This page uses FY2022 and end-of-year figures to map how national foster care served children and how the caseload has shifted over time. Explore who is represented by sex and race, where children are placed (including relative and non-relative homes, group settings, and trial home visits), and the outcomes when children exit. You’ll also see key drivers of entry—especially neglect—and the system context, including prior involvement and key federal funding streams.
Key Takeaways
- 51% of children in foster care are male, comprising 187,500 boys out of 367,996 total in FY2022
- 49% of foster children are female, totaling 180,496 girls as of September 30, 2022
- White children make up 44% of foster care population (161,838 children) in FY2022
- Reunification occurred for 47% (99,585) of FY2022 exits
- Adoption finalized for 26% (55,050) of children exiting foster care in FY2022
- Guardianship led to 9% (19,069) of exits in FY2022
- 77% of children entering foster care in FY2022 had prior child welfare involvement
- Neglect is the primary reason for removal, accounting for 61% (125,898) of FY2022 entries
- Physical abuse led to 12% (24,766) of foster care entries in FY2022
- Non-relative foster family homes housed 44% (161,838) of foster children on 9/30/2022
- Relative foster family homes sheltered 27% (99,359) of the foster care population in FY2022
- Group homes and institutions held 7% (25,760) of children in FY2022
- On September 30, 2022, there were 367,996 children in foster care nationwide, a 6% decrease from 391,098 in 2021
- The foster care population has declined by 22% since its peak of 472,000 in 2000, reaching 367,996 by FY2022
- In FY2022, 206,383 children entered foster care, down 9% from 227,886 in FY2021
In FY2022, 367,996 children were in foster care, with reunification as the top exit outcome.
Related reading
01 · Category
Demographics15 stats
01
51% of children in foster care are male, comprising 187,500 boys out of 367,996 total in FY2022
02
49% of foster children are female, totaling 180,496 girls as of September 30, 2022
03
White children make up 44% of foster care population (161,838 children) in FY2022
04
Black children represent 22% (80,959) of those in foster care nationally in FY2022
05
Hispanic children account for 22% (80,959) of foster care entrants but 21% of population in FY2022
06
Children aged 1-5 years old comprise the largest group at 24% (88,319) in foster care on 9/30/2022
07
Infants under 1 year old make up 9% (33,120) of foster care population in FY2022
08
8% of foster children (29,440) are aged 0-1, with higher rates of maltreatment entry
09
Multiracial children are 11% (40,480) of foster care population in FY2022
10
American Indian/Alaska Native children are overrepresented at 2% (7,360) despite being 1% of child population
11
12% of foster children (44,160) identified as LGBTQ+ in recent surveys
12
Children of color are 58% of foster care but 42% of general child population
13
14% of foster youth (51,520) have disabilities requiring special education
14
Median age of foster children is 8.1 years as of FY2022
15
Black children aged 0-5 are 25% of their age group in foster care vs 14% nationally
Interpretation
Demographics Interpretation
From a Demographics perspective, foster care is split fairly evenly by gender with 51% male (187,500 boys) and 49% female (180,496 girls), while age shows a clear concentration with children ages 1 to 5 making up 24% (88,319) as of September 30, 2022.
02 · Category
Exits And Outcomes18 stats
01
Reunification occurred for 47% (99,585) of FY2022 exits
02
Adoption finalized for 26% (55,050) of children exiting foster care in FY2022
03
Guardianship led to 9% (19,069) of exits in FY2022
04
7% (14,832) of exits were due to emancipation or aging out in FY2022
05
Average age at adoption exit was 7.5 years in FY2022
06
52% of adoptions were by non-relatives in FY2022, totaling 28,626 children
07
Children with three or more exits averaged 18.2 months stay before final exit in FY2022
08
88% of children exiting to adoption had been in care over 12 months in FY2022
09
Interstate compact placements involved 1% (3,680) of foster children in FY2022
10
Post-permanency re-entry rate was 4.5% within 12 months for FY2022 exits
11
Time to adoption averaged 30.1 months for children under 3 at entry in FY2022
12
92% of adopted foster children received Title IV-E adoption assistance in FY2022
13
Emancipation rate for 18-21 year olds was 8% of exits (16,951)
14
Transfer to another agency caused 5% (10,594) of exits in FY2022
15
62% of reunified children re-entered within 5 years per longitudinal studies
16
Average adoption subsidy was $24,000annually per child in 2022
17
Youth aging out without permanency: 19,000 annually based on FY2022 data
18
Death while in care: 1,790 children in FY2021 NCANDS data
Interpretation
Exits And Outcomes Interpretation
For the Exits and Outcomes category in FY2022, nearly half of children exiting foster care reunified with their families at 47% (99,585), while adoptions finalized accounted for 26% (55,050) and the remaining exits were split across guardianship at 9% and emancipation or aging out at 7%.
