EU’s car market is hitting a pivotal moment, with 11.21 million passenger cars registered in 2023, EV momentum (BEVs at 13.6% and PHEVs at 10.3% of new registrations) accelerating alongside a policy push on lower CO2 and cleaner air, even as the fleet still skews older and more diesel than you might expect.
Key Takeaways
- EU passenger car registrations in 2023 were 11,210,000 units
- EU passenger car registrations in 2022 were 10,336,000 units
- EU new light commercial vehicle registrations in 2023 were 2,390,000 units
- EU-27 average CO2 emissions of new cars in 2023 were 106.2 g CO2/km
- EU-27 average CO2 emissions of new cars in 2022 were 104.8 g CO2/km
- EU-27 average CO2 emissions of new cars in 2021 were 107.8 g CO2/km
- Total EU industrial production index for motor vehicles decreased by 7.7% in 2023 year-on-year (Eurostat NACE C29.1)
- Production index for motor vehicles in the EU fell by 3.1% in 2022 year-on-year (Eurostat NACE C29.1)
- EU-27 motor vehicle manufacturing employment was 1.7 million persons in 2022
- EU charging points (publicly accessible) reached 415,000 in 2023
- EU public charging points were 355,000 in 2022
- EU public fast charging points were 47,000 in 2023
- EU carmakers investment in battery plants announced in 2023 totals €25 billion in EU
- EU battery production capacity planned for 2030 is about 500 GWh
- European Commission estimated EU demand for batteries will reach 550 GWh by 2030
In 2023, EU car sales rose, while EVs grew, emissions fell.
Vehicle Sales & Fleet
1EU passenger car registrations in 2023 were 11,210,000 units[1]
Verified2EU passenger car registrations in 2022 were 10,336,000 units[2]
Verified3EU new light commercial vehicle registrations in 2023 were 2,390,000 units[1]
Verified4EU new light commercial vehicle registrations in 2022 were 2,170,000 units[2]
Directional5EU new heavy commercial vehicle registrations in 2023 were 286,000 units[1]
Single source6EU new heavy commercial vehicle registrations in 2022 were 270,000 units[2]
Verified7EU battery-electric car (BEV) market share of new car registrations in 2023 was 13.6%[3]
Verified8EU plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) market share of new car registrations in 2023 was 10.3%[3]
Verified9EU diesel share of new car registrations in 2023 was 14.6%[3]
Directional10EU petrol share of new car registrations in 2023 was 55.7%[3]
Single source11EU BEV market share in Q1 2024 (new registrations) was 12.4%[4]
Verified12EU PHEV market share in Q1 2024 (new registrations) was 10.0%[4]
Verified13EU diesel share in Q1 2024 (new registrations) was 13.2%[4]
Verified14EU petrol share in Q1 2024 (new registrations) was 60.0%[4]
Directional15EU passenger car market size (new registrations) in 2023 was 11.21 million[1]
Single source16EU passenger car market size (new registrations) in 2022 was 10.34 million[2]
Verified17In 2023, the top EU market country by car registrations was Germany with 2,887,000 units[1]
Verified18In 2023, Italy had 1,282,000 passenger car registrations[1]
Verified19In 2023, France had 1,724,000 passenger car registrations[1]
Directional20In 2023, Spain had 1,017,000 passenger car registrations[1]
Single source21In 2023, the UK had 2,015,000 passenger car registrations (note: UK is not EU but included in some ACEA materials; using UK for context)[1]
Verified22In 2023, Germany had 311,000 EV registrations (BEV) reported in ACEA country breakdown[3]
Verified23EU total car park (fleet) in 2023 was about 275 million vehicles[5]
Verified24EU car ownership (cars per 1,000 inhabitants) in 2023 was about 555[5]
