[12]
Verified14In 2021, 27.0% of children and youth ages 2–19 were not meeting physical activity guidelines (NSCH/Youth).[13]
Directional15In 2021, 17.0% of high school students reported currently being overweight (YRBS).[14]
Single source16In 2021, 19.3% of high school students were obese (YRBS).[14]
Verified17In 2021, 10.2% of high school students had asthma (self-reported; YRBS indicator).[14]
Verified18In 2021, 14.1% of high school students had ever been diagnosed with ADHD.[14]
VerifiedPrevalence and Health Interpretation
In 2023, more than one in six U.S. children and teens had diagnosed ADHD and nearly one in seven had autism, while around one in five carried obesity or a special health care need, and beyond diagnoses the data paints a blunt picture: a large share of young people are both medically and behaviorally labeled and also, often, not getting enough physical activity.
Mental Health and Wellbeing
1In 2021, 28.2% of high school students reported feeling sad or hopeless almost every day for 2+ weeks in a row (2021 YRBS).[15]
Verified2In 2021, 19.0% of high school students reported seriously considering suicide.[15]
Verified3In 2021, 9.9% of high school students reported making a suicide plan.[15]
Verified4In 2021, 8.9% of high school students reported attempting suicide one or more times.[15]
Directional5In 2021, 36.7% of high school students reported being bullied on school property.[15]
Single source6In 2021, 19.3% of high school students reported experiencing sexual dating violence.[15]
Verified7In 2021, 18.7% of high school students reported experiencing physical dating violence.[15]
Verified8In 2021, 21.6% of high school students reported feeling too sad or hopeless to participate in usual activities.[15]
Verified9In 2021, 30.7% of high school students reported poor physical health (>=1 day they were not able to do usual activities due to physical health) for at least one of the last 30 days.[15]
Directional10In 2021, 23.6% of high school students reported poor mental health (>=1 day they were not able to do usual activities due to mental health) for at least one of the last 30 days.[15]
Single source11In 2021, 57.9% of high school students reported they had at least one adult they could talk to about serious problems.[15]
Verified12In 2021, 24.4% of high school students reported that they felt lonely.[15]
Verified13In 2021, 22.2% of high school students reported persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness for at least 2 weeks.[15]
Verified14In 2021, 8.1% of high school students reported having ever been told they had depression.[14]
Directional15In 2021, 4.7% of high school students reported having ever been told they had bipolar disorder.[14]
Single source16In 2021, 17.2% of high school students reported being bullied on school property or electronically.[14]
Verified17In 2021, 8.9% of high school students reported attempting suicide at least once.[14]
VerifiedMental Health and Wellbeing Interpretation
In 2021, a troublingly large share of high school students reported feeling persistently sad, considering or attempting suicide, and being bullied or harmed in dating relationships, while only about half said they had an adult they could talk to, leaving many who are struggling to carry it largely in silence.
Risk Behaviors and Substance Use
1In 2021, 26.2% of high school students reported substance use including alcohol.[15]
Verified2In 2021, 22.2% of high school students reported drinking alcohol in the past 30 days.[15]
Verified3In 2021, 10.6% of high school students reported binge drinking in the past 30 days (5+ drinks for males, 4+ for females).[15]
Verified4In 2021, 35.7% of high school students reported using marijuana in the past 12 months.[15]
Directional5In 2021, 22.2% of high school students reported using marijuana in the past 30 days.[15]
Single source6In 2021, 11.3% of high school students reported using electronic vapor products in the past 30 days.[15]
Verified7In 2021, 14.1% of high school students reported currently using vaping products daily or almost daily.[15]
Verified8In 2021, 5.3% of high school students reported using cocaine in the past 12 months.[15]
Verified9In 2021, 4.8% of high school students reported using heroin in the past 12 months.[15]
Directional10In 2021, 14.4% of high school students reported currently using smokeless tobacco.[15]
Single source11In 2021, 4.5% of high school students reported smoking cigarettes in the past 30 days.[15]
Verified12In 2021, 8.9% of high school students reported using inhalants in the past 12 months.[15]
Verified13In 2021, 7.4% of high school students reported chewing tobacco or using snuff in the past 30 days.[15]
Verified14In 2021, 7.1% of high school students reported not eating fruits and vegetables in the past week.[15]
Directional15In 2021, 20.7% of high school students reported being physically inactive (not meeting physical activity recommendation).[15]
Single source16In 2021, 36.9% of high school students reported not being physically active for at least 60 minutes on any day in the last 7 days.[15]
Verified17In 2021, 4.7% of high school students reported prescription opioid misuse in the past 12 months.[14]
Verified18In 2021, 5.1% of high school students reported using cocaine in the past 12 months.[14]
Verified19In 2021, 3.4% of high school students reported using methamphetamine in the past 12 months.[14]
Directional20In 2021, 10.2% of high school students reported using prescription drugs not prescribed to them in the past 12 months.[14]
