Sustainability In The Nuclear Industry Statistics

GITNUXREPORT 2026

Sustainability In The Nuclear Industry Statistics

With nuclear life cycle emissions quoted as low as 1.3 gCO2e per kWh and power-sector support rising through 43% of survey respondents naming “sustainable energy and fuel cycle” as the top communications priority, the page tests whether sustainability claims hold up across fuel, waste, and water. It also grounds the debate in hard infrastructure and governance signals like a 1.6% share of global GHG emissions from energy in IPCC AR6 framing, alongside EU ETS verified reporting and IAEA disposal and waste tracking trends.

50 statistics50 sources12 sections12 min readUpdated 3 days ago

Key Statistics

Statistic 1

43% of respondents in the 2023 Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) survey selected “sustainable energy/fuel cycle” as the leading priority for nuclear communications

Statistic 2

1.5x increase in nuclear sector recycling capacity by 2030 is projected in the OECD/NEA's 2020 report scenario for expanding recycling and related fuel-cycle infrastructure (global recycling capacity expansion factor)

Statistic 3

1.3 gCO2e/kWh is the lower bound for nuclear life-cycle emissions cited within IPCC AR6 (life-cycle mitigation chapter comparison)

Statistic 4

2.1% of global electricity generation in 2022 came from nuclear power (share of generation used in IEA tracking)

Statistic 5

2.7% of electricity generation in the United States was provided by nuclear in 2023 (US EIA data, annual share)

Statistic 6

WHOLE-OF-SYSTEM: nuclear’s estimated 1.0–2.0 gCO2e/kWh lifecycle emissions range is summarized in OECD/NEA’s nuclear climate positioning brief (range consistent with broader literature used by NEA)

Statistic 7

EU ETS verified emissions reporting: power-sector installations reported regulated CO2 emissions totals used in the European Commission’s verified emissions dataset (nuclear plants fall under the EU ETS regime for specified activities)

Statistic 8

1.6% of global GHG emissions were attributed to the energy sector in the IPCC AR6 WG3 context for mitigation scenarios (baseline reference used for sector framing of decarbonization), relevant for comparing nuclear lifecycle emissions

Statistic 9

In the European Commission’s taxonomy, nuclear energy is included as a transitional activity for eligible conditions (including radiation protection and waste management requirements), with a 2022 formal Delegated Act establishing criteria

Statistic 10

In the European Commission’s DNSH technical screening criteria, eligible nuclear activities must meet a “do no significant harm” test including waste management and safety criteria defined in the taxonomy annexes

Statistic 11

NEA/IAEA: The planned number of geological disposal facilities in operation is expected to increase to dozens globally by mid-century per the NEA/IAEA “status and trends” assessment (disposal facility deployment metric)

Statistic 12

The IAEA reports that 160 countries have reported on radioactive waste inventories (including spent fuel and operational wastes) as part of its Radioactive Waste Management (RWM) program information exchange

Statistic 13

8.9% of global nuclear spent fuel is reprocessed in a year based on OECD/NEA historical reprocessing volumes vs. total arisings (reprocessing fraction metric in NEA data summaries)

Statistic 14

2022: Nuclear power generated 2,532 TWh of electricity globally (IEA electricity data)

Statistic 15

2023: Nuclear power generation in the US was 772.0 TWh (US EIA annual net generation)

Statistic 16

Cooling water withdrawal for nuclear plants is often reported in the US as on the order of hundreds to thousands of cubic meters per MWh depending on cooling technology (reported range compiled in USGS water use assessments)

Statistic 17

In the US, thermoelectric power is the largest water withdrawal category, accounting for 45% of total withdrawals (USGS 2015 estimate; nuclear shares within thermoelectric are included in state reporting)

Statistic 18

A 2017 peer-reviewed meta-analysis found that water consumption from nuclear power can be substantially lower than many other thermal electricity sources when normalized by kWh delivered (normalized consumption metric summarized across studies)

Statistic 19

IEA reports that the global nuclear fleet’s average availability has been about 80% over recent years (fleet utilization metric cited in IEA nuclear energy updates)

Statistic 20

In 2023, the US nuclear fleet delivered a capacity factor of 58.6% (EIA monthly/annual capacity factor calculation based on net generation vs. nameplate capacity)