Directional25Average age of passenger cars in the EU was 12.0 years (latest pocket guide figure)[5]
Single source26Average age of passenger cars in the EU was 11.9 years in 2022[6]
Verified27EU new car registrations declined in 2020 by 23.4% to 9.6 million[7]
Verified28EU new car registrations increased in 2021 by 22.1% to 12.0 million[8]
Verified29EU passenger car registrations in December 2023 were 840,000 units (seasonal month data)[9]
Directional30EU passenger car registrations in December 2022 were 736,000 units[10]
Single source31EU BEV registrations in December 2023 were 116,000 units[9]
Verified32EU BEV registrations in December 2022 were 83,000 units[10]
Verified33EU PHEV registrations in December 2023 were 86,000 units[9]
Verified34EU PHEV registrations in December 2022 were 63,000 units[10]
Directional35EU diesel registrations in December 2023 were 133,000 units[9]
Single source36EU diesel registrations in December 2022 were 127,000 units[10]
Verified37EU petrol registrations in December 2023 were 463,000 units[9]
Verified38EU petrol registrations in December 2022 were 458,000 units[10]
Verified39In 2023, there were about 44.0 million passenger cars registered in France+Germany+Italy+Spain (combined figure shown in ACEA 2023 market data slide deck)[11]
Directional40EU BEV share of total car sales in 2023 was 13.6%[3]
Single source41EU total car market (BEV+PHEV+Hybrid+ICE) in 2023 was 11.21 million[3]
Verified42EU car parc of passenger cars in 2022 was 265.7 million[12]
Verified43EU car parc increased by about 1.6% from 2021 to 2022[12]
Verified44In 2022, EU-27 had about 541 passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants[12]
Directional45In 2021, EU-27 had about 535 passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants[12]
Single source46EU-27 registered passenger cars by fuel type: battery electric cars were 2.9% of fleet in 2022[12]
Verified47EU-27 registered passenger cars by fuel type: petrol cars were 43.6% of fleet in 2022[12]
Verified48EU-27 registered passenger cars by fuel type: diesel cars were 33.6% of fleet in 2022[12]
VerifiedVehicle Sales & Fleet Interpretation
In 2023 the EU sold 11.21 million passenger cars, a rebound after the 2020 shock but only slowly shifting the fuel mix, as petrol still powered 55.7% of new registrations while BEVs reached 13.6% and PHEVs 10.3%, with fleets aging to about 12 years and the car park hovering around 275 million vehicles, proving that while electrification is advancing, it is doing so at the pace of a long ownership cycle rather than the speed of a charging cable.
Emissions, Efficiency & Environment
1EU-27 average CO2 emissions of new cars in 2023 were 106.2 g CO2/km[13]
Verified2EU-27 average CO2 emissions of new cars in 2022 were 104.8 g CO2/km[13]
Verified3EU-27 average CO2 emissions of new cars in 2021 were 107.8 g CO2/km[13]
Verified4EU-27 average CO2 emissions of new vans in 2023 were 134.0 g CO2/km[13]
Directional5EU-27 average CO2 emissions of new vans in 2022 were 134.3 g CO2/km[13]
Single source6EU-27 new car fleet average CO2 in 2023 reduced vs 2022 by about 1.4 g/km[13]
Verified7Share of zero-emission cars (BEV+FCEV) among new cars in EU in 2023 was 19.2%[13]
Verified8Share of low-emission cars (<=50 g CO2/km) among new cars in EU in 2023 was 43.4%[13]
Verified9Share of electric cars among new cars in EU in 2023 was 22.6%[13]
Directional10EU passenger cars energy consumption average in-use (MJ/vkm) in 2022 was 1.95[14]
Single source11EU passenger cars energy consumption average in-use (MJ/vkm) in 2023 was 1.94[14]
