GITNUXREPORT 2026

Readability Statistics

Various readability formulas exist to match texts with appropriate audience comprehension levels.

125 statistics5 sections8 min readUpdated 9 days ago

Statistic 1

Studies show 80% comprehension drop per 2 grade levels above reader ability

Statistic 2

Grade 8 texts yield 75% comprehension for 5th graders vs 95% for 8th graders

Statistic 3

Cloze tests at 44-57% indicate independent reading level per Bormuth

Statistic 4

Maze task accuracy 90% correlates with high readability match

Statistic 5

Lexile studies show 75L difference per grade level comprehension impact

Statistic 6

Flesch scores below 60 increase comprehension by 20% in health materials

Statistic 7

Short sentences (<15 words) boost recall 35% in recall tests

Statistic 8

Active voice usage correlates 0.65 with better comprehension scores

Statistic 9

Concrete words improve comprehension 15% over abstract in psychology texts

Statistic 10

Subheadings increase comprehension 13% in technical docs per study

Statistic 11

Lists format boosts comprehension 47% vs paragraphs

Statistic 12

Optimal line length 50-75 chars improves comprehension 20%

Statistic 13

Sans-serif fonts like Arial increase speed-reading comprehension 10%

Statistic 14

White space addition raises comprehension scores 20% in ads

Statistic 15

Flesch-Kincaid grade 6-8 optimal for 85% adult comprehension

Statistic 16

Digital vs print: 10% comprehension drop on screens per meta-analysis

Statistic 17

Emotional tone matching raises comprehension 12% in narratives

Statistic 18

Vocabulary load >5% unfamiliar words drops comprehension 25%

Statistic 19

Sentence variety (simple/compound) aids 18% better retention

Statistic 20

Bold key terms improves skimming comprehension 22%

Statistic 21

Grade-level mismatch of 3+ reduces comprehension to <50%

Statistic 22

Pictorial aids boost comprehension 28% for low-literacy groups

Statistic 23

Passive voice overuse lowers comprehension 15% in instructions

Statistic 24

1.5 line spacing optimal, improving comprehension 11%

Statistic 25

Serif fonts like Times improve long-text comprehension 5-8%

Statistic 26

Headings every 300 words raise comprehension 17%

Statistic 27

Average fixation duration 250ms correlates with readability comprehension

Statistic 28

Web pages with readability score >70 have 2x longer dwell time

Statistic 29

Mobile screens optimal font size 16px for 95% readability

Statistic 30

Dark mode reduces eye strain, improving readability 23% after 1hr

Statistic 31

Responsive design with 45-75 char lines boosts mobile readability 30%

Statistic 32

E-ink displays achieve print-equivalent readability at 93%

Statistic 33

PDF zoom functionality increases digital doc readability 18%

Statistic 34

AMP pages improve load time, raising readability engagement 20%

Statistic 35

High contrast ratios (7:1) required for WCAG AA readability compliance

Statistic 36

Scannable text (bullets, bold) used in 72% high-readability sites

Statistic 37

Average web readability grade level 10, per WebFX analysis of 1M pages

Statistic 38

Touch targets 48x48px min for mobile readability navigation

Statistic 39

Progressive disclosure improves complex page readability 25%

Statistic 40

F-pattern reading on web confirmed, top 20% content gets 80% attention

Statistic 41

Typography hierarchy with 3 levels max aids readability 40%

Statistic 42

Open sans font scores highest readability at 85% preference

Statistic 43

Vertical rhythm in CSS grids enhances readability rhythm 15%

Statistic 44

Readability apps like Pocket simplify web text to grade 8 average

Statistic 45

60% web users abandon sites with poor readability per Google study

Statistic 46

H1-H6 semantic tags improve screen reader readability 100%

Statistic 47

Infinite scroll hurts readability, drop 35% engagement after 5 screens

Statistic 48

ARIA labels boost dynamic content readability for 15% users

Statistic 49

85% prefer 1-column layouts for high readability on desktop

Statistic 50

Emoji overuse reduces readability scores 12% in social media

Statistic 51

Video captions improve accessibility readability 80%

Statistic 52

Flesch score 65+ on web correlates with 2.5x shares

Statistic 53

Educational primers target Flesch 90+ for grade 1 readability

Statistic 54

ESL materials aim SMOG 6-8 for intermediate learners readability

Statistic 55

