GITNUXREPORT 2026

Repair Industry Statistics

Global repair industry revenue surged in 2023, driven by increasing demand and new technologies.

Rajesh Patel

Rajesh Patel

Team Lead & Senior Researcher with over 15 years of experience in market research and data analytics.

First published: Feb 13, 2026

Our Commitment to Accuracy

Rigorous fact-checking · Reputable sources · Regular updatesLearn more

Key Statistics

Statistic 1

U.S. 65% of consumers prefer repairing electronics over buying new in 2023 surveys.

Statistic 2

72% of U.S. car owners delayed repairs in 2023 due to inflation, opting for DIY.

Statistic 3

Globally, 58% of smartphone users seek repair services annually, up 12% from 2020.

Statistic 4

In Europe, 44% of households repaired appliances in 2022, driven by cost savings.

Statistic 5

U.S. millennials (45%) more likely to repair furniture than Gen Z (28%) in 2023.

Statistic 6

61% of Indian consumers choose local repair shops for electronics over brands.

Statistic 7

UK survey: 53% of consumers prioritize repair for sustainability reasons in 2023.

Statistic 8

38% of U.S. HVAC owners opt for repair over replacement, saving avg $1,200.

Statistic 9

Brazil: 67% of vehicle owners repair cars within 6 months of issue in 2023.

Statistic 10

Australia: 49% consumers use apps for booking repair services in 2023.

Statistic 11

China: 76% urban dwellers repair phones yearly, preferring authorized centers.

Statistic 12

Canada: 55% prefer eco-friendly repair options for appliances.

Statistic 13

Germany: 62% consumers willing to pay 20% premium for repair warranties.

Statistic 14

Japan: 41% delay auto repairs due to high costs, 2023 data.

Statistic 15

South Africa: 70% low-income households rely on informal repairs.

Statistic 16

France: 59% buy repair kits for small electronics, up 18% YoY.

Statistic 17

Mexico: 64% consumers repair bikes post-pandemic cycling surge.

Statistic 18

Italy: 52% prioritize repair for luxury goods like watches.

Statistic 19

Russia: 48% use online platforms for repair quotes in 2023.

Statistic 20

Spain: 57% Gen Z repair clothing and shoes sustainably.

Statistic 21

Turkey: 73% rural consumers depend on local repair for appliances.

Statistic 22

The U.S. employed 670,000 automotive repair technicians in 2023, with a 2.1% annual growth in workforce.

Statistic 23

Globally, electronics repair jobs numbered 2.5 million in 2023, projected to add 450,000 by 2030.

Statistic 24

U.S. appliance repair technicians totaled 45,200 in 2023, median wage $48,520 annually.

Statistic 25

In the EU, 1.2 million workers were in vehicle repair sectors in 2022, 1.8% YoY increase.

Statistic 26

India's repair industry employed 8.5 million people in 2023, with 15% in formal sector.

Statistic 27

U.S. computer repair specialists: 112,000 employed in 2023, 4.5% growth rate.

Statistic 28

UK furniture restorers and repairers: 12,500 jobs in 2023, average salary £28,000.

Statistic 29

Global HVAC repair workforce reached 4.1 million in 2023, shortage of 20% skilled labor.

Statistic 30

Brazil auto mechanics: 450,000 employed in 2023, 6.2% increase from 2022.

Statistic 31

Australia electronics repair technicians: 18,000 in 2023, median wage AUD 65,000.

Statistic 32

China repair industry labor force: 35 million in 2023, 12% YoY growth.

Statistic 33

U.S. bicycle repair mechanics: 8,200 employed, growing 7.1% annually.

Statistic 34

Germany vehicle repair workers: 750,000 in 2022, vacancy rate 5.3%.

Statistic 35

Canada appliance service techs: 22,400 in 2023, hourly wage CAD 28.50 median.

Statistic 36

South Africa repair sector jobs: 1.8 million informal workers in 2023.

Statistic 37

Japan electronics repair employment: 450,000, aging workforce issue with 25% over 55.

Statistic 38

France furniture repair artisans: 15,000 registered in 2023, 3.2% decline.

Statistic 39

U.S. motorcycle repair techs: 16,500 employed, 2.8% growth projected.

Statistic 40

Mexico repair industry workforce: 2.2 million, 40% informal economy.