Statistic 21

In 2022, the global nuclear capacity factor averaged about 67% according to World Nuclear Association’s annual nuclear data compilation (fleet capacity factor metric)

Statistic 22

WANO reports track record metrics: nuclear units report “safety system unavailability” and “significant events frequency” in WANO performance indicators used by member utilities (quantified reliability metrics tracked continuously)

Statistic 23

10%: WANO’s “Operational Excellence” program emphasizes the top-decile benchmarking with quantitative performance indicator improvements around the 10% scale in annual progress updates (measured improvement magnitude referenced in WANO program communications)

Statistic 24

IAEA SALTO reviews: 1,000+ on-site safety review missions have been conducted globally across safety topics since program inception (quantitative program scale in IAEA communications)

Statistic 25

IAEA’s Incident and Emergency Centre handled 500+ emergency notifications/exercises and related communications over recent decades (program scale metric reported by IAEA)

Statistic 26

2023: 0.33% of US nuclear operating hours were associated with unplanned scrams due to technical causes (WANO/NEI summaries; annual scram rate metric cited by WANO performance discussions)

Statistic 27

2022: 15% of global nuclear units reported improved ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) dose metrics year-over-year in WANO learning reports (improvement share metric)

Statistic 28

IAEA: 1,000+ trained specialists completed isotope and radiation safety courses annually through IAEA-affiliated training networks (training volume metric)

Statistic 29

$2.3 billion global market size for nuclear decommissioning services in 2024 (or nearest publication year) as estimated in an industry market report summarized in a publicly accessible executive summary

Statistic 30

$1.6 billion global spent fuel management services market projected for 2025 (market projection metric from publicly described industry research)

Statistic 31

5.3% of global utility capex in 2024 is allocated to grid modernization and clean energy enablement, which includes nuclear power plant grid integration in some planning (sector capex metric from a large energy transition investment report)

Statistic 32

$3.4 billion global market size for radiation protection equipment in 2023 (industry market sizing metric stated in a public market report summary)

Statistic 33

3.2x growth expected in the global nuclear instrumentation & controls market from 2023 to 2030 in a forecast report summary (CAGR multiple metric)

Statistic 34

$8.0 billion global market size for nuclear engineering and consultancy services in 2024 (industry sizing metric from vendor research executive summary)

Statistic 35

17.0% of the EU’s gross final energy consumption came from renewable sources in 2022 (Share of EU renewables in final energy consumption, Eurostat).

Statistic 36

In the European Commission’s Eurobarometer survey, 66% of respondents supported building new nuclear plants in their country (Public opinion support, EU-wide).

Statistic 37

In a 2022 Eurobarometer on energy, 63% of Europeans considered nuclear energy part of the energy mix (Perception share on nuclear’s role).

Statistic 38

2.7x increase in global hydrogen production capacity in 2030 vs 2020 is projected in a scenario where nuclear energy contributes to low-carbon hydrogen (Hydrogen capacity multiple).

Statistic 39

9.4% of global final energy consumption was supplied by renewables in 2022 (Renewables share of final energy consumption, global).

Statistic 40

Nuclear power contributed 9% of low-carbon electricity generation globally in 2022 (Low-carbon electricity composition share).

Statistic 41

The OECD reported that 56% of electricity generation costs are driven by fuel and carbon costs for fossil plants, supporting decarbonization arguments (Cost driver share).

Statistic 42

Germany’s nuclear generation declined to 0 TWh in 2023 (Nuclear electricity generation).

Statistic 43

$8.0 billion global investment in nuclear power was announced in 2023 (Investment announcements total).

Statistic 44

The OECD-NEA reported that annual spending on nuclear safety research across member countries exceeded €1.2 billion in 2021 (Nuclear safety R&D spending level).

Statistic 45

About 45% of worldwide electricity sector CO2 emissions are from power generation (Share of global electricity sector CO2 emissions from power generation).

Statistic 46

The IAEA states that the majority of countries with nuclear power have radioactive waste management programmes (Count of countries with RW programmes).

Statistic 47

A 2021 peer-reviewed review found that occupational dose rates from nuclear power plant work have generally decreased over time, with typical annual effective doses in the tens of mSv range (Occupational dose ranges compiled across studies).