Textbooks grade-matched to ARI improve test scores 12%

Statistic 56

Remedial reading programs use grade 3 readability boosting 25% gains

Statistic 57

Dyslexia-friendly fonts like OpenDyslexic raise readability 18%

Statistic 58

Audiobook sync with text aids readability for 20% struggling readers

Statistic 59

Lexile banding in curricula aligns 85% student-text match

Statistic 60

Simplified classics (grade 4) increase access 40% low-SES students

Statistic 61

Digital textbooks with readability sliders improve engagement 30%

Statistic 62

Common Core standards recommend grade-band readability targets

Statistic 63

Phonics primers Flesch 95+ correlate with 90% decoding success

Statistic 64

Hi-lo books (high interest low readability) boost motivation 35%

Statistic 65

Teacher guides include readability indices for lesson planning

Statistic 66

SAT reading passages average grade 12 readability testing

Statistic 67

Vocabulary apps target readability progression grade 1-12

Statistic 68

Guided reading levels A-Z map to Lexile 200-1400 readability

Statistic 69

IEP plans specify readability levels for special ed texts

Statistic 70

Accelerated Reader quizzes match AR book levels readability

Statistic 71

Literacy interventions target <grade 5 readability for adults

Statistic 72

MOOCs simplify syllabi to grade 8 readability increasing completion 15%

Statistic 73

Print newspapers average 65 characters per line optimal for readability

Statistic 74

Book pages with 66 chars/line and 1.5 spacing score highest readability

Statistic 75

Serif fonts like Garamond preferred for book readability 72% testers

Statistic 76

Leading 1.4-1.6x font size optimal for print novel readability

Statistic 77

Rag-right alignment standard for 95% print readability preference

Statistic 78

Paper weight 80gsm minimum for newsprint readability without bleed

Statistic 79

Drop caps improve chapter readability engagement 18%

Statistic 80

Widows/orphans <2 lines per page maintain print readability flow

Statistic 81

Matte finish paper boosts readability 10% vs glossy in magazines

Statistic 82

Column widths 40-50 picas ideal for magazine readability

Statistic 83

Pull quotes increase print article readability scannability 25%

Statistic 84

Font size 10-12pt optimal for brochures readability

Statistic 85

Bleed margins 3mm standard prevent print readability edge loss

Statistic 86

Folio placement bottom outer corner aids book readability navigation

Statistic 87

Running heads with chapter titles enhance long-doc readability 15%

Statistic 88

Hyphenation limits 3 consecutive maintain print readability rhythm

Statistic 89

Ink trap design in fonts improves small-size print readability

Statistic 90

Perfect binding vs saddle stitch: perfect better for 200+ page readability

Statistic 91

Color contrast in print headers boosts readability 20%

Statistic 92

9pt min font for footnotes preserves print readability

Statistic 93

Deckled edges reduce readability 5% but aesthetic appeal up 30%

Statistic 94

Justified text with 2% extra spacing optimal print readability

Statistic 95

Newspaper body text 9.5pt on 10.5pt leading standard readability

Statistic 96

The average Flesch Reading Ease score for top US newspapers like The New York Times is 44.5, classifying text as difficult for average adults

Statistic 97

Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level for Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone is 5.5, suitable for middle school readers

Statistic 98

Gunning Fog Index for scientific abstracts averages 17, indicating postgraduate level readability

Statistic 99

SMOG Index correlates 0.985 with years of education needed, per McLaughlin's 1969 study

Statistic 100

Automated Readability Index (ARI) for military manuals is capped at 9th grade level per ARI standards

Statistic 101

Dale-Chall Readability Formula uses 3,000 familiar words list, scoring lower for easier texts

Statistic 102

Linsear Write formula designed for technical writing averages 12 for FAA documents

Statistic 103

Rix Index simplifies to (words/sentences) * 0.39, averaging 65 for UK consumer info

Statistic 104

Spache Readability Formula for grades 1-6 scores children's books at 2.5 average

Statistic 105

New Dale-Chall formula validation shows 0.92 correlation with comprehension tests

Statistic 106

Fry Readability Graph plots syllables vs sentences, placing Time magazine at grade 10

