On September 30, 2022, 369,911 children were in foster care across the United States. Children ages 1 to 5 accounted for 25% of the foster care population, and Black or African American children made up 23% of children in foster care despite representing 14% of the broader child population. These demographics link to the system’s funding, caregiver capacity, and outcomes for education, employment, and homelessness after placement.
Key Takeaways
- On September 30, 2022, there were 369,911 children in foster care in the United States
- In FY 2022, 51% of children entering foster care were male and 49% were female
- Children aged 1-5 years old accounted for 25% of all children in foster care on September 30, 2022
- Federal Title IV-E funding covers 50% of costs in some states
- FY2023 federal foster care funding totaled $8.7 billion via Title IV-E
- States spend average $25,000 per child annually on foster care
- 40% of youth aged out homeless within 2 years post-18
- High school graduation rate for foster youth is 50-60% vs 84% general
- 20-25% of foster alumni experience homelessness by age 24
- Relative foster care placements housed 27% of children on 9/30/2022
- Group homes sheltered 7% of foster youth in FY 2022
- Non-relative foster family homes were the most common at 47% in FY 2022
- 75% of foster care caseworkers leave within first year
- Caseloads average 28 children per worker nationally in 2022
- 32% vacancy rate for foster care caseworkers in 2021
With 369,911 children in foster care, millions of risks persist, highlighting urgent needs for stability and better support.
Related reading
01 · Category
Demographics30 stats
01
On September 30, 2022, there were 369,911 children in foster care in the United States
02
In FY 2022, 51% of children entering foster care were male and 49% were female
03
Children aged 1-5 years old accounted for 25% of all children in foster care on September 30, 2022
04
Black or African American children represented 23% of children in foster care in FY 2022, despite being 14% of the child population
05
In FY 2022, 77% of children in foster care were covered by Medicaid
06
Hispanic children made up 22% of foster care entries in FY 2022
07
Children under 1 year old comprised 8% of foster care entries in FY 2022
08
White children accounted for 44% of the foster care population on September 30, 2022
09
In FY 2022, 6% of children in foster care were American Indian or Alaska Native
10
Urban areas had 52% of children in foster care in FY 2022
11
In FY 2021, 20% of foster children had a diagnosed disability
12
Siblings entering foster care together were 34% in FY 2022
13
Children aged 11-15 were 28% of foster care population in FY 2022
14
Multiracial children were 10% of foster care entries in FY 2022
15
In FY 2022, 75% of foster children were non-Hispanic
16
Asian children represented 1% of foster care in FY 2022
17
Children aged 6-10 years were 22% in foster care on 9/30/2022
18
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander children were 0.4% of foster care population
19
In FY 2022, 43% of foster children lived in suburban areas
20
Unknown race children were 5% in foster care FY 2022
21
In 2021, average age of children entering foster care was 7.6 years
22
17% of foster children had parental drug abuse as primary factor in FY 2022
23
40% of foster youth identified as LGBTQ+ in some surveys
24
In FY 2022, 52% of foster children were in non-relative placements
25
Children over 16 were 21% of foster care population in FY 2022
26
8% of foster children had caregiver inability to care due to illness in FY 2022
27
In 2020, 25% of foster children were in kinship care
28
Female children aged 0-5 were 12% of total foster care in 2021
29
Male children aged 11+ were 30% in FY 2022
30
In FY 2022, 15% of foster children had abandonment as removal reason
Interpretation
Demographics Interpretation
In U.S. foster care, children under 5 make up 25% of the population as of September 30, 2022, while demographic disparities persist with Black or African American children representing 23% of foster care entries in FY 2022 despite being only 14% of the child population.