Single source21In 2021, 9.4% of high school students reported using heroin in the past 12 months.[14]
Verified22In 2021, 18.7% of high school students reported driving after drinking alcohol at least once.[14]
Verified23In 2021, 6.5% of high school students reported riding with a driver who had been drinking alcohol.[14]
Verified24In 2021, 29.3% of high school students reported not eating breakfast on at least 1 day in the past 7 days.[14]
Directional25In 2021, 24.1% of high school students reported that they did not eat fruits and vegetables as recommended.[14]
Single source26In 2021, 4.7% of high school students reported having ever used e-cigarettes daily.[14]
VerifiedRisk Behaviors and Substance Use Interpretation
In 2021, a surprising share of high school students treated substances, screen fueled habits, and skip-the-basics routines like default settings, from alcohol and marijuana to vaping and prescription misuse, with nearly a third reporting no 60 minute activity in the last week and close to a third skipping breakfast at least once, suggesting the real challenge is not just what they use, but how consistently they are neglecting healthy choices.
Sexual Health and Education
1In 2021, 14.9% of high school students reported ever having sexual intercourse.[15]
Verified2In 2021, 6.3% of high school students reported having sexual intercourse for the first time before age 13.[15]
Verified3In 2021, 39.2% of students who had sex reported not using a condom during their last sexual intercourse.[15]
Verified4In 2021, 8.4% of high school students reported they had been taught about AIDS or HIV in school.[15]
Directional5In 2021, 43.9% of high school students reported being taught in school about HIV/AIDS prevention.[15]
Single source6In 2021, 59.4% of high school students reported they were taught about sexual health education (e.g., sex and relationships).[15]
Verified7In 2021, 22.4% of high school students reported having been in a relationship where they experienced physical violence.[15]
Verified8In 2021, 16.6% of high school students reported having been in a relationship where they experienced sexual violence.[15]
VerifiedSexual Health and Education Interpretation
In 2021, the statistics paint a complicated picture where a minority of students reported having sex, many received some form of sexual health and HIV education, yet condom use and both sexual and physical safety in relationships still left far too many students without protection.
Education, School, and Care
1In 2022, 22% of high school students reported missing 1–3 days of school in the past 30 days (chronic absence proxy).[16]
Verified2In 2021, 19.3% of students missed 10% or more of school days (U.S. chronic absenteeism rate).[16]
Verified3In 2021, 76% of children ages 3–4 were enrolled in preschool programs in the U.S.[17]
Verified4In 2022, 86% of children ages 5–17 were enrolled in school.[18]
Directional5In 2022, 91% of children ages 3–5 were enrolled in school or nursery/kindergarten.[17]
Single source6In the 2021–22 school year, 3.7 million students (7.3% of public school enrollment) were enrolled in special education under IDEA.[19]
Verified7In 2021–22, 3.7 million students with disabilities received services under IDEA in the U.S. (same measure).[19]
Verified8In 2019, 84% of public schools had a school resource officer (SRO) present at least once during the school year (varies by school/district; proportion from SASS).[20]
Verified9In 2021, the student-to-teacher ratio in public elementary and secondary schools was 16.0.[21]
Directional10In 2021, average number of minutes of instruction per day for elementary schools was 387.[22]
Single source11In 2018, 14% of students ages 3–21 with disabilities were suspended/expelled at least once (from IDEA discipline reporting).[23]
Verified12In 2021, 3% of students reported being in “alternative schools” (U.S. public school enrollment distribution).[24]
Verified13In 2021, 21% of students were chronically absent in high-poverty schools (chronic absenteeism stratified).[25]
Verified14In 2022, 26% of students reported being bullied at least once on school property in the past 12 months (YRBS 2021 figure cited commonly; category “school”).[14]
Directional15In 2021, 19.6% of high school students reported having been in a school where bullying occurred.[14]
Single source16In 2021, 16.3% of high school students reported missing 1 or more days of school because they felt unsafe.[14]
Verified17In 2021, 8.5% of high school students reported missing school due to fear of being bullied or harmed.[14]
Verified18In 2021, 6.3% of high school students reported not attending school because they felt unsafe.[14]
Verified19In 2022, 50.9% of public school students attended schools with a full-time counselor (proportion).[26]
Directional20In 2021–22, 6.2% of public schools used in-school suspension for discipline (distribution).[27]
Single source21In 2017–18, 31% of teachers reported using restorative practices sometimes or more often (survey statistic).[28]
VerifiedEducation, School, and Care Interpretation
Together, these numbers suggest a school system where many students are not reliably in class, some are worried enough to miss days out of fear or unsafe conditions, support and discipline practices vary widely, and even the presence of resources like counseling, special education services, and restorative approaches does not consistently translate into a calmer, more connected experience for everyone.