Statistic 107

Lix formula (Sweden) for laws averages 40, indicating complex readability

Statistic 108

Powers-Sumner-Kearl formula for primary grades scores primers at 2.0

Statistic 109

Harris-Jacobson formula wide-range for grades 1-16 averages textbooks at 7.5

Statistic 110

Wheeler-Cragg readability test for Latin texts scores classics at high school level

Statistic 111

Raygor Readability Graph similar to Fry, estimates grade 8 for news articles

Statistic 112

Bormuth Mean Cloze formula predicts comprehension at 58% cloze for grade 5

Statistic 113

Lexile Framework measures text difficulty from 200L to 1700L, average novel at 900L

Statistic 114

ATOS formula by Renaissance Learning scores Diary of a Wimpy Kid at 5.2

Statistic 115

CEFR alignment shows B2 texts at Flesch 60-70 ease score

Statistic 116

Coleman-Liau Index uses letters per 100 words, averages 11 for business reports

Statistic 117

TASA Readable score for insurance policies averages 45% readability rate

Statistic 118

Forbes formula for adult nonfiction scores at grade 8 target

Statistic 119

Farr-Jenkins-Patterson for poor readers scores simplified texts at 80% comprehension

Statistic 120

NACS Readability Formula for college catalogs averages grade 13

Statistic 121

RDF formula (Danish) correlates 0.88 with comprehension

Statistic 122

Weissman-Jordan for legal texts targets grade 7 readability

Statistic 123

McCall-Crabbs Standard Test Lessons score at exact grade levels for passages

Statistic 124

Stroud Readability Formula for ages 11-18 averages young adult novels at 14

Statistic 125

Yoast SEO readability analysis recommends 20% sentences over 20 words max

1/125

Sources

Trusted by 500+ publications

+497

Written by Felix Zimmermann·Edited by Stefan Wendt·Fact-checked by Nikolas Papadopoulos

Published Feb 13, 2026·Last verified Apr 19, 2026·Next review: Oct 2026

Fact-checked via 4-step process— how we build this report

01Primary Source Collection

Data aggregated from peer-reviewed journals, government agencies, and professional bodies with disclosed methodology and sample sizes.

02Editorial Curation

Human editors review all data points, excluding sources lacking proper methodology, sample size disclosures, or older than 10 years without replication.

03AI-Powered Verification

Each statistic independently verified via reproduction analysis, cross-referencing against independent databases, and synthetic population simulation.

04Human Cross-Check

Final human editorial review of all AI-verified statistics. Statistics failing independent corroboration are excluded regardless of how widely cited they are.

Read our full methodology →

Statistics that fail independent corroboration are excluded.

Did you know that scientific abstracts are as hard to read as postgraduate theses, while bestsellers like Harry Potter are perfectly tuned for middle schoolers? These are just a few of the surprising readability insights this blog post will explore, revealing how the secret structure of text shapes understanding for everyone from students to web surfers.

Key Takeaways

The average Flesch Reading Ease score for top US newspapers like The New York Times is 44.5, classifying text as difficult for average adults
Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level for Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone is 5.5, suitable for middle school readers
Gunning Fog Index for scientific abstracts averages 17, indicating postgraduate level readability
Studies show 80% comprehension drop per 2 grade levels above reader ability
Grade 8 texts yield 75% comprehension for 5th graders vs 95% for 8th graders
Cloze tests at 44-57% indicate independent reading level per Bormuth
Web pages with readability score >70 have 2x longer dwell time
Mobile screens optimal font size 16px for 95% readability
Dark mode reduces eye strain, improving readability 23% after 1hr
Print newspapers average 65 characters per line optimal for readability
Book pages with 66 chars/line and 1.5 spacing score highest readability
Serif fonts like Garamond preferred for book readability 72% testers
Educational primers target Flesch 90+ for grade 1 readability
ESL materials aim SMOG 6-8 for intermediate learners readability
Textbooks grade-matched to ARI improve test scores 12%

Various readability formulas exist to match texts with appropriate audience comprehension levels.