02 · Category
Funding26 stats
01
Federal Title IV-E funding covers 50% of costs in some states
02
FY2023 federal foster care funding totaled $8.7 billion via Title IV-E
03
States spend average $25,000per child annually on foster care
04
Kinship care saves $300 million annually vs traditional foster
05
40% of foster care expenditures are for residential/group homes
06
Medicaid reimburses 60% of foster child health costs
07
Title IV-B funding is $740 million yearly for prevention
08
Prevention services funded $350 million via FCFC program 2022
09
Average adoption incentive payment $12,000per child 2021
10
25 states increased kinship payments to match foster rates
11
Post-18 extended foster care costs $50,000per youth yearly
12
15% of Title IV-E funds unclaimed due to admin hurdles
13
Residential treatment costs $400per day per child
14
Quality improvement funding reached $105 million in 2022
15
Tribal IV-E plan funding covers 12,000 Native children
16
Emergency funds for kinship diverted $100 million in COVID relief
17
State general funds cover 40% of non-federal foster costs
18
Chafee program $140 million for independent living
19
Guardianship assistance payments average $600monthly per child
20
70% of states reimburse kinship at lower rates than foster
21
Federal matching rate for IV-E is 50-83% by state per capita
22
Prevention pilot programs saved $1.1 billion over 5 years
23
School stability funding under ESSA supports $50 million foster aids
24
TANF transfers $1.5 billion to child welfare annually
25
Court improvement funding $30 million for 52 programs
26
Extended foster care serves 30,000 youth costing $1.5B yearly
Interpretation
Funding Interpretation
Across the funding landscape, Title IV-E alone reached $8.7 billion in FY2023, covering up to 50% of costs in some states, while the sector spends heavily with $25,000 per child each year and 40% of expenditures going to residential or group homes.
03 · Category
Outcomes29 stats
01
40% of youth aged out homeless within 2 years post-18
02
High school graduation rate for foster youth is 50-60% vs 84% general
03
20-25% of foster alumni experience homelessness by age 24
04
Incarceration rate for former foster youth is 60% higher than peers
05
Only 3% of foster youth pursue postsecondary education vs 37% general
06
51% of foster youth have PTSD rates comparable to war veterans
07
Early death rate for foster alumni is 4 times higher before age 30
08
70% of foster youth reported sexual abuse victimization
09
Employment rate at age 24 for foster alumni is 48% full-time
10
Adoption rate from foster care is 25% of exits annually
11
17% of foster care exits are emancipation/aging out in FY 2022
12
Reunification success drops to 40% after 12 months in care
13
80% of foster children have developmental delays
14
Mental health diagnoses affect 75% of foster youth
15
Teen pregnancy rate in foster care is 3x national average
16
25% of US prison population were once in foster care
17
Average time to adoption is 25.8 months in FY 2022
18
50% of reunified children re-enter foster care within 3 years
19
Post-secondary completion rate for foster youth is 2-9%
20
Suicide attempt rate 4x higher for current foster youth
21
60% of child sex trafficking victims known to child welfare
22
Health insurance coverage post-aging out drops to 60% within year
23
42% of foster alumni report food insecurity at age 23-24
24
Long-term foster care exits to guardianship 12% in FY 2022
25
Foster youth 2.5x more likely to receive SSI disability
26
65% of foster children change schools at least once, disrupting education
27
Average income at age 24 for foster alumni $13,009vs $22,000 peers
28
30% of foster youth involved in juvenile justice system
29
Re-abuse rate post-reunification is 15% within 6 months
Interpretation
Outcomes Interpretation
The outcomes data show that foster youth face sharply worse life results than peers, with only 3% enrolling in postsecondary education compared with 37% overall and far higher instability such as 20 to 25% experiencing homelessness by age 24 and 51% reporting PTSD rates similar to war veterans.
