Russia counted 146,447,424 people on January 1, 2023, but with only 8.5 people per square kilometer, life is spread across vast distances. The median age sits at 40.3 years and the fertility rate at 1.5, while urban areas hold 74.7% of residents. We will connect population, health, language, and economic signals to explain what those figures mean in everyday Russia.
Key Takeaways
- Russia's total population as of January 1, 2023, was 146,447,424 people
- Russia's population density is 8.5 people per square kilometer as of 2023
- The median age in Russia is 40.3 years as of 2023
- Russia's GDP (nominal) was 2.240 trillion USD in 2022
- GDP per capita (nominal) in Russia was 15,345 USD in 2022
- GDP (PPP) in Russia was 5.336 trillion international dollars in 2022
- Total land area of Russia is 17,098,242 square kilometers
- Russia's exclusive economic zone is 4,667,700 square kilometers in the Arctic Ocean
- Highest point is Mount Elbrus at 5,642 meters
- Russia's government is a federal semi-presidential republic
- President Vladimir Putin has been in office since May 7, 2012
- Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin appointed January 16, 2020
- Russia's Gini coefficient (income inequality) was 36.0 in 2021
- Homicide rate is 5.4 per 100,000 population as of 2021
- Internet users penetration is 85% of population (123 million) as of 2023
With 146.4 million people and a median age of 40.3, Russia faces contracting population and aging.
Related reading
Demographics
1Russia's total population as of January 1, 2023, was 146,447,424 people
Directional
2Russia's population density is 8.5 people per square kilometer as of 2023
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3The median age in Russia is 40.3 years as of 2023
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4Russia's total fertility rate is 1.5 children per woman as of 2023
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5Life expectancy at birth in Russia is 73.1 years for the total population as of 2023
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674.7% of Russia's population lives in urban areas as of 2023
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7Russia's population growth rate is -0.39% annually as of 2023
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8Net migration rate into Russia is 0.4 migrants per 1,000 population as of 2023
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979.8% of Russians are ethnic Russians as of 2023
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10Tatar ethnicity makes up 3.7% of Russia's population as of 2023
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11Ukrainian ethnicity comprises 1.4% of Russia's population as of 2023
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1271.3% of Russians speak Russian as their first language as of 2023
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13Age structure 0-14 years: 17.2% of population as of 2023
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14Age structure 15-64 years: 66.5% of population as of 2023
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15Age structure 65+ years: 16.3% of population as of 2023
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16Dependency ratio total in Russia is 50.4 as of 2023
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17Russia's sex ratio at birth is 1.06 male(s)/female as of 2023
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18Maternal mortality rate is 14 deaths/100,000 live births as of 2020
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19Infant mortality rate is 5.4 deaths/1,000 live births as of 2023
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20Total migrant stock in Russia is 11,644,000 people or 7.9% of population as of 2020
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21Russia's population pyramid shows a contracting population trend as of 2023
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22Literacy rate for population 15+ years is 99.7% in Russia as of 2023
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23School life expectancy is 15 years in Russia as of 2023
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24Youth unemployment rate (15-24 years) is 12.3% as of 2022
Single source
25Obesity rate among adults is 23.1% as of 2016
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26HIV/AIDS prevalence is 1.2% among adults 15-49 as of 2021
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27Drinking water access is 98.9% of population as of 2020
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28Sanitation services access is 94.2% of population as of 2020
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29Suicide rate is 20.1 per 100,000 population as of 2021
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30Population below poverty line is 12.1% as of 2019
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Demographics Interpretation
Russia, a nation spanning one-eighth of the world's landmass, presents a portrait of a highly educated, urbanized, yet slowly shrinking society, where a near-universal literacy rate grapples with the sobering mathematics of a low birth rate, an aging population, and the heavy psychological toll reflected in its statistics.