Comprehension Studies

1Studies show 80% comprehension drop per 2 grade levels above reader ability

Verified

2Grade 8 texts yield 75% comprehension for 5th graders vs 95% for 8th graders

Verified

3Cloze tests at 44-57% indicate independent reading level per Bormuth

Verified

4Maze task accuracy 90% correlates with high readability match

Verified

5Lexile studies show 75L difference per grade level comprehension impact

Verified

6Flesch scores below 60 increase comprehension by 20% in health materials

Single source

7Short sentences (<15 words) boost recall 35% in recall tests

Single source

8Active voice usage correlates 0.65 with better comprehension scores

Verified

9Concrete words improve comprehension 15% over abstract in psychology texts

Verified

10Subheadings increase comprehension 13% in technical docs per study

Directional

11Lists format boosts comprehension 47% vs paragraphs

Directional

12Optimal line length 50-75 chars improves comprehension 20%

Verified

13Sans-serif fonts like Arial increase speed-reading comprehension 10%

Verified

14White space addition raises comprehension scores 20% in ads

Verified

15Flesch-Kincaid grade 6-8 optimal for 85% adult comprehension

Verified

16Digital vs print: 10% comprehension drop on screens per meta-analysis

Verified

17Emotional tone matching raises comprehension 12% in narratives

Directional

18Vocabulary load >5% unfamiliar words drops comprehension 25%

Verified

19Sentence variety (simple/compound) aids 18% better retention

Verified

20Bold key terms improves skimming comprehension 22%

Directional

21Grade-level mismatch of 3+ reduces comprehension to <50%

Single source

22Pictorial aids boost comprehension 28% for low-literacy groups

Directional

23Passive voice overuse lowers comprehension 15% in instructions

Verified

241.5 line spacing optimal, improving comprehension 11%

Verified

25Serif fonts like Times improve long-text comprehension 5-8%

Directional

26Headings every 300 words raise comprehension 17%

Single source

27Average fixation duration 250ms correlates with readability comprehension

Verified

Comprehension Studies Interpretation

Your brain is a surprisingly fussy reader, demanding that text be Goldilocks-just-right, not too hot or too cold, or it will simply check out and leave comprehension behind.

Digital Readability

1Web pages with readability score >70 have 2x longer dwell time

Verified

2Mobile screens optimal font size 16px for 95% readability

Verified

3Dark mode reduces eye strain, improving readability 23% after 1hr

Directional

4Responsive design with 45-75 char lines boosts mobile readability 30%

Verified

5E-ink displays achieve print-equivalent readability at 93%

Verified

6PDF zoom functionality increases digital doc readability 18%

Verified

7AMP pages improve load time, raising readability engagement 20%

Verified

8High contrast ratios (7:1) required for WCAG AA readability compliance

Verified

9Scannable text (bullets, bold) used in 72% high-readability sites

Directional

10Average web readability grade level 10, per WebFX analysis of 1M pages

Verified

11Touch targets 48x48px min for mobile readability navigation

Single source

12Progressive disclosure improves complex page readability 25%

Verified

13F-pattern reading on web confirmed, top 20% content gets 80% attention

Verified

14Typography hierarchy with 3 levels max aids readability 40%

Verified

15Open sans font scores highest readability at 85% preference

Verified

16Vertical rhythm in CSS grids enhances readability rhythm 15%

Single source

17Readability apps like Pocket simplify web text to grade 8 average

Directional

1860% web users abandon sites with poor readability per Google study

Single source

19H1-H6 semantic tags improve screen reader readability 100%

Directional

20Infinite scroll hurts readability, drop 35% engagement after 5 screens

Verified

21ARIA labels boost dynamic content readability for 15% users

Verified

2285% prefer 1-column layouts for high readability on desktop

Verified

23Emoji overuse reduces readability scores 12% in social media

Verified

24Video captions improve accessibility readability 80%

Single source

25Flesch score 65+ on web correlates with 2.5x shares

Verified

Digital Readability Interpretation

High-readability web content is the digital equivalent of a firm handshake—clear, confident, and commanding attention—so skip the fine print, optimize relentlessly, and watch your audience not only stay but actually engage.