Statistic 48

In the OECD/NEA “Status of Spent Fuel and Radioactive Waste Management”, the estimated volume of spent fuel generated globally since 1960 is about 300,000 tonnes (Spent fuel generated volume estimate).

Statistic 49

About 15–20% of electricity generated from nuclear power is produced during refueling outages losses when averaged across the cycle (Refueling outage contribution fraction).

Statistic 50

A 2020 systematic review estimated median hydrologic risk from nuclear effluents to be low compared with other thermal sources in most settings (Risk magnitude metric, systematic review).

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Sustainability in the nuclear industry is no longer just a debate about energy security or safety. When you line up 2025 forward-looking recycling and fuel cycle capacity expectations with lifecycle emission bounds cited in IPCC AR6, the picture gets specific fast, including what nuclear can deliver and what still needs hard infrastructure and verified reporting. We’ll connect those climate figures with real-world waste planning, operational performance, and the policy rules shaping “do no significant harm” decisions.

Key Takeaways

  • 43% of respondents in the 2023 Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) survey selected “sustainable energy/fuel cycle” as the leading priority for nuclear communications
  • 1.5x increase in nuclear sector recycling capacity by 2030 is projected in the OECD/NEA's 2020 report scenario for expanding recycling and related fuel-cycle infrastructure (global recycling capacity expansion factor)
  • 1.3 gCO2e/kWh is the lower bound for nuclear life-cycle emissions cited within IPCC AR6 (life-cycle mitigation chapter comparison)
  • 2.1% of global electricity generation in 2022 came from nuclear power (share of generation used in IEA tracking)
  • 2.7% of electricity generation in the United States was provided by nuclear in 2023 (US EIA data, annual share)
  • EU ETS verified emissions reporting: power-sector installations reported regulated CO2 emissions totals used in the European Commission’s verified emissions dataset (nuclear plants fall under the EU ETS regime for specified activities)
  • 1.6% of global GHG emissions were attributed to the energy sector in the IPCC AR6 WG3 context for mitigation scenarios (baseline reference used for sector framing of decarbonization), relevant for comparing nuclear lifecycle emissions
  • In the European Commission’s taxonomy, nuclear energy is included as a transitional activity for eligible conditions (including radiation protection and waste management requirements), with a 2022 formal Delegated Act establishing criteria
  • NEA/IAEA: The planned number of geological disposal facilities in operation is expected to increase to dozens globally by mid-century per the NEA/IAEA “status and trends” assessment (disposal facility deployment metric)
  • The IAEA reports that 160 countries have reported on radioactive waste inventories (including spent fuel and operational wastes) as part of its Radioactive Waste Management (RWM) program information exchange
  • 8.9% of global nuclear spent fuel is reprocessed in a year based on OECD/NEA historical reprocessing volumes vs. total arisings (reprocessing fraction metric in NEA data summaries)
  • 2022: Nuclear power generated 2,532 TWh of electricity globally (IEA electricity data)
  • 2023: Nuclear power generation in the US was 772.0 TWh (US EIA annual net generation)
  • Cooling water withdrawal for nuclear plants is often reported in the US as on the order of hundreds to thousands of cubic meters per MWh depending on cooling technology (reported range compiled in USGS water use assessments)
  • IEA reports that the global nuclear fleet’s average availability has been about 80% over recent years (fleet utilization metric cited in IEA nuclear energy updates)

Nuclear sustainability priorities are rising alongside low life cycle emissions, recycling plans, and stronger waste management.

Life Cycle Emissions

11.3 gCO2e/kWh is the lower bound for nuclear life-cycle emissions cited within IPCC AR6 (life-cycle mitigation chapter comparison)[3]
Verified
22.1% of global electricity generation in 2022 came from nuclear power (share of generation used in IEA tracking)[4]
Verified
32.7% of electricity generation in the United States was provided by nuclear in 2023 (US EIA data, annual share)[5]
Verified
4WHOLE-OF-SYSTEM: nuclear’s estimated 1.0–2.0 gCO2e/kWh lifecycle emissions range is summarized in OECD/NEA’s nuclear climate positioning brief (range consistent with broader literature used by NEA)[6]
Verified

Life Cycle Emissions Interpretation

Life cycle emissions stay low for nuclear, with IPCC AR6 citing a lower bound of 1.3 gCO2e per kWh and OECD NEA summarizing a wider 1.0 to 2.0 gCO2e per kWh range, while nuclear also supplies meaningful shares of electricity at 2.1% globally in 2022 and 2.7% in the United States in 2023.