More related reading
04 · Category
Placement Types28 stats
01
Relative foster care placements housed 27% of children on 9/30/2022
02
Group homes sheltered 7% of foster youth in FY 2022
03
Non-relative foster family homes were the most common at 47% in FY 2022
04
Trial home visits accounted for 9% of placements on 9/30/2022
05
Institutional settings held 8% of foster children in FY 2022
06
Kinship foster care increased to 28% from 24% over five years prior to 2022
07
In FY 2022, 4% of foster children were in supervised independent living
08
Emergency shelter care was used for 2% of placements in FY 2022
09
81% of foster placements were family-based (kinship or foster homes) in FY 2022
10
Pre-adoptive homes housed 25% of foster children awaiting adoption in FY 2022
11
In 2021, 20 states had over 50% of children in non-relative foster homes
12
Group home use declined 20% from 2017 to 2022
13
6% of foster youth were in other planned permanent living arrangements in FY 2022
14
Foster family homes averaged 1.8 children per home in licensed settings 2021
15
Runaway status was 1% of placement types on 9/30/2022
16
Court-authorized care was 85% of kinship placements in FY 2022
17
12% of placements changed more than 3 times within first year in care average
18
Licensed kinship homes were 15% of total kinship in 2022
19
Institutional placements for ages 13-18 were 12% in FY 2022
20
Family foster care with parents was 3% in trial visits FY 2022
21
55% of foster children experienced 2+ placement changes in first 2 years
22
Shelter care duration averaged 21 days in FY 2022
23
Independent living programs served 15,000 youth aged 18+ in 2021
24
29% of children in foster care experienced 4 or more placements in 2020
25
Kinship care provided stability for 60% fewer moves than non-kin
26
75% of foster parents were licensed couples in 2021 survey
27
Group homes cost $200more per day than family foster homes in 2022
28
Only 32% of foster children stayed in same school during placement change
Interpretation
Placement Types Interpretation
Under the Placement Types category, non-relative foster family homes led at 47% in FY 2022 while kinship care also rose to 28% from 24% just five years earlier, showing a clear shift toward kin-based placements.
05 · Category
System Capacity27 stats
01
75% of foster care caseworkers leave within first year
02
Caseloads average 28 children per worker nationally in 2022
03
32% vacancy rate for foster care caseworkers in 2021
04
Only 1 foster home per 10 children needing placement in shortage areas
05
40 states reported foster home shortages in 2023 survey
06
Average tenure for foster caseworkers is 1.6 years
07
112,000 licensed foster homes in US as of 2021
08
50% of counties have high foster home recruitment needs
09
Supervisor-to-worker ratio averages 1:7, leading to burnout
10
25% increase in foster parent recruitment needed by 2030
11
Tribal foster homes serve only 56% of Native children needs
12
60% of agencies report insufficient kinship navigator programs
13
Licensed foster parent retention rate is 45% after 2 years
14
1.2 million investigations annually strain capacity
15
Urban areas have 20% fewer foster homes per capita
16
Training completion rate for new caseworkers 70%
17
35% of foster homes are kinship unlicensed due to capacity issues
18
Caseworker visits average 1.3 per month vs recommended 2
19
48 states have worker turnover over 20% annually
20
Foster parent support services reach only 40% of families
21
Shortage of therapeutic foster homes for special needs 30%
22
90,000 children wait for foster homes yearly
23
Bilingual caseworker shortage affects 25% of cases
24
Administrative costs consume 30% of foster care budgets
25
Only 20% of counties meet federal caseworker standards
26
Foster home licensing takes average 6 months, delaying placements
27
55% of workers report high stress impacting capacity
Interpretation
System Capacity Interpretation
For system capacity, foster care agencies are strained by rapid turnover and staffing gaps, with 75% of caseworkers leaving within the first year and an average caseload of 28 children per worker in 2022, alongside a 32% vacancy rate in 2021 and foster home shortages reported in 40 states in 2023.
report visual · Breakdown
Foster care population and entries: key demographic shares
Shows how children in foster care and those entering care are distributed across major categories (e.g., age, sex).
25%
Children aged 1-5 years old accounted for 25% of all children in foster care on September 30, 2022
75%
In FY 2022, 75% of foster children were non-Hispanic
Reference
Cite This Report
This report is designed to be cited. We maintain stable URLs and versioned verification dates. Copy the format appropriate for your publication below.
APA
Stefan Wendt. (2026, February 13). Foster Care Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/foster-care-statistics
MLA
Stefan Wendt. "Foster Care Statistics." Gitnux, 13 Feb 2026, https://gitnux.org/foster-care-statistics.
Chicago
Stefan Wendt. 2026. "Foster Care Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/foster-care-statistics.
Sources & references
35 datasets cited across this report · attribution is report-level