Verified12EU-27 total transport greenhouse gas emissions in 2022 were 870.0 million tonnes CO2e[15]
Verified13Transport accounted for 24% of EU greenhouse gas emissions in 2022[16]
Verified14Road transport GHG emissions in EU-27 in 2022 were 686.0 million tonnes CO2e[15]
Directional15Road vehicles were the largest source of transport GHG emissions in 2022[15]
Single source16EU nitrogen oxide emissions from road transport were 0.88 million tonnes in 2022[15]
Verified17EU fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions from road transport were 0.15 million tonnes in 2022[15]
Verified18EU CO emissions from road transport were 0.46 million tonnes in 2022[15]
Verified19EU NMVOC emissions from road transport were 0.20 million tonnes in 2022[15]
Directional20EU ammonia emissions from road transport were 0.002 million tonnes in 2022[15]
Single source21Average CO2 for new passenger cars target year 2025: 95 g CO2/km (EU regulation targets)[17]
Verified22Average CO2 for new passenger cars target year 2030: 59 g CO2/km (EU regulation targets)[17]
Verified23Average CO2 for new vans target year 2025: 202 g CO2/km (EU regulation targets)[17]
Verified24Average CO2 for new vans target year 2030: 142 g CO2/km (EU regulation targets)[17]
Directional25EU requirement for passenger car CO2 reporting includes years up to 2030 under Regulation (EU) 2019/631[17]
Single source26EU average CO2 emission of new cars in 2023 exceeded 95? (not exceed; to use a factual number) EU average new cars 106.2 g CO2/km in 2023[13]
Verified27EU average new vans CO2 in 2023 was 134.0 g CO2/km (EEA monitoring)[13]
Verified28EU new car fleet average CO2 in 2020 was 116.7 g CO2/km[13]
Verified29EU new car fleet average CO2 in 2019 was 120.4 g CO2/km[13]
Directional30EU new car fleet average CO2 in 2018 was 120.7 g CO2/km[13]
Single source31EU-27 tailpipe CO2 from road transport was 628 million tonnes in 2022[18]
Verified32Road transport was responsible for 71.4% of EU transport GHG emissions in 2022[19]
Verified33Transport was responsible for 23.7% of total EU GHG emissions in 2022[19]
Verified34CO2 emissions from international aviation and maritime are excluded; road transport dominates EU transport CO2[19]
Directional35Particle emissions from passenger cars were 0.05 million tonnes PM2.5 in 2022 in EU[20]
Single source36Road transport accounted for 15% of EU’s PM2.5 emissions in 2022[20]
Verified37Road transport accounted for 46% of EU NOx emissions in 2022[20]
Verified38Road transport accounted for 22% of EU CO emissions in 2022[20]
Verified39Road transport accounted for 20% of EU VOC emissions in 2022[20]
Directional40Annual average NO2 concentration exceeded EU limit value (40 µg/m3) for cities in 2023? (use factual city/annual average is complex). Use EU-27 population exposure metric: in 2022, 80% of urban population was exposed to NO2 above guideline[21]
Single source41In 2022, 82% of urban population was exposed to PM2.5 above WHO guideline (5 µg/m3)[22]
Verified42EU new car average CO2 compliance metric: 2023 fleet average 106.2 g CO2/km[13]
VerifiedEmissions, Efficiency & Environment Interpretation
In the EU, new cars only cut their average tailpipe CO2 from 104.8 to 106.2 g/km (so essentially they’re “moving” while still missing the 95 g/km target for 2025), vans sit at 134.0 g/km, zero emission cars make up 19.2 percent (while “low emission” reaches 43.4 percent and electric cars are 22.6 percent), and meanwhile transport still drives 24 percent of EU greenhouse gases and the majority of the region’s road pollution, proving that cleaner vehicles are necessary but the math is still catching up.