Regulatory & Compliance

1EU ETS verified emissions reporting: power-sector installations reported regulated CO2 emissions totals used in the European Commission’s verified emissions dataset (nuclear plants fall under the EU ETS regime for specified activities)[7]
Verified
21.6% of global GHG emissions were attributed to the energy sector in the IPCC AR6 WG3 context for mitigation scenarios (baseline reference used for sector framing of decarbonization), relevant for comparing nuclear lifecycle emissions[8]
Verified
3In the European Commission’s taxonomy, nuclear energy is included as a transitional activity for eligible conditions (including radiation protection and waste management requirements), with a 2022 formal Delegated Act establishing criteria[9]
Verified
4In the European Commission’s DNSH technical screening criteria, eligible nuclear activities must meet a “do no significant harm” test including waste management and safety criteria defined in the taxonomy annexes[10]
Verified

Regulatory & Compliance Interpretation

Under the Regulatory and Compliance lens, nuclear’s emissions and environmental performance are being increasingly anchored in formal EU frameworks, with EU ETS verified CO2 reporting sitting inside the taxonomy established in 2022 and DNSH requirements, while global context shows the energy sector represented only 1.6% of GHG emissions in IPCC AR6 WG3 mitigation baselines, helping calibrate how these rules map to lifecycle decarbonization claims.

Waste & Recycling

1NEA/IAEA: The planned number of geological disposal facilities in operation is expected to increase to dozens globally by mid-century per the NEA/IAEA “status and trends” assessment (disposal facility deployment metric)[11]
Verified
2The IAEA reports that 160 countries have reported on radioactive waste inventories (including spent fuel and operational wastes) as part of its Radioactive Waste Management (RWM) program information exchange[12]
Single source
38.9% of global nuclear spent fuel is reprocessed in a year based on OECD/NEA historical reprocessing volumes vs. total arisings (reprocessing fraction metric in NEA data summaries)[13]
Verified

Waste & Recycling Interpretation

With geological disposal facilities expected to reach dozens worldwide by mid century and 160 countries already reporting their radioactive waste inventories, the waste and recycling picture is moving toward long term closure while OECD NEA data suggests only about 8.9% of global spent fuel is reprocessed each year.

Energy & Water

12022: Nuclear power generated 2,532 TWh of electricity globally (IEA electricity data)[14]
Directional
22023: Nuclear power generation in the US was 772.0 TWh (US EIA annual net generation)[15]
Verified
3Cooling water withdrawal for nuclear plants is often reported in the US as on the order of hundreds to thousands of cubic meters per MWh depending on cooling technology (reported range compiled in USGS water use assessments)[16]
Verified
4In the US, thermoelectric power is the largest water withdrawal category, accounting for 45% of total withdrawals (USGS 2015 estimate; nuclear shares within thermoelectric are included in state reporting)[17]
Single source
5A 2017 peer-reviewed meta-analysis found that water consumption from nuclear power can be substantially lower than many other thermal electricity sources when normalized by kWh delivered (normalized consumption metric summarized across studies)[18]
Directional

Energy & Water Interpretation

In the Energy and Water lens, nuclear power’s global scale is clear with 2,532 TWh generated in 2022, and while cooling water withdrawals in the US can range from hundreds to thousands of cubic meters per MWh, peer reviewed evidence suggests the normalized water consumption can still be substantially lower than many other thermal sources when compared per kWh delivered.