Educational Applications

1Educational primers target Flesch 90+ for grade 1 readability

Single source

2ESL materials aim SMOG 6-8 for intermediate learners readability

Verified

3Textbooks grade-matched to ARI improve test scores 12%

Verified

4Remedial reading programs use grade 3 readability boosting 25% gains

Verified

5Dyslexia-friendly fonts like OpenDyslexic raise readability 18%

Verified

6Audiobook sync with text aids readability for 20% struggling readers

Verified

7Lexile banding in curricula aligns 85% student-text match

Verified

8Simplified classics (grade 4) increase access 40% low-SES students

Verified

9Digital textbooks with readability sliders improve engagement 30%

Single source

10Common Core standards recommend grade-band readability targets

Verified

11Phonics primers Flesch 95+ correlate with 90% decoding success

Verified

12Hi-lo books (high interest low readability) boost motivation 35%

Verified

13Teacher guides include readability indices for lesson planning

Directional

14SAT reading passages average grade 12 readability testing

Verified

15Vocabulary apps target readability progression grade 1-12

Verified

16Guided reading levels A-Z map to Lexile 200-1400 readability

Directional

17IEP plans specify readability levels for special ed texts

Directional

18Accelerated Reader quizzes match AR book levels readability

Verified

19Literacy interventions target <grade 5 readability for adults

Verified

20MOOCs simplify syllabi to grade 8 readability increasing completion 15%

Verified

Educational Applications Interpretation

Reading tools are being fine-tuned like surgical instruments, proving that the precise calibration of text difficulty—from Flesch scores for phonics to Lexile bands for curricula—is not just academic jargon but a powerful lever for unlocking literacy, engagement, and equity across every learning context.

Print Readability

1Print newspapers average 65 characters per line optimal for readability

Single source

2Book pages with 66 chars/line and 1.5 spacing score highest readability

Directional

3Serif fonts like Garamond preferred for book readability 72% testers

Verified

4Leading 1.4-1.6x font size optimal for print novel readability

Verified

5Rag-right alignment standard for 95% print readability preference

Directional

6Paper weight 80gsm minimum for newsprint readability without bleed

Verified

7Drop caps improve chapter readability engagement 18%

Verified

8Widows/orphans <2 lines per page maintain print readability flow

Directional

9Matte finish paper boosts readability 10% vs glossy in magazines

Verified

10Column widths 40-50 picas ideal for magazine readability

Verified

11Pull quotes increase print article readability scannability 25%

Verified

12Font size 10-12pt optimal for brochures readability

Verified

13Bleed margins 3mm standard prevent print readability edge loss

Directional

14Folio placement bottom outer corner aids book readability navigation

Single source

15Running heads with chapter titles enhance long-doc readability 15%

Verified

16Hyphenation limits 3 consecutive maintain print readability rhythm

Directional

17Ink trap design in fonts improves small-size print readability

Directional

18Perfect binding vs saddle stitch: perfect better for 200+ page readability

Verified

19Color contrast in print headers boosts readability 20%

Verified

209pt min font for footnotes preserves print readability

Verified

21Deckled edges reduce readability 5% but aesthetic appeal up 30%

Directional

22Justified text with 2% extra spacing optimal print readability

Verified

23Newspaper body text 9.5pt on 10.5pt leading standard readability

Verified

Print Readability Interpretation

The meticulous science of print reveals that readability is a seductive dance of precise measurements, where everything from the weight of the paper to the trap of the ink conspires to make the text effortlessly command your attention.

Readability Formulas

1The average Flesch Reading Ease score for top US newspapers like The New York Times is 44.5, classifying text as difficult for average adults

Verified

2Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level for Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone is 5.5, suitable for middle school readers

Directional

3Gunning Fog Index for scientific abstracts averages 17, indicating postgraduate level readability

Verified

4SMOG Index correlates 0.985 with years of education needed, per McLaughlin's 1969 study

Verified

5Automated Readability Index (ARI) for military manuals is capped at 9th grade level per ARI standards

Verified

6Dale-Chall Readability Formula uses 3,000 familiar words list, scoring lower for easier texts

Verified

7Linsear Write formula designed for technical writing averages 12 for FAA documents

Verified

8Rix Index simplifies to (words/sentences) * 0.39, averaging 65 for UK consumer info

Single source

9Spache Readability Formula for grades 1-6 scores children's books at 2.5 average

Verified

10New Dale-Chall formula validation shows 0.92 correlation with comprehension tests

Verified

11Fry Readability Graph plots syllables vs sentences, placing Time magazine at grade 10

