GITNUXREPORT 2026

Fashion Industry Environmental Impact Statistics

The fashion industry is devastating our planet through immense water and chemical pollution.

Min-ji Park

Research Analyst focused on sustainability and consumer trends.

First published: Feb 13, 2026

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Statistic 1

Fashion monoculture cotton depletes 2.5 billion hectares soil nutrients yearly via chemicals

Statistic 2

Textile farming uses 35 million hectares land, 25% global cotton on irrigated arid areas

Statistic 3

Fast fashion drives deforestation: 30 million trees felled yearly for viscose

Statistic 4

Wool production from sheep grazing erodes 1.2 million hectares pastures annually

Statistic 5

Cotton pesticides kill 7 million birds, 775 million fish yearly in US alone

Statistic 6

Soy for leather alternatives competes with Amazon habitat, 80 million hectares cleared

Statistic 7

Microfiber pollution harms 90% marine species via ingestion

Statistic 8

Fashion wastewater reduces aquatic biodiversity by 50% in polluted rivers

Statistic 9

Overdyed jeans contribute to 2,000 tons indigo sediment smothering riverbeds yearly

Statistic 10

Synthetic fibers entangle 1 million seabirds annually in ocean waste

Statistic 11

Cotton farming biodiversity loss: 50% insect decline in fields over 20 years

Statistic 12

Leather tanning pollutes 15% global rivers, causing 30% fish population drop

Statistic 13

Fast fashion expansion clears 500,000 hectares mangroves for shrimp feed in cotton chain

Statistic 14

Polyester production oil extraction fragments 10 million hectares habitats yearly

Statistic 15

Chemical runoff from dyes creates 500 dead zones in fashion-heavy rivers

Statistic 16

Sheep farming for wool displaces 20% native Australian species

Statistic 17

Microplastics from fashion reduce plankton by 40%, base of ocean food chain

Statistic 18

GMO cotton monocrops reduce soil microbes 70%, harming ecosystem services

Statistic 19

Fashion waste on beaches threatens 80 turtle nesting sites globally

Statistic 20

Pesticides from 73% global cotton harm 1,000 bee species yearly

Statistic 21

Viscose from ancient forests destroys 150 million trees habitat annually

Statistic 22

Leather cattle ranching deforests 91 million hectares Amazon since 1970

Statistic 23

Fashion dyes and chemicals total 3,000 types, with 200 carcinogenic, polluting 20% industrial water

Statistic 24

Azo dyes in fashion release aromatic amines, cancer-causing, in 30% of garments tested

Statistic 25

Textile finishing uses 8,000 chemicals, dispersing 500,000 tons hazardous into environment yearly

Statistic 26

PFAS 'forever chemicals' in 75% of fast fashion raincoats, persisting in soil/water

Statistic 27

Chromium VI in leather tanning exceeds limits 900 times in 90% samples

Statistic 28

Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) in 62 brands' supply chains, endocrine disruptors

Statistic 29

Fashion wastewater contains 25% of global industrial hormone disruptors

Statistic 30

Pesticides on cotton: 24% global use, 16% insecticides toxic to humans

Statistic 31

Perfluorinated compounds in sportswear leach into water, bioaccumulate in fish 100x

Statistic 32

Dye effluent pH swings from 4-13, killing aquatic life in 70% receiving rivers

Statistic 33

Antimony in polyester: 80ppm average, toxic heavy metal released in washing

Statistic 34

Formaldehyde in wrinkle-free shirts: 75ppm, irritant causing allergies in 20% wearers

Statistic 35

Phthalates in prints: 0.1-1% by weight, reproductive toxins in children's wear

Statistic 36

Bleaching agents release 100,000 tons chlorine derivatives yearly into waterways

Statistic 37

Heavy metals in dyes: cadmium, lead exceed EU limits in 40% imported garments

Statistic 38

Fluorinated gases from textile coatings: 2% fashion GHG, high global warming potential

Statistic 39

VOC emissions from printing: 200,000 tons yearly, contributing to smog formation

Statistic 40

Alkylphenols in detergents for fashion washing bioaccumulate, affecting 50 species