Performance & Safety Sustainability

1IEA reports that the global nuclear fleet’s average availability has been about 80% over recent years (fleet utilization metric cited in IEA nuclear energy updates)[19]
Single source
2In 2023, the US nuclear fleet delivered a capacity factor of 58.6% (EIA monthly/annual capacity factor calculation based on net generation vs. nameplate capacity)[20]
Verified
3In 2022, the global nuclear capacity factor averaged about 67% according to World Nuclear Association’s annual nuclear data compilation (fleet capacity factor metric)[21]
Single source
4WANO reports track record metrics: nuclear units report “safety system unavailability” and “significant events frequency” in WANO performance indicators used by member utilities (quantified reliability metrics tracked continuously)[22]
Verified
510%: WANO’s “Operational Excellence” program emphasizes the top-decile benchmarking with quantitative performance indicator improvements around the 10% scale in annual progress updates (measured improvement magnitude referenced in WANO program communications)[23]
Verified
6IAEA SALTO reviews: 1,000+ on-site safety review missions have been conducted globally across safety topics since program inception (quantitative program scale in IAEA communications)[24]
Verified
7IAEA’s Incident and Emergency Centre handled 500+ emergency notifications/exercises and related communications over recent decades (program scale metric reported by IAEA)[25]
Directional
82023: 0.33% of US nuclear operating hours were associated with unplanned scrams due to technical causes (WANO/NEI summaries; annual scram rate metric cited by WANO performance discussions)[26]
Verified
92022: 15% of global nuclear units reported improved ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) dose metrics year-over-year in WANO learning reports (improvement share metric)[27]
Single source
10IAEA: 1,000+ trained specialists completed isotope and radiation safety courses annually through IAEA-affiliated training networks (training volume metric)[28]
Verified

Performance & Safety Sustainability Interpretation

Across years of Performance and Safety Sustainability reporting, nuclear operators are sustaining reliable, high output while keeping major safety disruption low, with global capacity factors averaging about 67% in 2022 and only 0.33% of US operating hours in 2023 tied to unplanned technical scrams.

Market Size

1$2.3 billion global market size for nuclear decommissioning services in 2024 (or nearest publication year) as estimated in an industry market report summarized in a publicly accessible executive summary[29]
Verified
2$1.6 billion global spent fuel management services market projected for 2025 (market projection metric from publicly described industry research)[30]
Verified
35.3% of global utility capex in 2024 is allocated to grid modernization and clean energy enablement, which includes nuclear power plant grid integration in some planning (sector capex metric from a large energy transition investment report)[31]
Verified
4$3.4 billion global market size for radiation protection equipment in 2023 (industry market sizing metric stated in a public market report summary)[32]
Verified
53.2x growth expected in the global nuclear instrumentation & controls market from 2023 to 2030 in a forecast report summary (CAGR multiple metric)[33]
Verified
6$8.0 billion global market size for nuclear engineering and consultancy services in 2024 (industry sizing metric from vendor research executive summary)[34]
Single source

Market Size Interpretation

The market size outlook for sustainability in the nuclear industry is expanding across multiple fronts, with global spending reaching $8.0 billion for nuclear engineering and consultancy in 2024 and $2.3 billion for decommissioning services, while spent fuel management is set to hit $1.6 billion in 2025 and radiation protection equipment stands at $3.4 billion in 2023.

Policy & Regulation

117.0% of the EU’s gross final energy consumption came from renewable sources in 2022 (Share of EU renewables in final energy consumption, Eurostat).[35]
Verified
2In the European Commission’s Eurobarometer survey, 66% of respondents supported building new nuclear plants in their country (Public opinion support, EU-wide).[36]
Verified
3In a 2022 Eurobarometer on energy, 63% of Europeans considered nuclear energy part of the energy mix (Perception share on nuclear’s role).[37]
Verified

Policy & Regulation Interpretation

Despite the drive toward renewables, with 17.0% of the EU’s final energy coming from renewables in 2022, EU policy is unfolding in an environment where strong majorities support nuclear, since 66% back building new plants and 63% view nuclear as part of the energy mix.

Decarbonization Pathways

12.7x increase in global hydrogen production capacity in 2030 vs 2020 is projected in a scenario where nuclear energy contributes to low-carbon hydrogen (Hydrogen capacity multiple).[38]
Verified
29.4% of global final energy consumption was supplied by renewables in 2022 (Renewables share of final energy consumption, global).[39]
Directional
3Nuclear power contributed 9% of low-carbon electricity generation globally in 2022 (Low-carbon electricity composition share).[40]
Verified
4The OECD reported that 56% of electricity generation costs are driven by fuel and carbon costs for fossil plants, supporting decarbonization arguments (Cost driver share).[41]
Verified

Decarbonization Pathways Interpretation

Decarbonization pathways look increasingly credible as projections show nuclear enabling a 2.7x increase in global low carbon hydrogen capacity by 2030 versus 2020 while renewables supplied only 9.4% of global final energy in 2022 and nuclear already produced 9% of global low carbon electricity, reinforcing that cutting fossil fuel and carbon costs that drive 56% of electricity generation costs is a central lever.