Statistic 41

Italy shoe repair workers: 28,000 in 2023, average income €22,000.

Statistic 42

Russia auto repair employment: 900,000 in 2023, up 4.1%.

Statistic 43

Spain electronics service jobs: 95,000, unemployment rate in sector 8.2%.

Statistic 44

U.S. musical instrument repairers: 2,100 employed, hourly wage $22.40 median.

Statistic 45

Turkey appliance repair techs: 180,000, growth 9.5% YoY.

Statistic 46

Sweden vehicle mechanics: 45,000 jobs, gender split 92% male.

Statistic 47

Thailand repair sector: 3.5 million workers, 70% informal.

Statistic 48

In 2023, the global automotive repair market size reached $803.5 billion, projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.2% from 2024 to 2030 due to increasing vehicle ownership and aging fleets.

Statistic 49

The U.S. auto repair industry generated $68.4 billion in revenue in 2023, with a 2.8% year-over-year increase driven by rising labor costs and parts prices.

Statistic 50

Europe's repair services market for vehicles expanded to €250 billion in 2022, fueled by stringent emission regulations requiring frequent maintenance.

Statistic 51

The smartphone repair market worldwide was valued at $78.9 billion in 2023, expected to reach $112.4 billion by 2028 at a CAGR of 7.3%.

Statistic 52

U.S. household appliance repair industry revenue hit $11.2 billion in 2023, growing 3.1% annually from demand for energy-efficient repairs.

Statistic 53

Global electronics repair market size stood at $192.3 billion in 2022, with a forecasted CAGR of 6.8% through 2030 owing to e-waste reduction initiatives.

Statistic 54

The computer and laptop repair sector in North America generated $25.6 billion in 2023, up 5.2% from prior year due to remote work persistence.

Statistic 55

India's repair industry for consumer durables reached INR 45,000 crore in FY2023, growing at 12% CAGR driven by urbanization.

Statistic 56

U.S. furniture repair and restoration market was $4.8 billion in 2023, with 4.5% growth from sustainable refurbishing trends.

Statistic 57

Global right-to-repair market influence boosted repair revenues by 15% in 2023 across sectors, valued at $450 billion collectively.

Statistic 58

Automotive repair shops in the U.S. numbered 162,000 in 2023, contributing to a market expansion of $2.1 billion YoY.

Statistic 59

Asia-Pacific electronics repair market grew to $85.4 billion in 2023 at 8.1% CAGR, led by China and India.

Statistic 60

U.S. HVAC repair services revenue reached $15.7 billion in 2023, up 6.4% from energy cost pressures.

Statistic 61

Global watch and jewelry repair market valued at $12.3 billion in 2022, projected 5.2% CAGR to 2030.

Statistic 62

UK auto repair market hit £14.2 billion in 2023, with 3.7% growth from EV maintenance needs.

Statistic 63

Brazil's appliance repair industry expanded to BRL 8.5 billion in 2023, CAGR 7.8% from middle-class expansion.

Statistic 64

North American shoe repair market size was $1.2 billion in 2023, growing 2.9% via customization trends.

Statistic 65

Global bicycle repair market reached $4.5 billion in 2023, up 9.2% from cycling boom post-COVID.

Statistic 66

U.S. motorcycle repair revenue totaled $3.8 billion in 2023, 4.1% YoY increase.

Statistic 67

China's consumer electronics repair market was CNY 150 billion in 2023, CAGR 10.5%.

Statistic 68

European furniture repair sector valued at €6.7 billion in 2022, projected 4.8% growth.

Statistic 69

Australian auto repair industry revenue $12.4 billion AUD in 2023, up 3.2%.

Statistic 70

Global leather goods repair market $2.1 billion in 2023, 5.6% CAGR.

Statistic 71

U.S. musical instrument repair market $1.8 billion in 2023, growth 4.3%.

Statistic 72

Japan electronics repair services $45 billion JPY equivalent in 2023, 6.1% growth.

Statistic 73

Canada appliance repair market CAD 2.9 billion in 2023, 3.9% YoY.

Statistic 74

South Korea auto repair $18 trillion KRW in 2023, CAGR 4.7%.

Statistic 75

Mexico furniture repair industry MXN 15 billion in 2023, up 5.2%.