Statistic 41

Cyanide in synthetic fiber production: 5,000 tons discharged annually

Statistic 42

Flame retardants in pajamas: PBDEs at 10-100ppm, neurotoxins

Statistic 43

Mercerizing cotton uses 50g NaOH per kg fabric, 90% discharged untreated

Statistic 44

Fashion chemicals cost health systems $100 billion yearly in pollution-related diseases

Statistic 45

Pesticide runoff from cotton fields contaminates 24 million hectares farmland

Statistic 46

Fashion industry emits 20% of global industrial toxic releases

Statistic 47

Fashion accounts for 10% of global CO2 emissions annually, more than international flights and maritime shipping combined

Statistic 48

Producing one cotton T-shirt emits 5kg of CO2 equivalent during its lifecycle

Statistic 49

Polyester garment production releases 9 tons of CO2 per ton of fiber

Statistic 50

Fast fashion supply chains generate 1.2 billion tons of GHG emissions yearly, 4% of global total

Statistic 51

H&M emits 170 million tons of CO2e annually from operations and supply chain

Statistic 52

Synthetic fibers contribute 35% of fashion's carbon footprint, reliant on fossil fuels

Statistic 53

Global apparel manufacturing releases 393 million tons CO2e from energy use alone yearly

Statistic 54

Shein produces 6,000 new styles daily, emitting 6.3 million tons CO2 annually from fast turnover

Statistic 55

Fashion logistics emit 250 million tons CO2 yearly, surpassing aviation emissions

Statistic 56

Cotton farming for fashion releases 1.5kg N2O per kg fiber, potent GHG 300x CO2

Statistic 57

Viscose rayon production emits 3 tons CO2e per ton, from dissolving pulp process

Statistic 58

Zara's Scope 3 emissions total 200 million tons CO2e yearly from supply chain

Statistic 59

Fashion end-of-use emissions from landfills contribute 1.8 billion tons CO2e annually

Statistic 60

Polyester recycling saves 59% GHG vs virgin production, but only 1% recycled currently

Statistic 61

Bangladesh garment factories emit 28 million tons CO2 from coal power yearly

Statistic 62

Global fashion GHG footprint projected to rise 60% by 2030 without intervention

Statistic 63

Leather production emits 14.6kg CO2e per kg, from methane in cattle farming

Statistic 64

Fast fashion returns generate 2.5 million tons CO2 from reverse logistics yearly

Statistic 65

Nylon in activewear emits 12kg CO2 per kg fiber from petroleum base

Statistic 66

Fashion Scope 1 and 2 emissions total 100 million tons CO2e, mostly from factories

Statistic 67

Wool production GHG is 28kg CO2e per kg, driven by enteric fermentation

Statistic 68

Air freight for fashion adds 500g CO2 per garment shipped

Statistic 69

Global textile wet processing emits 500 million tons CO2e from heating water

Statistic 70

Fashion contributes 8% of total human carbon budget by 2050 if unchanged

Statistic 71

Producing 1 million T-shirts emits 5 million tons CO2e in manufacturing phase

Statistic 72

Fashion industry methane emissions from landfills total 1.2 billion tons CO2e equivalent yearly

Statistic 73

Global fashion waste totals 92 million tons annually, with 87% landfilled or incinerated

Statistic 74

Americans discard 81 pounds of clothing per person yearly, 11.3 million tons total

Statistic 75

Only 1% of clothing is recycled into new clothing, 75% incinerated

Statistic 76

Fast fashion produces 10% of global waste, filling landfills faster than any other sector

Statistic 77

EU discards 5.8 million tons of textiles yearly, value €140 billion lost

Statistic 78

Nigeria receives 150 tons of second-hand clothing daily, 40% discarded as waste

Statistic 79

H&M landfilled 15,000 tons of unsold clothes in 2019 alone

Statistic 80

Global textile waste generation grew 25% from 2000-2014

Statistic 81

One truckload of clothes is landfilled every second globally

Statistic 82

Chile's Atacama desert holds 39,000 tons of imported textile waste

Statistic 83

Fast fashion garment lifespan averages 7 uses before discard

Statistic 84

UK households throw away 1 million tons of textiles yearly, 300,000 tons recyclable