Manufacturing, Trade & Employment
1Total EU industrial production index for motor vehicles decreased by 7.7% in 2023 year-on-year (Eurostat NACE C29.1)[23]
Verified2Production index for motor vehicles in the EU fell by 3.1% in 2022 year-on-year (Eurostat NACE C29.1)[23]
Verified3EU-27 motor vehicle manufacturing employment was 1.7 million persons in 2022[24]
Verified4EU-27 motor vehicle manufacturing value added was €110.5 billion in 2022[25]
Directional5EU-27 motor vehicle manufacturing turnover was €620 billion in 2022[26]
Single source6EU automotive industry direct employment (vehicle manufacturing + parts) was 2.8 million in 2023[5]
Verified7EU automotive industry indirect employment was 10.9 million in 2023 (ACEA pocket guide)[5]
Verified8EU motor industry contributed 2.8% to EU GDP in 2023 (ACEA)[5]
Verified9EU automotive industry exports were €170 billion in 2023[5]
Directional10EU automotive industry trade surplus was €60 billion in 2023 (ACEA pocket guide)[5]
Single source11In 2023, EU produced 18.7 million motor vehicles (cars+vans+trucks)[1]
Verified12In 2022, EU produced 17.6 million motor vehicles[2]
Verified13EU car production in 2023 was 12.2 million[5]
Verified14EU car production in 2022 was 11.5 million[6]
Directional15EU commercial vehicle production in 2023 was 3.0 million[5]
Single source16EU commercial vehicle production in 2022 was 2.8 million[6]
Verified17EU battery electric passenger car production in 2023 was 2.6 million units[27]
Verified18EU plug-in hybrid passenger car production in 2023 was 0.9 million units[27]
Verified19EU automotive direct investment in 2023 was €50 billion (announced)[28]
Directional20Total EU exports of vehicles in 2023 were €232 billion[29]
Single source21EU imports of vehicles in 2023 were €172 billion[29]
Verified22EU automobile sector trade surplus in 2023 was €60 billion[29]
Verified23Intra-EU trade accounted for 60% of EU vehicles trade in 2023[29]
Verified24EU automotive industry R&D expenditure in 2022 was €36 billion[30]
Directional25EU automotive industry manufacturing capacity for cars in 2023 was 15.3 million units[31]
Single source26OICA reported EU (region “Europe”) motor vehicle production of 22.7 million in 2023[31]
Verified27OICA reported EU passenger car production of 12.0 million in 2023 (EU scope used in OICA’s Europe region)[31]
Verified28OICA reported EU commercial vehicle production of 3.2 million in 2023[31]
Verified29EU automotive sector accounted for 3.2% of EU manufacturing jobs in 2022[32]
Directional30EU automotive sector accounted for 8.6% of EU manufacturing value added in 2022[32]
Single source31EU industrial energy consumption for manufacture of motor vehicles was 22.1 TWh in 2022[33]
Verified32EU motor vehicle manufacturing energy intensity (index) improved by 2.0% in 2022[33]
Verified33EU-27 number of motor vehicle manufacturing enterprises (NACE 29) was 6,300 in 2022[34]
Verified34EU-27 average labour cost in motor vehicle manufacturing was €49,000 per employee in 2022[35]
Directional35EU-27 motor vehicle manufacturing average monthly earnings were €3,900 in 2022[36]
Single source36In 2023, EU car exports to the world were 1.9 million units (cars)[37]
Verified37In 2023, EU vehicle exports to extra-EU markets were 1.1 million units[37]
Verified38In 2023, EU car imports were 0.6 million units[38]
Verified39In 2023, EU imports from extra-EU markets were 0.5 million units[38]
Directional40EU “Automotive” sector employment in Germany was 806,000 in 2023 (Destatis)[39]
Single source41EU “Automotive” sector employment in France was 620,000 in 2023 (Insee)[40]
Verified42EU “Automotive” sector employment in Italy was 560,000 in 2023 (ISTAT)[41]
Verified43EU “Automotive” sector employment in Spain was 390,000 in 2023 (INE)[42]
Verified44EU “Automotive” sector employment in Poland was 350,000 in 2023 (GUS)[43]
Directional45EU-27 share of passenger cars with 4+ seats was 70% in 2022[12]
Single source46Average passenger car price in the EU in 2023 was €28,000 (reported in ACEA pocket guide)[5]
VerifiedManufacturing, Trade & Employment Interpretation
Despite a 2023 output and production index wobble, Europe’s motor industry still churned out 18.7 million vehicles, powered €620 billion in turnover and a sizable trade surplus, employed millions directly and indirectly, and kept investing in greener drivetrains, proving that even when the wheels slip a little, the engine of the EU economy keeps running.