Verified

12Lix formula (Sweden) for laws averages 40, indicating complex readability

Verified

13Powers-Sumner-Kearl formula for primary grades scores primers at 2.0

Directional

14Harris-Jacobson formula wide-range for grades 1-16 averages textbooks at 7.5

Single source

15Wheeler-Cragg readability test for Latin texts scores classics at high school level

Verified

16Raygor Readability Graph similar to Fry, estimates grade 8 for news articles

Directional

17Bormuth Mean Cloze formula predicts comprehension at 58% cloze for grade 5

Verified

18Lexile Framework measures text difficulty from 200L to 1700L, average novel at 900L

Verified

19ATOS formula by Renaissance Learning scores Diary of a Wimpy Kid at 5.2

Verified

20CEFR alignment shows B2 texts at Flesch 60-70 ease score

Single source

21Coleman-Liau Index uses letters per 100 words, averages 11 for business reports

Verified

22TASA Readable score for insurance policies averages 45% readability rate

Verified

23Forbes formula for adult nonfiction scores at grade 8 target

Single source

24Farr-Jenkins-Patterson for poor readers scores simplified texts at 80% comprehension

Verified

25NACS Readability Formula for college catalogs averages grade 13

Directional

26RDF formula (Danish) correlates 0.88 with comprehension

Verified

27Weissman-Jordan for legal texts targets grade 7 readability

Verified

28McCall-Crabbs Standard Test Lessons score at exact grade levels for passages

Single source

29Stroud Readability Formula for ages 11-18 averages young adult novels at 14

Verified

30Yoast SEO readability analysis recommends 20% sentences over 20 words max

Single source

Readability Formulas Interpretation

If you find yourself bewildered by your insurance policy (TASA score: 45%), comforted by Harry Potter (grade 5.5), and yet utterly lost in a scientific abstract (Fog Index: 17), you’ve just proven these readability formulas right: our world is a chaotic library where your reading level is determined by which shelf you happen to be standing in front of.

How We Rate Confidence

Models

Every statistic is queried across four AI models (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, Perplexity). The confidence rating reflects how many models return a consistent figure for that data point.

Single source

ChatGPT

Claude

Gemini

Perplexity

Only one AI model returns this statistic from its training data. The figure comes from a single primary source and has not been corroborated by independent systems. Use with caution; cross-reference before citing.

AI consensus: 1 of 4 models agree

Directional

ChatGPT

Claude

Gemini

Perplexity

Multiple AI models cite this figure or figures in the same direction, but with minor variance. The trend and magnitude are reliable; the precise decimal may differ by source. Suitable for directional analysis.

AI consensus: 2–3 of 4 models broadly agree

Verified

ChatGPT

Claude

Gemini

Perplexity

All AI models independently return the same statistic, unprompted. This level of cross-model agreement indicates the figure is robustly established in published literature and suitable for citation.

AI consensus: 4 of 4 models fully agree

Models

Cite This Report

This report is designed to be cited. We maintain stable URLs and versioned verification dates. Copy the format appropriate for your publication below.

APA

Felix Zimmermann. (2026, February 13). Readability Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/readability-statistics

MLA

Felix Zimmermann. "Readability Statistics." Gitnux, 13 Feb 2026, https://gitnux.org/readability-statistics.

Chicago

Felix Zimmermann. 2026. "Readability Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/readability-statistics.

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opendyslexic.org
Reference 59
LEARNINGALLY
learningally.org
learningally.org
Reference 60
READWORKS
readworks.org
readworks.org
Reference 61
VITALSOURCE
vitalsource.com
vitalsource.com
Reference 62
CORESTANDARDS
corestandards.org
corestandards.org
Reference 63
WHATWORKS
whatworks.ed.gov
whatworks.ed.gov
Reference 64
SADDLEBACKEDUCATIONAL
saddlebackeducational.com
saddlebackeducational.com
Reference 65
TEACHERSPAYTEACHERS
teacherspayteachers.com
teacherspayteachers.com
Reference 66
COLLEGEBOARD
collegeboard.org
collegeboard.org
Reference 67
VOCABULARY
vocabulary.com
vocabulary.com
Reference 68
SCHOLASTIC
scholastic.com
scholastic.com
Reference 69
SITES
sites.ed.gov
sites.ed.gov
Reference 70
PROLITERACY
proliteracy.org
proliteracy.org
Reference 71
COURSERA
coursera.org
coursera.org