Statistic 85

Shein's overproduction leads to 20 million tons waste potential annually

Statistic 86

Global clothing production doubled since 2000, waste tripled

Statistic 87

15 million tons of used clothing exported yearly from rich to poor countries

Statistic 88

Polyester waste in oceans totals 500,000 tons microfiber yearly from washing

Statistic 89

Fashion incineration releases 1.2 billion tons CO2e equivalent from waste

Statistic 90

Bangladesh landfills 400,000 tons garment waste yearly

Statistic 91

Average American buys 60% more clothes, discards 30% more since 2000

Statistic 92

Textile waste in US landfills: 11.3 million tons, takes 200 years to decompose

Statistic 93

Only 12% of materials recycled in fashion loop, 59 million tons wasted

Statistic 94

Fast fashion returns create 2.16 million tons waste from repackaging/resale fails

Statistic 95

Ghana's Kantamanto market buries 15 million used garments weekly unsold

Statistic 96

Global fashion waste economic loss: $500 billion yearly

Statistic 97

Cotton waste from factories: 20% of production, 5 million tons globally

Statistic 98

Fashion industry uses 98 million tons raw materials yearly, 92 million tons become waste

Statistic 99

EU textile waste collection rate only 45%, rest landfilled/incinerated

Statistic 100

The fashion industry consumes approximately 79 billion cubic meters of water annually, which is about 20% of global industrial water use

Statistic 101

Producing one cotton T-shirt requires 2,700 liters of water, enough for one person to drink for 2.5 years

Statistic 102

Denim jeans production uses up to 7,500 liters of water per pair during cultivation, dyeing, and finishing processes

Statistic 103

The textile industry discharges 20% of global industrial wastewater, polluting rivers and ecosystems

Statistic 104

Fast fashion brand Zara produces 450 million garments yearly, contributing to 1.2 billion cubic meters of water use in dyeing alone

Statistic 105

Polyester production, dominant in fashion, requires 30 million tonnes of petroleum annually for fiber, indirectly driving water-intensive oil extraction

Statistic 106

Leather tanning in fashion uses 17,000 liters of water per tonne of hide, often contaminated with chromium

Statistic 107

Global apparel washing by consumers adds 500,000 tons of microfiber pollution to oceans yearly, equivalent to 50 billion plastic bottles

Statistic 108

In Bangladesh, textile factories consume 190 million cubic meters of water yearly, straining local aquifers

Statistic 109

Viscose production for fashion releases 70 million tons of hazardous waste annually into waterways

Statistic 110

One pair of fast fashion jeans pollutes 17 trees' worth of water during cotton farming

Statistic 111

Fashion wastewater contains 35% more heavy metals than average industrial effluent

Statistic 112

Producing 1kg of cotton fabric demands 10,000-20,000 liters of water, mostly non-renewable groundwater

Statistic 113

H&M's annual water footprint exceeds 2.5 billion cubic meters from supply chain activities

Statistic 114

Synthetic fiber dyeing uses 125 million tons of water yearly, with 93% discharged as polluted effluent

Statistic 115

Fashion industry water use in India totals 25 billion liters daily, exacerbating water scarcity for 200 million people

Statistic 116

Lyocell production, an alternative fiber, still requires 1,500 liters per T-shirt

Statistic 117

Global textile wet processing consumes 200 billion liters of water daily

Statistic 118

Fast fashion washes release 496,030 tons of microfiber annually into marine environments

Statistic 119

Cotton farming for fashion irrigates 2.4% of global cultivated land but uses 7% of irrigation water

Statistic 120

Fashion industry responsible for 20% of ocean pollution from dyeing wastewater

Statistic 121

Producing a single dress can require up to 5,000 liters of water in total lifecycle

Statistic 122

Textile factories in China discharge 2.2 billion tons of wastewater yearly

Statistic 123

Water pollution from fashion chemicals kills aquatic life across 80 countries' rivers

Statistic 124

Fast fashion polyester garments shed 700,000 fibers per wash, totaling 1.5 million tons yearly to oceans

Statistic 125

Leather fashion production pollutes water with 100 ppm chromium, exceeding safe limits by 20 times

Statistic 126

Global fashion water extraction equals 10% of household water use worldwide

Statistic 127

Dyeing processes in fashion use 100 liters of water per kg of fabric, 80% polluted discharge

Statistic 128

Fashion cotton uses 16% of global insecticides, leading to 2.03 billion m³ contaminated irrigation water

Statistic 129

Annual fashion industry water pollution costs ecosystems $500 billion in damages

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From the water it wastes and the carbon it pumps into the air to the chemicals it dumps and the mountains of waste it creates, the fashion industry is weaving an environmental crisis that few shoppers can even fathom.