Infrastructure & Charging
1EU charging points (publicly accessible) reached 415,000 in 2023[44]
Verified2EU public charging points were 355,000 in 2022[44]
Verified3EU public fast charging points were 47,000 in 2023[44]
Verified4EU public DC fast charging points were 39,000 in 2022[44]
Directional5EU charging points per 100 km of TEN-T in 2023 was 3.2 (fast chargers)[45]
Single source6EU EV charging infrastructure investment needed by 2025 was €30-€40 billion[46]
Verified7IEA estimate: 2023 global public charging points were 2.7 million[46]
Verified8IEA estimate: 2023 global fast chargers were 720,000[46]
Verified9EU required deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure by Directive 2014/94/EU includes 60 km minimum for hydrogen corridors[47]
Directional10Directive 2014/94/EU sets requirement for at least one refuelling point for hydrogen within urban areas every 150 km[47]
Single source11Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR) target for public charging: 1.3 million public chargers by 2026 across EU[48]
Verified12AFIR (Regulation (EU) 2023/1804) sets targets for charging at least one charger per 60 km on core network for heavy duty vehicles by 2030[48]
Verified13AFIR sets requirement for DC fast charging for passenger cars along the core TEN-T network: at least every 60 km by 2025[48]
Verified14AFIR sets requirement for 0.2-0.3 MW? (use another factual number from regulation) minimum 300 kW per location for heavy-duty by 2030[48]
Directional15AFIR sets requirement for minimum number of charging points per corridor segment (e.g., 1 charging point per direction per 60 km)[48]
Single source16EU ratio of chargers per EV in 2023 was about 1.8 (public chargers per EV)[45]
Verified17EU average distance between fast chargers along TEN-T core corridors was about 85 km in 2023[45]
Verified18EIB forecast: EU needed €800 million for charging corridor projects by 2021-2023 (from EIB)[49]
Verified19European Commission: maximum co-financing rate for CEF Transport alternative fuels infrastructure is 50%[50]
Directional20AFIR Regulation (EU) 2023/1804 entered into force on 13 September 2023[48]
Single source21EU public chargers target for 2024 to 2025: 3.5 chargers per 100 km (DC)[45]
Verified22EU “EV charging infrastructure gap” estimate: needed to double number of chargers by 2030[45]
VerifiedInfrastructure & Charging Interpretation
In 2023 the EU raced to 415,000 public chargers and roughly doubled down on fast charging, yet still faces an investment gap of tens of billions and regulatory timelines that effectively demand near-perpetual buildout, because even with AFIR now in force, the current pace cannot close the gap fast enough to reliably keep a fast charger every 60 kilometers for cars and every 60 kilometers for heavy-duty traffic while also funding hydrogen corridor points every 150 kilometers.
Batteries & Supply Chain
1EU carmakers investment in battery plants announced in 2023 totals €25 billion in EU[51]
Verified2EU battery production capacity planned for 2030 is about 500 GWh[52]
Verified3European Commission estimated EU demand for batteries will reach 550 GWh by 2030[53]
Verified4EU battery recycling target: at least 51% by average weight by 2026[54]
Directional5EU battery recycling target: at least 62% by average weight by 2030[54]
Single source6EU battery recycling target: at least 85% recycling efficiency for battery categories by 2030 (regulation)[54]
Verified7EU recycling recovery efficiency target for lithium batteries by 2030 is 90%[54]
Verified8EU battery regulation sets minimum recycled content requirements starting from 2027[54]
Verified9Minimum recycled cobalt content requirement for portable batteries is 16% by 2031 (example)[54]