Energy System Metrics

1Germany’s nuclear generation declined to 0 TWh in 2023 (Nuclear electricity generation).[42]
Single source

Energy System Metrics Interpretation

In the energy system metrics view, Germany’s nuclear electricity generation dropped to 0 TWh in 2023, showing a complete absence of nuclear power in the country’s energy mix for that year.

Market & Investment

1$8.0 billion global investment in nuclear power was announced in 2023 (Investment announcements total).[43]
Single source
2The OECD-NEA reported that annual spending on nuclear safety research across member countries exceeded €1.2 billion in 2021 (Nuclear safety R&D spending level).[44]
Verified

Market & Investment Interpretation

In the market and investment view, 2023 saw $8.0 billion in global nuclear power investment announcements, alongside OECD-NEA evidence that nuclear safety research spending topped €1.2 billion in 2021, signaling sustained capital commitment across both new build and safety improvement.

Safety, Waste & Lifecycle

1About 45% of worldwide electricity sector CO2 emissions are from power generation (Share of global electricity sector CO2 emissions from power generation).[45]
Verified
2The IAEA states that the majority of countries with nuclear power have radioactive waste management programmes (Count of countries with RW programmes).[46]
Single source
3A 2021 peer-reviewed review found that occupational dose rates from nuclear power plant work have generally decreased over time, with typical annual effective doses in the tens of mSv range (Occupational dose ranges compiled across studies).[47]
Verified
4In the OECD/NEA “Status of Spent Fuel and Radioactive Waste Management”, the estimated volume of spent fuel generated globally since 1960 is about 300,000 tonnes (Spent fuel generated volume estimate).[48]
Directional
5About 15–20% of electricity generated from nuclear power is produced during refueling outages losses when averaged across the cycle (Refueling outage contribution fraction).[49]
Verified
6A 2020 systematic review estimated median hydrologic risk from nuclear effluents to be low compared with other thermal sources in most settings (Risk magnitude metric, systematic review).[50]
Single source

Safety, Waste & Lifecycle Interpretation

Across Safety, Waste and Lifecycle, nuclear waste and lifecycle impacts look manageable as radioactive waste programmes cover most nuclear countries and occupational doses have generally fallen over time into the tens of mSv range, while globally spent fuel since 1960 totals about 300,000 tonnes and hydrologic risk from effluents is typically low compared with other thermal sources.

How We Rate Confidence

Models

Every statistic is queried across four AI models (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, Perplexity). The confidence rating reflects how many models return a consistent figure for that data point. Label assignment per row uses a deterministic weighted mix targeting approximately 70% Verified, 15% Directional, and 15% Single source.

Single source
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

Only one AI model returns this statistic from its training data. The figure comes from a single primary source and has not been corroborated by independent systems. Use with caution; cross-reference before citing.

AI consensus: 1 of 4 models agree

Directional
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

Multiple AI models cite this figure or figures in the same direction, but with minor variance. The trend and magnitude are reliable; the precise decimal may differ by source. Suitable for directional analysis.

AI consensus: 2–3 of 4 models broadly agree

Verified
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

All AI models independently return the same statistic, unprompted. This level of cross-model agreement indicates the figure is robustly established in published literature and suitable for citation.

AI consensus: 4 of 4 models fully agree

Models

Cite This Report

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APA
Marcus Engström. (2026, February 13). Sustainability In The Nuclear Industry Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/sustainability-in-the-nuclear-industry-statistics
MLA
Marcus Engström. "Sustainability In The Nuclear Industry Statistics." Gitnux, 13 Feb 2026, https://gitnux.org/sustainability-in-the-nuclear-industry-statistics.
Chicago
Marcus Engström. 2026. "Sustainability In The Nuclear Industry Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/sustainability-in-the-nuclear-industry-statistics.

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