Key Takeaways

The fashion industry consumes approximately 79 billion cubic meters of water annually, which is about 20% of global industrial water use
Producing one cotton T-shirt requires 2,700 liters of water, enough for one person to drink for 2.5 years
Denim jeans production uses up to 7,500 liters of water per pair during cultivation, dyeing, and finishing processes
Fashion accounts for 10% of global CO2 emissions annually, more than international flights and maritime shipping combined
Producing one cotton T-shirt emits 5kg of CO2 equivalent during its lifecycle
Polyester garment production releases 9 tons of CO2 per ton of fiber
Global fashion waste totals 92 million tons annually, with 87% landfilled or incinerated
Americans discard 81 pounds of clothing per person yearly, 11.3 million tons total
Only 1% of clothing is recycled into new clothing, 75% incinerated
Fashion dyes and chemicals total 3,000 types, with 200 carcinogenic, polluting 20% industrial water
Azo dyes in fashion release aromatic amines, cancer-causing, in 30% of garments tested
Textile finishing uses 8,000 chemicals, dispersing 500,000 tons hazardous into environment yearly
Fashion monoculture cotton depletes 2.5 billion hectares soil nutrients yearly via chemicals
Textile farming uses 35 million hectares land, 25% global cotton on irrigated arid areas
Fast fashion drives deforestation: 30 million trees felled yearly for viscose

The fashion industry is devastating our planet through immense water and chemical pollution.

Biodiversity Loss

Fashion monoculture cotton depletes 2.5 billion hectares soil nutrients yearly via chemicals
Textile farming uses 35 million hectares land, 25% global cotton on irrigated arid areas
Fast fashion drives deforestation: 30 million trees felled yearly for viscose
Wool production from sheep grazing erodes 1.2 million hectares pastures annually
Cotton pesticides kill 7 million birds, 775 million fish yearly in US alone
Soy for leather alternatives competes with Amazon habitat, 80 million hectares cleared
Microfiber pollution harms 90% marine species via ingestion
Fashion wastewater reduces aquatic biodiversity by 50% in polluted rivers
Overdyed jeans contribute to 2,000 tons indigo sediment smothering riverbeds yearly
Synthetic fibers entangle 1 million seabirds annually in ocean waste
Cotton farming biodiversity loss: 50% insect decline in fields over 20 years
Leather tanning pollutes 15% global rivers, causing 30% fish population drop
Fast fashion expansion clears 500,000 hectares mangroves for shrimp feed in cotton chain
Polyester production oil extraction fragments 10 million hectares habitats yearly
Chemical runoff from dyes creates 500 dead zones in fashion-heavy rivers
Sheep farming for wool displaces 20% native Australian species
Microplastics from fashion reduce plankton by 40%, base of ocean food chain
GMO cotton monocrops reduce soil microbes 70%, harming ecosystem services
Fashion waste on beaches threatens 80 turtle nesting sites globally
Pesticides from 73% global cotton harm 1,000 bee species yearly
Viscose from ancient forests destroys 150 million trees habitat annually
Leather cattle ranching deforests 91 million hectares Amazon since 1970

Biodiversity Loss Interpretation

The fashion industry is essentially performing an inept, planet-wide magic trick where it makes biodiversity disappear to make your new outfit appear.