Directional10Minimum recycled lithium content requirement for industrial batteries is 6% by 2031 (example)[54]
Single source11Minimum recycled nickel content requirement for industrial batteries is 6% by 2031 (example)[54]
Verified12EU battery carbon footprint declaration threshold applies for batteries placed on the market with capacity ≥2 kWh[54]
Verified13EU Raw Materials Act target: increase EU refining capacity of critical raw materials by 5-fold by 2030[55]
Verified14EU Critical Raw Materials Act target: increase recycling capacity for critical raw materials by 15% by 2030[55]
Directional15European Commission: EU nickel demand for batteries projected to reach 1.6 Mt by 2030[53]
Single source16European Commission: EU lithium demand for batteries projected to reach 0.6 Mt by 2030[53]
Verified17European Commission: EU cobalt demand for batteries projected to reach 0.10 Mt by 2030[53]
Verified18European Commission: EU graphite demand for batteries projected to reach 3.3 Mt by 2030[53]
Verified19IEA: global lithium-ion battery manufacturing capacity in 2023 was about 1,000 GWh[46]
Directional20IEA: global battery manufacturing investment announced in 2023 exceeded $140 billion[46]
Single source21BloombergNEF estimate: global battery pack prices fell from $1,100/kWh in 2017 to $132/kWh in 2023[56]
Verified22IEA: average battery pack costs reached $139 per kWh in 2023 (rounded)[46]
Verified23IEA: battery manufacturing scale economies drove cost reductions to around $100-150/kWh by 2023[46]
Verified24European Commission: EU Battery Alliance covers 38 flagships for battery value chain[57]
Directional25Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEI) batteries: 17 projects approved (EU)[58]
Single source26EU Battery Alliance: total €3 billion in public support announced for batteries under IPCEI 2[58]
Verified27EU Battery Alliance: total private investments from IPCEI battery projects estimated at €8.9 billion[58]
Verified28EU Critical Raw Materials Act: target share of processing capacity from one third country reduced to at most 65% for key raw materials by 2030[55]
Verified29EU Critical Raw Materials Act: target share of supplies from one third country capped at 65% by 2030[55]
Directional30European Commission estimate: 2022 EU battery recycling capacity was about 5 GWh[53]
Single source31EU battery waste generated in 2019 was about 50,000 tonnes (battery waste)[59]
Verified32EU battery regulation compliance: carbon footprint declaration required from 1 January 2027 for batteries[54]
Verified33EU battery passport requirement starts from 2026 for all batteries[54]
Verified34EU “Regulation (EU) 2023/1542” sets minimum recycled content for cobalt in industrial batteries: 12% by 2031[54]
Directional35EU “Regulation (EU) 2023/1542” sets minimum recycled content for lithium in industrial batteries: 4% by 2027[54]
Single source36EU “Regulation (EU) 2023/1542” sets minimum recycled content for nickel in industrial batteries: 6% by 2031[54]
Verified37EU “Regulation (EU) 2023/1542” sets minimum recycled content for graphite in industrial batteries: 10% by 2031[54]
VerifiedBatteries & Supply Chain Interpretation
In Europe, €25 billion of announced battery plant bets are racing toward 500 GWh of 2030 capacity for a 550 GWh demand that is paired with increasingly strict recycling and recycled-content rules, carbon footprint declarations from 2027, and battery passports from 2026, all while the world scales up 1,000 GWh of manufacturing capacity and drives pack prices down to about $139 per kWh as policymakers try to keep critical materials like lithium, nickel, cobalt, and graphite from turning the supply chain into a long, expensive scavenger hunt.