03 · Category
Maltreatment And Entry17 stats
01
77% of children entering foster care in FY2022 had prior child welfare involvement
02
Neglect is the primary reason for removal, accounting for 61% (125,898) of FY2022 entries
03
Physical abuse led to 12% (24,766) of foster care entries in FY2022
04
Sexual abuse accounted for 7% (14,447) of removals into foster care in FY2022
05
Parental drug abuse was a factor in 36% (74,298) of foster care entries in FY2022
06
Caregiver inability to care due to substance abuse caused 14% (28,894) of entries
07
In FY2022, 18% (37,149) of entries were due to caregiver incarceration
08
Housing problems contributed to 8% (16,511) of foster care placements in FY2022
09
Abandonment was cited in 7% (14,447) of removal reasons for FY2022 entries
10
55% of children (113,511) entered foster care from parental homes in FY2022
11
33% of foster entrants (68,106) were under age 6 in FY2022
12
Drug-exposed infants at birth led to 15% (30,957) of entries in FY2022
13
Domestic violence in home caused 11% (22,702) of foster placements in FY2022
14
25% of entries (51,596) involved alcohol abuse by caregiver in FY2022
15
Emotional abuse accounted for 5% (10,319) of removal reasons in FY2022
16
19% (39,213) of children entered from relative care prior to foster placement
17
Medical neglect led to 4% (8,255) of FY2022 foster care entries
Interpretation
Maltreatment And Entry Interpretation
In FY2022, maltreatment drove the majority of foster care entries, with neglect responsible for 61% of removals and parental drug abuse appearing in 36% of cases, underscoring how neglect and substance-related harm are tightly linked to why children enter care.
More related reading
04 · Category
Placements And Stability18 stats
01
Non-relative foster family homes housed 44% (161,838) of foster children on 9/30/2022
02
Relative foster family homes sheltered 27% (99,359) of the foster care population in FY2022
03
Group homes and institutions held 7% (25,760) of children in FY2022
04
Trial home visits accounted for 7% (25,760) of placements as of 9/30/2022
05
82% (179,262) of FY2022 exits were through reunification, adoption, or guardianship
06
The median length of stay in non-relative foster homes was 15.2 months in FY2022
07
23% of children (84,639) experienced 3 or more placements in FY2022, indicating instability
08
Sibling groups placed together comprised 68% of foster care placements in FY2022
09
Pre-adoptive homes housed 26% (95,479) of children awaiting adoption in FY2022
10
Emergency shelter care was used for 3% (11,040) of the foster population on 9/30/2022
11
67% of group home residents had mental health diagnoses in FY2022
12
Foster home placement stability improved, with 60% staying under 6 months per placement
13
29% (106,519) of foster children were in kinship care on 9/30/2022
14
Runaway episodes affected 9% (33,120) of foster youth in FY2022
15
75% of placements kept siblings together in same home in FY2022
16
Independent living arrangements for 16+ youth: 2% (7,360) in FY2022
17
Average number of placements per child was 2.7 in FY2022 for those exiting care
18
Supervised independent living for 1,100 youth aged 18+ in FY2022
Interpretation
Placements And Stability Interpretation
Across Placements and Stability, non-relative foster family homes are home to 44% of foster children (161,838) and the median stay there is 15.2 months in FY2022, while most exits in FY2022 come from reunification, adoption, or guardianship at 82%, signaling that placements are relatively sustained before largely achieving permanent outcomes.