Statistic 76

Global toy repair market $0.9 billion in 2023, 7.4% growth from sustainability.

Statistic 77

U.S. sporting goods repair $1.1 billion in 2023, 3.5% increase.

Statistic 78

U.S. automotive repair market share 42% of total repair industry in 2023.

Statistic 79

Asia-Pacific holds 38% global electronics repair market in 2023.

Statistic 80

EU appliance repair penetration rate 28% higher than North America.

Statistic 81

Africa repair market grew 11.2% in informal sectors 2023.

Statistic 82

Middle East auto repair CAGR 6.5% from oil wealth vehicle fleets.

Statistic 83

Latin America furniture repair 15% of global sustainable practices.

Statistic 84

Oceania HVAC repairs per capita highest at 2.1 annually.

Statistic 85

Eastern Europe electronics repair costs 40% lower than Western EU.

Statistic 86

North America 55% adoption of right-to-repair laws impact.

Statistic 87

Southeast Asia bike repair market 25% global share.

Statistic 88

Scandinavia leads with 65% consumer repair index score.

Statistic 89

Sub-Saharan Africa informal repair 85% of total volume.

Statistic 90

Gulf Cooperation Council auto repairs $50B annually.

Statistic 91

Central Asia appliance repair growth 14% post-sanctions.

Statistic 92

Caribbean islands furniture restoration 20% tourism-driven.

Statistic 93

Baltic states electronics repair exports up 22%.

Statistic 94

Pacific Islands sustainable repair initiatives 30% funded by aid.

Statistic 95

Andean region vehicle repairs 18% GDP contribution informal.

Statistic 96

Central Europe watch repair hubs 12% global skilled labor.

Statistic 97

25% of repair shops adopted AI diagnostics in 2023, improving accuracy by 40%.

Statistic 98

Drone-based inspections in building repair increased efficiency by 35% in 2023 pilots.

Statistic 99

3D printing used in 18% of automotive part repairs globally in 2023.

Statistic 100

AR apps for DIY electronics repair downloaded 50 million times in 2023.

Statistic 101

Blockchain for repair warranties adopted by 12% of appliance firms in 2023.

Statistic 102

Robotic arms in phone repair shops boosted throughput by 60% in Asia 2023.

Statistic 103

IoT sensors predict 70% of HVAC failures before occurrence in 2023 installs.

Statistic 104

VR training for mechanics reduced onboarding time by 45% in 2023.

Statistic 105

Machine learning algorithms cut diagnostic time in auto repair by 50% in EU shops.

Statistic 106

Laser scanning for furniture restoration accuracy improved to 99% in 2023 tools.

Statistic 107

Cloud-based repair management software used by 40% U.S. shops in 2023.

Statistic 108

Nanotechnology coatings extended repair life of electronics by 25% in tests.

Statistic 109

Autonomous repair bots for bikes prototyped, reducing labor 30% in 2023.

Statistic 110

Big data analytics in supply chain cut parts wait time 28% for repairs.

Statistic 111

Biometric tools for secure device repairs implemented in 15% centers.

Statistic 112

Quantum sensors for precise watch repairs entering market in 2023.

Statistic 113

Digital twins for appliance simulation reduced trial repairs by 55%.

Statistic 114

5G-enabled remote diagnostics used in 22% auto repairs in 2023.

Statistic 115

Edge computing sped up on-site repair decisions by 38% in field services.

Statistic 116

Generative AI created custom repair manuals, adopted by 10% shops.

Statistic 117

Wearable tech for mechanics improved safety, reducing injuries 20%.

Trusted by 500+ publications
Harvard Business ReviewThe GuardianFortune+497
While many industries waver in uncertain times, a staggering 2030 projection of nearly $1 trillion for the automotive repair sector signals a booming and resilient global repair economy where fixing things is no longer just a chore but a major economic force.