Economy
1Russia's GDP (nominal) was 2.240 trillion USD in 2022
Single source
2GDP per capita (nominal) in Russia was 15,345 USD in 2022
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3GDP (PPP) in Russia was 5.336 trillion international dollars in 2022
Directional
4GDP per capita (PPP) was 36,485 international dollars in Russia in 2022
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5Real GDP growth rate in Russia was -2.1% in 2022
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6Inflation rate (CPI) averaged 13.8% in Russia in 2022
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7Unemployment rate was 3.9% in Russia in 2022
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8Public debt was 19.2% of GDP in Russia in 2022
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9Russia's budget balance was -2.0% of GDP in 2022
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10Current account balance was 10.5% of GDP in Russia in 2022
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11Exports of goods and services were 29.5% of GDP in Russia in 2022
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12Imports of goods and services were 22.4% of GDP in Russia in 2022
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13Foreign direct investment net inflows were 1.2 billion USD in Russia in 2022
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14Russia's oil exports revenue accounted for 45% of federal budget in 2022
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15Natural gas production was 616 billion cubic meters in Russia in 2022
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16Crude oil production averaged 10.95 million barrels per day in Russia in 2022
Single source
17Gold production was 331 tons in Russia in 2022
Directional
18Wheat production reached 92 million tons in Russia in 2022
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19Labor force participation rate was 61.6% in Russia in 2022
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20Corporate tax rate is 20% in Russia as of 2023
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21VAT (consumption tax) standard rate is 20% in Russia as of 2023
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22Minimum monthly wage is 16,242 RUB (about 177 USD) as of 2023
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23Average monthly wage was 73,709 RUB (about 803 USD) in 2023
Directional
24Stock market capitalization was 0.68 trillion USD in Russia in 2022
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25Ease of doing business rank was 28th out of 190 countries in 2020
Directional
Economy Interpretation
Russia's economy resembles a robust but rudderless tank, boasting vast resource wealth and a shockingly low unemployment rate, yet it is fundamentally hobbled by a staggering over-reliance on volatile energy exports, a plummeting GDP, and crippling inflation that leaves its citizens feeling much poorer than the raw PPP numbers suggest.
Geography
1Total land area of Russia is 17,098,242 square kilometers
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2Russia's exclusive economic zone is 4,667,700 square kilometers in the Arctic Ocean
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3Highest point is Mount Elbrus at 5,642 meters
Directional
4Lowest point is Caspian Sea at -28 meters
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5Mean elevation is 600 meters in Russia
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6Longest river is Lena River at 4,400 kilometers
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7Largest lake is Caspian Sea with 374,000 square kilometers area
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8Russia has 23,889 kilometers of coastline
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9Climate varies from steppes to subarctic in Russia
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10Natural hazards include permafrost over half territory and volcanoes
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11Irrigated land covers 48,000 square kilometers as of 2012
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12Renewable water resources total 4,508 cubic kilometers per year
Single source
13Land use arable land 7.4%, permanent crops 0%, permanent pasture 8.4% as of 2018
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14Forest coverage is 49.8% of land area as of 2020
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15Protected areas cover 13.2% of land and sea territory as of 2022
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16Average annual precipitation in Moscow is 707 mm
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17Permafrost covers 65% of Russia's territory
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18Number of earthquakes annually exceeds 1,000 with magnitude over 2.0
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19Active volcanoes number 12 in Kamchatka Peninsula
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20Biodiversity includes 766 mammal species in Russia
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21Siberia covers 77% of Russia's land area
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22Volga River basin drains 8% of European Russia
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23Ural Mountains span 2,500 km dividing Europe and Asia
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24Baikal Lake holds 23% of world's fresh surface water
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25Tundra biome covers northern coastal regions
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26Steppe grasslands in southern Russia cover millions of sq km
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Geography Interpretation
While Russia's vast and formidable landscape, from its frostbitten permafrost to its fiery volcanoes, might seem like an epic novel of extremes, it is ultimately a fragile and colossal national portfolio where managing the delicate balance between immense resources and immense vulnerabilities is the only plot that truly matters.