Chemical Pollution

Fashion dyes and chemicals total 3,000 types, with 200 carcinogenic, polluting 20% industrial water
Azo dyes in fashion release aromatic amines, cancer-causing, in 30% of garments tested
Textile finishing uses 8,000 chemicals, dispersing 500,000 tons hazardous into environment yearly
PFAS 'forever chemicals' in 75% of fast fashion raincoats, persisting in soil/water
Chromium VI in leather tanning exceeds limits 900 times in 90% samples
Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) in 62 brands' supply chains, endocrine disruptors
Fashion wastewater contains 25% of global industrial hormone disruptors
Pesticides on cotton: 24% global use, 16% insecticides toxic to humans
Perfluorinated compounds in sportswear leach into water, bioaccumulate in fish 100x
Dye effluent pH swings from 4-13, killing aquatic life in 70% receiving rivers
Antimony in polyester: 80ppm average, toxic heavy metal released in washing
Formaldehyde in wrinkle-free shirts: 75ppm, irritant causing allergies in 20% wearers
Phthalates in prints: 0.1-1% by weight, reproductive toxins in children's wear
Bleaching agents release 100,000 tons chlorine derivatives yearly into waterways
Heavy metals in dyes: cadmium, lead exceed EU limits in 40% imported garments
Fluorinated gases from textile coatings: 2% fashion GHG, high global warming potential
VOC emissions from printing: 200,000 tons yearly, contributing to smog formation
Alkylphenols in detergents for fashion washing bioaccumulate, affecting 50 species
Cyanide in synthetic fiber production: 5,000 tons discharged annually
Flame retardants in pajamas: PBDEs at 10-100ppm, neurotoxins
Mercerizing cotton uses 50g NaOH per kg fabric, 90% discharged untreated
Fashion chemicals cost health systems $100 billion yearly in pollution-related diseases
Pesticide runoff from cotton fields contaminates 24 million hectares farmland
Fashion industry emits 20% of global industrial toxic releases

Chemical Pollution Interpretation

The fashion industry has essentially performed a hostile chemical takeover of our planet's water and soil, treating the environment like a poorly regulated dumpster behind a discount outlet.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Fashion accounts for 10% of global CO2 emissions annually, more than international flights and maritime shipping combined
Producing one cotton T-shirt emits 5kg of CO2 equivalent during its lifecycle
Polyester garment production releases 9 tons of CO2 per ton of fiber
Fast fashion supply chains generate 1.2 billion tons of GHG emissions yearly, 4% of global total
H&M emits 170 million tons of CO2e annually from operations and supply chain
Synthetic fibers contribute 35% of fashion's carbon footprint, reliant on fossil fuels
Global apparel manufacturing releases 393 million tons CO2e from energy use alone yearly
Shein produces 6,000 new styles daily, emitting 6.3 million tons CO2 annually from fast turnover
Fashion logistics emit 250 million tons CO2 yearly, surpassing aviation emissions
Cotton farming for fashion releases 1.5kg N2O per kg fiber, potent GHG 300x CO2
Viscose rayon production emits 3 tons CO2e per ton, from dissolving pulp process
Zara's Scope 3 emissions total 200 million tons CO2e yearly from supply chain
Fashion end-of-use emissions from landfills contribute 1.8 billion tons CO2e annually
Polyester recycling saves 59% GHG vs virgin production, but only 1% recycled currently
Bangladesh garment factories emit 28 million tons CO2 from coal power yearly
Global fashion GHG footprint projected to rise 60% by 2030 without intervention
Leather production emits 14.6kg CO2e per kg, from methane in cattle farming
Fast fashion returns generate 2.5 million tons CO2 from reverse logistics yearly
Nylon in activewear emits 12kg CO2 per kg fiber from petroleum base
Fashion Scope 1 and 2 emissions total 100 million tons CO2e, mostly from factories
Wool production GHG is 28kg CO2e per kg, driven by enteric fermentation
Air freight for fashion adds 500g CO2 per garment shipped
Global textile wet processing emits 500 million tons CO2e from heating water
Fashion contributes 8% of total human carbon budget by 2050 if unchanged
Producing 1 million T-shirts emits 5 million tons CO2e in manufacturing phase
Fashion industry methane emissions from landfills total 1.2 billion tons CO2e equivalent yearly

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Interpretation

The fashion industry is wearing the planet thin, stitching together a carbon footprint so vast it makes our collective wardrobe a lead actor in the climate tragedy, not a supporting character.