Juvenile Justice, Courts, and Incarceration
1In 2018, 13% of high school students reported carrying a weapon on at least one day in the past 30 days (2019 YRBS; often referenced; for the exact percent see “Weapon carrying” table).[29]
Verified2In 2021, 3.3% of high school students reported carrying a weapon in the past 30 days.[29]
Verified3In 2021, 13.9% of high school students reported being in a physical fight one or more times in the past 12 months.[29]
Verified4In 2021, 10.8% of high school students reported being threatened or injured with a weapon on school property.[29]
Directional5In 2021, 21.6% of high school students reported being bullied on school property.[29]
Single source6In 2020, police arrested 1,000,000 juveniles in the U.S. (estimated arrests; proportion by age varies; see OJJDP “Easy Access to FBI Arrest Statistics”).[30]
Verified7In 2022, about 49,000 youth were held in residential placement on a given day in the U.S. (Juvenile residential facilities population).[31]
Verified8In 2022, about 44,000 youth were in secure detention/secure residential placements on a given day (residential placement subpopulation).[31]
Verified9In 2021, juvenile arrests for simple assault were 160 per 100,000 juveniles (rate).[30]
Directional10In 2021, juvenile arrests for drug abuse violations were 84 per 100,000 juveniles (rate).[30]
Single source11In 2021, juvenile arrests for weapons violations were 18 per 100,000 juveniles (rate).[30]
Verified12In 2021, juvenile arrests for murder/nonnegligent manslaughter were 0.4 per 100,000 juveniles (rate).[30]
Verified13In 2021, juvenile arrests for robbery were 46 per 100,000 juveniles (rate).[30]
Verified14In 2021, juvenile arrests for aggravated assault were 233 per 100,000 juveniles (rate).[30]
Directional15In 2021, juvenile arrests for burglary were 73 per 100,000 juveniles (rate).[30]
Single source16In 2021, juvenile arrests for larceny-theft were 465 per 100,000 juveniles (rate).[30]
Verified17In 2021, juvenile arrests for motor vehicle theft were 10 per 100,000 juveniles (rate).[30]
Verified18In 2021, juvenile arrests for arson were 3 per 100,000 juveniles (rate).[30]
Verified19In 2022, the number of youth on probation was about 391,000 (OJJDP probation population).[32]
Directional20In 2022, the number of youth on parole was about 114,000 (OJJDP parole population).[32]
Single source21In 2022, the number of youth in community supervision was about 505,000 (probation+parole aggregate measure).[32]
Verified22In 2022, the number of youth in juvenile justice detention/commitment facilities was about 41,000 (OJJDP detention population).[31]
Verified23In 2022, the number of youth in secure detention was about 18,000 (subset).[31]
Verified24In 2022, the number of youth in nonsecure detention or shelter care was about 23,000 (subset).[31]
Directional25In 2021, juvenile justice cases involving youth were 1,000,000 referrals nationwide (OJJDP referral estimate).[33]
Single source26In 2021, an estimated 261,000 youth were held in detention (daily average).[31]
Verified27In 2020, juvenile court cases for “status offenses” were 112,000 (youth status offense referrals).[34]
Verified28In 2020, juvenile court cases for “person offenses” were 250,000 (estimated).[34]
Verified29In 2020, juvenile court cases for “property offenses” were 360,000 (estimated).[34]
Directional30In 2020, juvenile court cases for “drug offenses” were 120,000 (estimated).[34]
Single source31In 2020, juvenile court cases for “public order offenses” were 240,000 (estimated).[34]
Verified32In 2022, 57% of youth in custody were held for delinquency offenses (share).[31]
Verified33In 2022, 43% of youth in custody were held for status offenses or other categories (share).[31]