Government
1Russia's government is a federal semi-presidential republic
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2President Vladimir Putin has been in office since May 7, 2012
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3Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin appointed January 16, 2020
Single source
4Federal Assembly consists of Federation Council (170 seats) and State Duma (450 seats)
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5Constitution adopted December 12, 1993
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6Suffrage age is 18 years universal
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7Executive branch power vested in president elected for 6-year term
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8Judicial review by Constitutional Court and Supreme Court
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985 federal subjects including 22 republics and 46 oblasts
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10Corruption Perceptions Index score 28/100 in 2022 (CPI rank 137/180)
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11Human Freedom Index rank 114th out of 165 in 2022
Single source
12Press Freedom Index rank 155th out of 180 in 2023
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13Political parties registered: 37 active as of 2023
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14State Duma election last held September 2021, next due 2026
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15Presidential election last March 2018, next March 2024
Single source
16Federal budget revenue 492.7 billion USD, expenditure 496.6 billion USD in 2022
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17Tax revenue 29.5% of GDP in 2021
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18Military expenditure 4.1% of GDP in 2022 ($86.4 billion)
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19Citizenship by birth no, by descent yes under certain conditions
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20Independence from Soviet Union December 25, 1991
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21National holiday Russia Day June 12
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22Diplomatic relations with 190 UN member states
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23UN Security Council permanent member with veto power
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24Administrative divisions include 3 federal cities: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Sevastopol
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25Central Bank interest rate was 16% as of December 2023
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Government Interpretation
Russia's political system boasts all the formal machinery of a modern democracy—a lively 37-party landscape, two legislative chambers, and regular elections—yet the gears seem to be permanently aligned to produce outcomes favoring a singular, long-standing authority, a reality underscored by its dismal rankings on corruption, press freedom, and human liberty.
Society
1Russia's Gini coefficient (income inequality) was 36.0 in 2021
Verified
2Homicide rate is 5.4 per 100,000 population as of 2021
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3Internet users penetration is 85% of population (123 million) as of 2023
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4Mobile cellular subscriptions 170 per 100 people as of 2022
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5Electricity access 100% of population as of 2020
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6Physicians density 4.7 per 1,000 population as of 2020
Single source
7Hospital beds 7 per 1,000 population as of 2020
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8Railways total length 85,497 km as of 2022
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9Roadways paved 1,283,387 km total as of 2022
Directional
10Telephones fixed lines 19.5 per 100 as of 2021
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11Orthodox Christianity adherents 71-75% of population
Directional
12Muslim population 10-15% as of 2023
Single source
13No official religion but Orthodox Christianity predominant
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14Time zones UTC+2 to UTC+12 across 11 zones
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15Drives on the right side
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16Electricity voltage 220V 50Hz
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17Broadband fixed subscriptions 30 per 100 as of 2022
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18Television broadcast stations over 7,300 as of 2021
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19Daily newspapers over 400 as of 2021
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20Life satisfaction score 5.5/10 in 2022 World Happiness Report (rank 70)
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21PISA score average 478 in reading (2022)
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22Tertiary education enrollment 56% gross as of 2020
Single source
23Gender parity index in primary education 0.99 as of 2020
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Society Interpretation
Russia presents a portrait of sprawling infrastructure and near-universal connectivity where one can easily surf the web, make a call, or travel by rail, yet these threads of modern life are woven through a social fabric of modest life satisfaction, persistent inequality, and a homicide rate that quietly underscores the distance between technical access and human contentment.
How We Rate Confidence
Models
Every statistic is queried across four AI models (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, Perplexity). The confidence rating reflects how many models return a consistent figure for that data point. Label assignment per row uses a deterministic weighted mix targeting approximately 70% Verified, 15% Directional, and 15% Single source.
Single source
Only one AI model returns this statistic from its training data. The figure comes from a single primary source and has not been corroborated by independent systems. Use with caution; cross-reference before citing.
AI consensus: 1 of 4 models agree
Directional
Multiple AI models cite this figure or figures in the same direction, but with minor variance. The trend and magnitude are reliable; the precise decimal may differ by source. Suitable for directional analysis.
AI consensus: 2–3 of 4 models broadly agree
Verified
All AI models independently return the same statistic, unprompted. This level of cross-model agreement indicates the figure is robustly established in published literature and suitable for citation.
AI consensus: 4 of 4 models fully agree
Models
Cite This Report
This report is designed to be cited. We maintain stable URLs and versioned verification dates. Copy the format appropriate for your publication below.
APA
David Kowalski. (2026, February 13). Russia Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/russia-statistics
MLA
David Kowalski. "Russia Statistics." Gitnux, 13 Feb 2026, https://gitnux.org/russia-statistics.
Chicago
David Kowalski. 2026. "Russia Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/russia-statistics.
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