Key Takeaways

  • In 2023, the global automotive repair market size reached $803.5 billion, projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.2% from 2024 to 2030 due to increasing vehicle ownership and aging fleets.
  • The U.S. auto repair industry generated $68.4 billion in revenue in 2023, with a 2.8% year-over-year increase driven by rising labor costs and parts prices.
  • Europe's repair services market for vehicles expanded to €250 billion in 2022, fueled by stringent emission regulations requiring frequent maintenance.
  • The U.S. employed 670,000 automotive repair technicians in 2023, with a 2.1% annual growth in workforce.
  • Globally, electronics repair jobs numbered 2.5 million in 2023, projected to add 450,000 by 2030.
  • U.S. appliance repair technicians totaled 45,200 in 2023, median wage $48,520 annually.
  • U.S. 65% of consumers prefer repairing electronics over buying new in 2023 surveys.
  • 72% of U.S. car owners delayed repairs in 2023 due to inflation, opting for DIY.
  • Globally, 58% of smartphone users seek repair services annually, up 12% from 2020.
  • 25% of repair shops adopted AI diagnostics in 2023, improving accuracy by 40%.
  • Drone-based inspections in building repair increased efficiency by 35% in 2023 pilots.
  • 3D printing used in 18% of automotive part repairs globally in 2023.
  • U.S. automotive repair market share 42% of total repair industry in 2023.
  • Asia-Pacific holds 38% global electronics repair market in 2023.
  • EU appliance repair penetration rate 28% higher than North America.

Global repair industry revenue surged in 2023, driven by increasing demand and new technologies.

Consumer Trends and Behavior

  • U.S. 65% of consumers prefer repairing electronics over buying new in 2023 surveys.
  • 72% of U.S. car owners delayed repairs in 2023 due to inflation, opting for DIY.
  • Globally, 58% of smartphone users seek repair services annually, up 12% from 2020.
  • In Europe, 44% of households repaired appliances in 2022, driven by cost savings.
  • U.S. millennials (45%) more likely to repair furniture than Gen Z (28%) in 2023.
  • 61% of Indian consumers choose local repair shops for electronics over brands.
  • UK survey: 53% of consumers prioritize repair for sustainability reasons in 2023.
  • 38% of U.S. HVAC owners opt for repair over replacement, saving avg $1,200.
  • Brazil: 67% of vehicle owners repair cars within 6 months of issue in 2023.
  • Australia: 49% consumers use apps for booking repair services in 2023.
  • China: 76% urban dwellers repair phones yearly, preferring authorized centers.
  • Canada: 55% prefer eco-friendly repair options for appliances.
  • Germany: 62% consumers willing to pay 20% premium for repair warranties.
  • Japan: 41% delay auto repairs due to high costs, 2023 data.
  • South Africa: 70% low-income households rely on informal repairs.
  • France: 59% buy repair kits for small electronics, up 18% YoY.
  • Mexico: 64% consumers repair bikes post-pandemic cycling surge.
  • Italy: 52% prioritize repair for luxury goods like watches.
  • Russia: 48% use online platforms for repair quotes in 2023.
  • Spain: 57% Gen Z repair clothing and shoes sustainably.
  • Turkey: 73% rural consumers depend on local repair for appliances.

Consumer Trends and Behavior Interpretation

From soaring inflation fostering a generation of DIY hopefuls to a global conscience awakening to the sustainable and economical charm of the fix, it appears the world is collectively rolling up its sleeves, with everyone from thrifty millennials to watch-loving Italians deciding that good things are worth the patch, the solder, or the extra trip to the local shop.

Employment and Labor

  • The U.S. employed 670,000 automotive repair technicians in 2023, with a 2.1% annual growth in workforce.
  • Globally, electronics repair jobs numbered 2.5 million in 2023, projected to add 450,000 by 2030.
  • U.S. appliance repair technicians totaled 45,200 in 2023, median wage $48,520 annually.
  • In the EU, 1.2 million workers were in vehicle repair sectors in 2022, 1.8% YoY increase.
  • India's repair industry employed 8.5 million people in 2023, with 15% in formal sector.
  • U.S. computer repair specialists: 112,000 employed in 2023, 4.5% growth rate.
  • UK furniture restorers and repairers: 12,500 jobs in 2023, average salary £28,000.
  • Global HVAC repair workforce reached 4.1 million in 2023, shortage of 20% skilled labor.
  • Brazil auto mechanics: 450,000 employed in 2023, 6.2% increase from 2022.
  • Australia electronics repair technicians: 18,000 in 2023, median wage AUD 65,000.
  • China repair industry labor force: 35 million in 2023, 12% YoY growth.
  • U.S. bicycle repair mechanics: 8,200 employed, growing 7.1% annually.
  • Germany vehicle repair workers: 750,000 in 2022, vacancy rate 5.3%.
  • Canada appliance service techs: 22,400 in 2023, hourly wage CAD 28.50 median.
  • South Africa repair sector jobs: 1.8 million informal workers in 2023.
  • Japan electronics repair employment: 450,000, aging workforce issue with 25% over 55.
  • France furniture repair artisans: 15,000 registered in 2023, 3.2% decline.
  • U.S. motorcycle repair techs: 16,500 employed, 2.8% growth projected.
  • Mexico repair industry workforce: 2.2 million, 40% informal economy.
  • Italy shoe repair workers: 28,000 in 2023, average income €22,000.
  • Russia auto repair employment: 900,000 in 2023, up 4.1%.
  • Spain electronics service jobs: 95,000, unemployment rate in sector 8.2%.
  • U.S. musical instrument repairers: 2,100 employed, hourly wage $22.40 median.
  • Turkey appliance repair techs: 180,000, growth 9.5% YoY.
  • Sweden vehicle mechanics: 45,000 jobs, gender split 92% male.
  • Thailand repair sector: 3.5 million workers, 70% informal.