05 · Category
Population And Trends17 stats
01
On September 30, 2022, there were 367,996 children in foster care nationwide, a 6% decrease from 391,098 in 2021
02
The foster care population has declined by 22% since its peak of 472,000 in 2000, reaching 367,996 by FY2022
03
In FY2022, 206,383 children entered foster care, down 9% from 227,886 in FY2021
04
Foster care exits totaled 211,883 in FY2022, slightly higher than entries, contributing to the caseload decline
05
The average length of stay in foster care was 20.4 months in FY2022, compared to 19.9 months in FY2021
06
52% of children in foster care on 9/30/2022 had a goal of reunification
07
National foster care caseload per 1,000 children aged 0-17 was 5.3 in 2022, varying from 2.4 in Vermont to 14.3 in West Virginia
08
From 2000 to 2022, the foster care population decreased by over 100,000 children amid efforts to reduce unnecessary removals
09
In 2021, 56 states and territories reported AFCARS data, covering 99% of the national foster care population
10
Projected foster care population for FY2023 estimated at around 360,000 based on recent downward trends
11
On September 30, 2021, 391,098 children were in foster care, with a 2% decline from prior year
12
Foster care entries peaked at 267,000 in 2009, dropping to 206,383 by FY2022
13
56% of foster children have siblings also in care, affecting 205,000 children in FY2022
14
National rate of children in foster care was 5.5 per 1,000 in 2021
15
Urban areas account for 65% of foster care population despite 80% child population share
16
On 9/30/2020, foster care population was 407,589, highest recent pre-decline
17
Entries declined 12% from FY2017 peak of 270,000 to 206,383 in FY2022
Interpretation
Population And Trends Interpretation
For the Population And Trends category, the foster care population fell to 367,996 children on September 30, 2022, a 6% drop from 2021 and a 22% decline since the 2000 peak, even as the average length of stay rose slightly to 20.4 months in FY2022.
06 · Category
System Resources18 stats
01
Federal foster care funding under Title IV-E totaled $8.9 billion in FY2022
02
Title IV-B funding provided $340 million for family preservation and support services in FY2022
03
There were 432,000 licensed foster family homes nationwide as of 2021 estimates
04
Average foster parent reimbursement was $675per child per month in 2022, varying by state
05
40% of foster youth reported mental health needs, with only 32% receiving services in FY2022
06
Caseload ratio for child welfare workers averaged 15:1 nationally in 2022
07
75% of states reported foster parent shortages in 2022 surveys
08
Kinship navigator programs funded in 37 states with $100 million federal allocation in FY2022
09
Prevention services under Title IV-E reached 50,000 families in FY2022 first year
10
60% of child welfare agencies used predictive analytics for risk assessment in 2022
11
Chafee program served 120,000 former foster youth with $140 million in FY2022
12
4,500 child welfare workers needed nationwide per 2022 shortage reports
13
Kinship care reimbursements under IV-E expanded to 48 states by 2022
14
Mental health services gap: 164,000 foster youth untreated in 2022 estimates
15
FFY 2022 Title IV-E claims processed for 600,000 child-months of care
16
50 states have quality improvement plans for foster care under PIPs in 2022
17
Foster parent training completion rate averaged 85% in funded programs 2022
18
Court Improvement Program grants totaled $30 million for 2022 fiscal year
Interpretation
System Resources Interpretation
With federal funding totaling $8.9 billion under Title IV-E in FY2022 and only $340 million under Title IV-B for family preservation, system resources are stretched alongside staffing pressures like a national caseload ratio of 15:1, helping explain why mental health needs are unmet for many youth, since 40% reported them but only 32% received services in FY2022.
report visual · Breakdown
Who’s in foster care: sex and race composition (FY2022)
Sex and race percentages help frame who is represented in the foster care population.
51%
51% of children in foster care are male, comprising 187,500 boys out of 367,996 total in FY2022
49%
49% of foster children are female, totaling 180,496 girls as of September 30, 2022
Reference
Cite This Report
This report is designed to be cited. We maintain stable URLs and versioned verification dates. Copy the format appropriate for your publication below.
APA
Christopher Morgan. (2026, February 13). National Foster Care Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/national-foster-care-statistics
MLA
Christopher Morgan. "National Foster Care Statistics." Gitnux, 13 Feb 2026, https://gitnux.org/national-foster-care-statistics.
Chicago
Christopher Morgan. 2026. "National Foster Care Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/national-foster-care-statistics.
Sources & references
15 datasets cited across this report · attribution is report-level