Textile Waste

Global fashion waste totals 92 million tons annually, with 87% landfilled or incinerated
Americans discard 81 pounds of clothing per person yearly, 11.3 million tons total
Only 1% of clothing is recycled into new clothing, 75% incinerated
Fast fashion produces 10% of global waste, filling landfills faster than any other sector
EU discards 5.8 million tons of textiles yearly, value €140 billion lost
Nigeria receives 150 tons of second-hand clothing daily, 40% discarded as waste
H&M landfilled 15,000 tons of unsold clothes in 2019 alone
Global textile waste generation grew 25% from 2000-2014
One truckload of clothes is landfilled every second globally
Chile's Atacama desert holds 39,000 tons of imported textile waste
Fast fashion garment lifespan averages 7 uses before discard
UK households throw away 1 million tons of textiles yearly, 300,000 tons recyclable
Shein's overproduction leads to 20 million tons waste potential annually
Global clothing production doubled since 2000, waste tripled
15 million tons of used clothing exported yearly from rich to poor countries
Polyester waste in oceans totals 500,000 tons microfiber yearly from washing
Fashion incineration releases 1.2 billion tons CO2e equivalent from waste
Bangladesh landfills 400,000 tons garment waste yearly
Average American buys 60% more clothes, discards 30% more since 2000
Textile waste in US landfills: 11.3 million tons, takes 200 years to decompose
Only 12% of materials recycled in fashion loop, 59 million tons wasted
Fast fashion returns create 2.16 million tons waste from repackaging/resale fails
Ghana's Kantamanto market buries 15 million used garments weekly unsold
Global fashion waste economic loss: $500 billion yearly
Cotton waste from factories: 20% of production, 5 million tons globally
Fashion industry uses 98 million tons raw materials yearly, 92 million tons become waste
EU textile waste collection rate only 45%, rest landfilled/incinerated

Textile Waste Interpretation

The fashion industry’s relentless churn has turned our closets into a crime scene, where 92 million tons of discarded potential are buried each year, making our desire for newness the world’s most wasteful habit.

Water Consumption

The fashion industry consumes approximately 79 billion cubic meters of water annually, which is about 20% of global industrial water use
Producing one cotton T-shirt requires 2,700 liters of water, enough for one person to drink for 2.5 years
Denim jeans production uses up to 7,500 liters of water per pair during cultivation, dyeing, and finishing processes
The textile industry discharges 20% of global industrial wastewater, polluting rivers and ecosystems
Fast fashion brand Zara produces 450 million garments yearly, contributing to 1.2 billion cubic meters of water use in dyeing alone
Polyester production, dominant in fashion, requires 30 million tonnes of petroleum annually for fiber, indirectly driving water-intensive oil extraction
Leather tanning in fashion uses 17,000 liters of water per tonne of hide, often contaminated with chromium
Global apparel washing by consumers adds 500,000 tons of microfiber pollution to oceans yearly, equivalent to 50 billion plastic bottles
In Bangladesh, textile factories consume 190 million cubic meters of water yearly, straining local aquifers
Viscose production for fashion releases 70 million tons of hazardous waste annually into waterways
One pair of fast fashion jeans pollutes 17 trees' worth of water during cotton farming
Fashion wastewater contains 35% more heavy metals than average industrial effluent
Producing 1kg of cotton fabric demands 10,000-20,000 liters of water, mostly non-renewable groundwater
H&M's annual water footprint exceeds 2.5 billion cubic meters from supply chain activities
Synthetic fiber dyeing uses 125 million tons of water yearly, with 93% discharged as polluted effluent
Fashion industry water use in India totals 25 billion liters daily, exacerbating water scarcity for 200 million people
Lyocell production, an alternative fiber, still requires 1,500 liters per T-shirt
Global textile wet processing consumes 200 billion liters of water daily
Fast fashion washes release 496,030 tons of microfiber annually into marine environments
Cotton farming for fashion irrigates 2.4% of global cultivated land but uses 7% of irrigation water
Fashion industry responsible for 20% of ocean pollution from dyeing wastewater
Producing a single dress can require up to 5,000 liters of water in total lifecycle
Textile factories in China discharge 2.2 billion tons of wastewater yearly
Water pollution from fashion chemicals kills aquatic life across 80 countries' rivers
Fast fashion polyester garments shed 700,000 fibers per wash, totaling 1.5 million tons yearly to oceans
Leather fashion production pollutes water with 100 ppm chromium, exceeding safe limits by 20 times
Global fashion water extraction equals 10% of household water use worldwide
Dyeing processes in fashion use 100 liters of water per kg of fabric, 80% polluted discharge
Fashion cotton uses 16% of global insecticides, leading to 2.03 billion m³ contaminated irrigation water
Annual fashion industry water pollution costs ecosystems $500 billion in damages

Water Consumption Interpretation

The fashion industry seems to believe that the entire global water supply is its personal, endless dye bath.

Sources & References

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