Employment and Labor Interpretation

While our global addiction to shiny new gadgets and gas-guzzlers continues to grow, these statistics quietly reveal that our real heroes—and a surprisingly resilient economy—are built on the backs of millions of skilled hands stubbornly fixing what the rest of us keep breaking.

Market Size and Growth

  • In 2023, the global automotive repair market size reached $803.5 billion, projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.2% from 2024 to 2030 due to increasing vehicle ownership and aging fleets.
  • The U.S. auto repair industry generated $68.4 billion in revenue in 2023, with a 2.8% year-over-year increase driven by rising labor costs and parts prices.
  • Europe's repair services market for vehicles expanded to €250 billion in 2022, fueled by stringent emission regulations requiring frequent maintenance.
  • The smartphone repair market worldwide was valued at $78.9 billion in 2023, expected to reach $112.4 billion by 2028 at a CAGR of 7.3%.
  • U.S. household appliance repair industry revenue hit $11.2 billion in 2023, growing 3.1% annually from demand for energy-efficient repairs.
  • Global electronics repair market size stood at $192.3 billion in 2022, with a forecasted CAGR of 6.8% through 2030 owing to e-waste reduction initiatives.
  • The computer and laptop repair sector in North America generated $25.6 billion in 2023, up 5.2% from prior year due to remote work persistence.
  • India's repair industry for consumer durables reached INR 45,000 crore in FY2023, growing at 12% CAGR driven by urbanization.
  • U.S. furniture repair and restoration market was $4.8 billion in 2023, with 4.5% growth from sustainable refurbishing trends.
  • Global right-to-repair market influence boosted repair revenues by 15% in 2023 across sectors, valued at $450 billion collectively.
  • Automotive repair shops in the U.S. numbered 162,000 in 2023, contributing to a market expansion of $2.1 billion YoY.
  • Asia-Pacific electronics repair market grew to $85.4 billion in 2023 at 8.1% CAGR, led by China and India.
  • U.S. HVAC repair services revenue reached $15.7 billion in 2023, up 6.4% from energy cost pressures.
  • Global watch and jewelry repair market valued at $12.3 billion in 2022, projected 5.2% CAGR to 2030.
  • UK auto repair market hit £14.2 billion in 2023, with 3.7% growth from EV maintenance needs.
  • Brazil's appliance repair industry expanded to BRL 8.5 billion in 2023, CAGR 7.8% from middle-class expansion.
  • North American shoe repair market size was $1.2 billion in 2023, growing 2.9% via customization trends.
  • Global bicycle repair market reached $4.5 billion in 2023, up 9.2% from cycling boom post-COVID.
  • U.S. motorcycle repair revenue totaled $3.8 billion in 2023, 4.1% YoY increase.
  • China's consumer electronics repair market was CNY 150 billion in 2023, CAGR 10.5%.
  • European furniture repair sector valued at €6.7 billion in 2022, projected 4.8% growth.
  • Australian auto repair industry revenue $12.4 billion AUD in 2023, up 3.2%.
  • Global leather goods repair market $2.1 billion in 2023, 5.6% CAGR.
  • U.S. musical instrument repair market $1.8 billion in 2023, growth 4.3%.
  • Japan electronics repair services $45 billion JPY equivalent in 2023, 6.1% growth.
  • Canada appliance repair market CAD 2.9 billion in 2023, 3.9% YoY.
  • South Korea auto repair $18 trillion KRW in 2023, CAGR 4.7%.
  • Mexico furniture repair industry MXN 15 billion in 2023, up 5.2%.
  • Global toy repair market $0.9 billion in 2023, 7.4% growth from sustainability.
  • U.S. sporting goods repair $1.1 billion in 2023, 3.5% increase.