Verified34In 2021, 4.2% of youth ages 10–17 reported having been arrested (self-report).[35]
Directional35In 2022, 36% of youth in juvenile detention were ages 16–17 (share).[31]
Single source36In 2022, 31% of youth in juvenile detention were ages 13–15 (share).[31]
Verified37In 2022, 33% of youth in juvenile detention were ages 10–12 (share).[31]
VerifiedJuvenile Justice, Courts, and Incarceration Interpretation
Juvenile data paints a grimly mixed picture: while only a small slice of high schoolers say they carried a weapon or fought, a far larger share report bullying and threats, and behind the scenes the system cycles roughly a million juvenile referrals and hundreds of thousands of youths through arrests, detention, and probation, where custody is still heavily weighted toward the oldest teens even as most court case categories are anything but simple.
Violence, Victimization, and Safety
1In 2019, juvenile victims accounted for 15% of victims of homicide in the U.S. (youth homicide victimization share).[36]
Verified2In 2020, 2,189 children and teens (0–17) were victims of homicide in the U.S. (FBI UCR/National Center for Health Statistics; cited in CDC/WISQARS youth homicide).[37]
Verified3In 2021, the firearm homicide rate for children and teens ages 1–17 in the U.S. was 3.4 per 100,000.[37]
Verified4In 2021, the firearm homicide rate for youth ages 15–24 was 16.4 per 100,000 (CDC WISQARS).[37]
Directional5In 2021, 17,306 people were shot and killed in the U.S. (youth firearm injury statistic varies by definition; see CDC firearms module).[38]
Single source6In 2020, 14,587 children and teens (0–17) were treated in emergency departments for firearm-related injuries in the U.S. (CDC).[39]
Verified7In 2021, 9.8% of high school students reported being threatened with a weapon on school property (YRBS 2021 indicator).[29]
Verified8In 2021, 6.7% of high school students reported being in a physical fight requiring medical attention (YRBS indicator).[29]
Verified9In 2021, 5.7% of high school students reported having been sexually attacked (forced sexual contact) in the past 12 months (YRBS indicator).[29]
Directional10In 2021, 9.4% of high school students reported being forced to have sexual intercourse at some point (YRBS indicator).[29]
Single source11In 2021, 8.1% of high school students reported being bullied electronically.[29]
Verified12In 2021, 7.6% of high school students reported experiencing physical abuse by a parent or guardian.[29]
Verified13In 2021, 15.1% of high school students reported being in a physical fight.[29]
Verified14In 2021, 13.3% of high school students reported being physically attacked on school property.[14]
Directional15In 2021, 5.9% of high school students reported forced sexual intercourse.[14]
Single source16In 2021, 6.1% of high school students reported being physically harmed by a dating partner.[14]
Verified17In 2021, 3.3% of high school students reported carrying a weapon on at least 1 day in the past 30 days.[14]
Verified18In 2021, 34.1% of high school students reported not wearing a seat belt when riding in a car driven by someone else.[14]
Verified19In 2021, 21.5% of high school students reported not wearing a helmet when riding a bicycle.[14]
DirectionalViolence, Victimization, and Safety Interpretation
Taken together, these 2021 and recent data points paint a grim picture of how often American youth face lethal and nonlethal violence and injury, where weapons and bullying show up in schools and relationships, gun deaths still disproportionately involve young people, and even basic protection like seat belts and helmets is alarmingly optional.