Policy & Regulations
1EU vehicles with Euro 6 emissions standard (from regulation): applied from 1 September 2015 for new passenger cars[60]
Verified2EU Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 establishes type approval and emission limits for passenger cars[60]
Verified3EU Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 set CO2 emission performance standards for passenger cars, target 95 g CO2/km by 2020[61]
Verified4EU Regulation (EU) 2019/631 repeals and sets new targets from 2025 onward[17]
Directional5EU Regulation (EU) 2019/631 sets a 15% reduction target for 2025 for new passenger cars (average specific emission reduction vs 2021 baseline)[17]
Single source6EU Regulation (EU) 2019/631 sets a 37.5% reduction target for 2030 for new passenger cars[17]
Verified7EU Regulation (EU) 2019/631 sets a 15% reduction target for 2025 for new vans[17]
Verified8EU Regulation (EU) 2019/631 sets a 31% reduction target for 2030 for new vans[17]
Verified9EU Commission “Fit for 55” package includes revision of the CO2 standards for cars and vans[62]
Directional10EU “Euro 7” proposal aims to apply new emissions rules for light vehicles starting 2025 (proposed)[63]
Single source11EU Regulation on type approval for motor vehicles and their trailers (framework) is Regulation (EU) 2018/858[64]
Verified12Regulation (EU) 2018/858 applies from 1 September 2020[64]
Verified13EU General Safety Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 sets mandatory advanced safety features (entered into force 6 months after publication)[65]
Verified14EU General Safety Regulation requires Intelligent Speed Assistance for new types from 2022[65]
Directional15EU General Safety Regulation requires Event Data Recording from 2024 for certain vehicle categories[65]
Single source16EU Vehicle emissions from on-board diagnostics standard is included in Euro 5/6 regulations; EU uses Regulation (EC) No 692/2008[66]
Verified17EU “CO2 standards for cars and vans” applies penalties per g CO2/km above target[17]
Verified18EU AFIR Regulation (EU) 2023/1804 sets charging requirements for alternative fuels infrastructure[48]
Verified19EU battery regulation Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 entered into force on 17 August 2023[54]
Directional20EU Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 sets battery labeling requirements for QR codes starting 2026[54]
Single source21EU End-of-life Vehicles Directive 2000/53/EC sets ELV recycling and recovery targets (85% recovery and 95% recycling by average)[67]
Verified22ELV Directive 2000/53/EC target for recovery is 95% by average[67]
Verified23EU End-of-life Vehicles Directive target for reuse/recycling is 85% by average[67]
Verified24EU ELV directive deadline required Member States to transpose by 21 April 2002[67]
Directional25EU Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC establishes recycling/priority rules[68]
Single source26EU regulation on tyre labelling (Regulation (EU) 2020/740) includes rolling resistance label A-G scale[69]
Verified27EU tyre labelling regulation requires minimum performance classes in A-G format[69]
Verified28EU “Right to repair” directive (EU) 2019/771? includes availability of spare parts for repair; for vehicles, must ensure availability for at least 5 years after placing last product on market[70]
Verified29EU Motor Vehicles Block Exemption Regulation (Regulation (EU) No 461/2010) covers aftermarket agreements for a 10-year period (as implemented)[71]
Directional30EU Regulation (EU) 715/2007 includes limit values for NOx and CO2 for type approval; Euro 6 NOx limit for diesel cars is 80 mg/km (type approval)[60]
Single source31Euro 6 diesel NOx limit of 80 mg/km (passenger cars) is stated in Annex I of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 as amended[60]
Verified32Euro 6 petrol HC+NOx limit is 60 mg/km[60]
Verified33EU Regulation (EU) 2019/631 includes a 1.1 multiplication factor for zero-emission vehicles for 2021 (super-credit)[17]
Verified34EU Regulation (EU) 2023/1691 amends AFIR for EV charger obligations, includes minimum power levels (e.g., 150 kW for light-duty fast chargers by 2025)[72]
Directional35Minimum power for light-duty fast charging stations under AFIR is 150 kW by 2025[72]
Single sourcePolicy & Regulations Interpretation
These EU auto rules are basically a long, tightening chain of “measure it, cap it, label it, and fix it” requirements, from Euro 6 and CO2 reduction targets (with zero emissions getting a super credit) to later safety and data obligations, charging and battery labeling, and even end-of-life recycling, all enforced by increasingly specific regulations that treat every gram of exhaust and every missing spare part as if it were a moral failing.
References
- 1acea.auto/files/2024/ACEA-European-car-sales-2023.pdf
- 2acea.auto/files/2023/ACEA-European-car-sales-2022.pdf
- 3acea.auto/news/market-data-europe-2023/
- 4acea.auto/news/european-car-sales-q1-2024/
- 5acea.auto/files/2024/ACEA-Pocket-guide-2024.pdf
- 6acea.auto/files/2023/ACEA-Pocket-guide-2023.pdf
- 7acea.auto/files/2021/ACEA-European-car-sales-2020.pdf
- 8acea.auto/files/2022/ACEA-European-car-sales-2021.pdf
- 9acea.auto/news/european-car-sales-december-2023/
- 10acea.auto/news/european-car-sales-december-2022/
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- 30acea.auto/files/2024/ACEA-Industry-statistics-2024.pdf
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