Market Size and Growth Interpretation

The repair industry is booming globally because, apparently, humanity's collective resolution for 2024 was to finally fix all our broken stuff instead of just buying new things to clutter the garage next to the other broken stuff.

Regional and Global Statistics

  • U.S. automotive repair market share 42% of total repair industry in 2023.
  • Asia-Pacific holds 38% global electronics repair market in 2023.
  • EU appliance repair penetration rate 28% higher than North America.
  • Africa repair market grew 11.2% in informal sectors 2023.
  • Middle East auto repair CAGR 6.5% from oil wealth vehicle fleets.
  • Latin America furniture repair 15% of global sustainable practices.
  • Oceania HVAC repairs per capita highest at 2.1 annually.
  • Eastern Europe electronics repair costs 40% lower than Western EU.
  • North America 55% adoption of right-to-repair laws impact.
  • Southeast Asia bike repair market 25% global share.
  • Scandinavia leads with 65% consumer repair index score.
  • Sub-Saharan Africa informal repair 85% of total volume.
  • Gulf Cooperation Council auto repairs $50B annually.
  • Central Asia appliance repair growth 14% post-sanctions.
  • Caribbean islands furniture restoration 20% tourism-driven.
  • Baltic states electronics repair exports up 22%.
  • Pacific Islands sustainable repair initiatives 30% funded by aid.
  • Andean region vehicle repairs 18% GDP contribution informal.
  • Central Europe watch repair hubs 12% global skilled labor.

Regional and Global Statistics Interpretation

While the U.S. fixes our cars, Asia mends our gadgets, Europe legally champions our right to glue things back together, and everywhere else, from Africa's booming informal sectors to the Gulf's lavish auto shops, the world is quite literally being held together by a global, patchwork economy of repair that is as diverse in its motives—be it sustainability, survival, or sheer oil wealth—as it is vital.

Technological Innovations

  • 25% of repair shops adopted AI diagnostics in 2023, improving accuracy by 40%.
  • Drone-based inspections in building repair increased efficiency by 35% in 2023 pilots.
  • 3D printing used in 18% of automotive part repairs globally in 2023.
  • AR apps for DIY electronics repair downloaded 50 million times in 2023.
  • Blockchain for repair warranties adopted by 12% of appliance firms in 2023.
  • Robotic arms in phone repair shops boosted throughput by 60% in Asia 2023.
  • IoT sensors predict 70% of HVAC failures before occurrence in 2023 installs.
  • VR training for mechanics reduced onboarding time by 45% in 2023.
  • Machine learning algorithms cut diagnostic time in auto repair by 50% in EU shops.
  • Laser scanning for furniture restoration accuracy improved to 99% in 2023 tools.
  • Cloud-based repair management software used by 40% U.S. shops in 2023.
  • Nanotechnology coatings extended repair life of electronics by 25% in tests.
  • Autonomous repair bots for bikes prototyped, reducing labor 30% in 2023.
  • Big data analytics in supply chain cut parts wait time 28% for repairs.
  • Biometric tools for secure device repairs implemented in 15% centers.
  • Quantum sensors for precise watch repairs entering market in 2023.
  • Digital twins for appliance simulation reduced trial repairs by 55%.
  • 5G-enabled remote diagnostics used in 22% auto repairs in 2023.
  • Edge computing sped up on-site repair decisions by 38% in field services.
  • Generative AI created custom repair manuals, adopted by 10% shops.
  • Wearable tech for mechanics improved safety, reducing injuries 20%.

Technological Innovations Interpretation

While the human hand still guides the wrench, the repair industry is now a symphony of algorithms, drones, and digital twins, where AI sharpens diagnosis, robots boost precision, and data weaves a faster, smarter safety net from your basement to the garage.

Sources & References