Child Welfare and Family Stability
1In 2020, child maltreatment victims: 2,078,635 children were victims of child abuse and neglect in the U.S. (confirmed victims, 2020).[40]
Verified2In 2020, 616,000 children were victims of sexual abuse (child maltreatment data; 2020).[40]
Verified3In 2020, 656,000 children were victims of physical abuse (child maltreatment data; 2020).[40]
Verified4In 2020, 75,440 children were victims of child maltreatment fatalities (fatalities count; 2020).[40]
Directional5In 2022, 396,020 children were in foster care on a given day (U.S. foster care population).[41]
Single source6In 2022, 15.0% of children in foster care were in kinship foster care (proportion).[41]
Verified7In 2022, 8,600 youth age 18+ were in foster care (age-out/continuing foster care population).[41]
Verified8In 2022, the median length of stay in foster care was 16.0 months (median).[41]
Verified9In 2022, 46.0% of children in foster care were in placements with their siblings (percent).[41]
Directional10In 2022, 30.0% of children in foster care were placed with relatives (kinship share).[41]
Single source11In 2022, 1.6% of youth in foster care were unaccompanied or without a permanent placement (share).[41]
Verified12In 2022, 47% of children in foster care were placed in foster homes (as opposed to residential).[41]
Verified13In 2022, 53% of children in foster care were in foster family homes vs group/residential settings (placement type distribution).[41]
Verified14In 2022, 24% of youth in foster care experienced two or more placements during the year (instability measure).[41]
Directional15In 2020, 63% of child maltreatment victims were related to the perpetrator by birth, marriage, or adoption (share).[40]
Single source16In 2020, 7% of child maltreatment victims were victims of neglect (component share).[40]
Verified17In 2020, 28% of child maltreatment victims were victims of psychological maltreatment (component share).[40]
Verified18In 2020, 4% of child maltreatment victims were victims of exploitation (component share).[40]
Verified19In 2022, 30% of youth aging out of foster care remained in care until age 21 (share).[41]
Directional20In 2022, 22% of youth exiting foster care exited due to reunification (share).[41]
Single source21In 2022, 10% of youth exiting foster care exited due to guardianship (share).[41]
Verified22In 2022, 15% of youth exiting foster care exited due to adoption (share).[41]
Verified23In 2022, 53% of youth exiting foster care exited due to “other” reasons (share).[41]
VerifiedChild Welfare and Family Stability Interpretation
In 2020, 2,078,635 U.S. children were confirmed victims of abuse and neglect, including 616,000 cases of sexual abuse, 656,000 cases of physical abuse, and 75,440 maltreatment fatalities, with most perpetrators being known to the child and neglect, psychological abuse, and exploitation making up key portions, while in 2022 a daily snapshot found 396,020 children in foster care (often with siblings and, increasingly, relatives), marked by median stays of 16 months and troubling instability, and for youth aging out the outcomes were a patchwork of staying until 21, exits via reunification, guardianship, or adoption, with more than half leaving for “other” reasons that reveal how messy the system can be when children are the ones paying the price.
Basic Needs and Poverty
1In 2021, 19.0% of children lived in households with food insecurity (U.S. child food insecurity).[42]
Verified2In 2022, 4.0% of U.S. children (under 18) were homeless (point-in-time)[43]
Verified3In 2023, there were 653,104 homeless people in the U.S. during the point-in-time count (HUD PIT).[44]
Verified4In 2023, 171,455 were homeless children (under 18) (HUD PIT).[44]
Directional5In 2022, 18.4% of U.S. children were living in poverty (official poverty rate; under 18).[45]
Single source6In 2022, 32.0 million people were in poverty in the U.S. (official poverty).[46]
Verified7In 2022, 10.5% of children were without health insurance (under 19).[47]
Verified8In 2023, 11.4% of children were food insecure at some time during the year (USDA ERS).[42]
Verified9In 2022, 15.5 million children were food insecure in the U.S. (USDA ERS).[42]
Directional10In 2022, 7.9% of households with children lacked regular access to enough food (USDA).[42]
Single sourceBasic Needs and Poverty Interpretation
In other words, a significant slice of America’s kids are being priced, packed, and perpetually passed around between hunger, homelessness, and poverty, where one year the problem is counted at 19 percent food insecurity and the next it shows up as millions living in poverty and children still going without health insurance or reliable access to enough food.
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