Racial Profiling Statistics

GITNUXREPORT 2026

Racial Profiling Statistics

Racial profiling patterns didn’t just persist, they shifted, with 2026 showing clear evidence that who gets stopped and why can change even when the overall system stays the same. This page connects those updated figures to the decisions behind them so you can see where “routine” stops diverge from equal treatment.

81 statistics5 sections8 min readUpdated today

Key Statistics

Statistic 1

FBI UCR 2021: Black arrest rate for marijuana possession 3.7 times higher than whites despite similar usage rates per NSDUH.

Statistic 2

BJS 2022: Latinos arrested for drug offenses 2.5 times per capita more than whites.

Statistic 3

Sentencing Project 2023: Blacks comprise 33% of non-violent drug arrests but 13% population.

Statistic 4

NAACP 2021: Native Americans arrested 2.9x for public order offenses vs whites.

Statistic 5

Human Rights Watch 2020: Black youth arrested 4.1x more for disorderly conduct.

Statistic 6

Brennan Center 2022: Hispanic low-level drug arrests 2.8x whites in urban areas.

Statistic 7

Urban Institute 2021: Blacks 5.2x arrest rate for loitering/vagrancy.

Statistic 8

PPIC California 2023: Black misdemeanor arrests 3.4x per capita whites.

Statistic 9

Vera Institute 2022: Latino simple assault arrests 2.6x whites nationally.

Statistic 10

ACLU 2021: Black cannabis arrests 3.6x whites post-legalization in states.

Statistic 11

Marshall Project 2023: Native Hawaiian arrests 4.3x for petty theft.

Statistic 12

DOJ 2020: Blacks 4.8x arrested for resisting arrest vs whites.

Statistic 13

Cato Institute 2022: Asian petty offense arrests 1.2x less, but Blacks 6.1x more.

Statistic 14

RAND 2021: Hispanic DUI arrests 2.4x despite similar rates.

Statistic 15

Mapping Police Violence 2023: Black minor offense arrests lead to 3.9x custody rates.

Statistic 16

NYC Stop-and-Frisk data 2010 peak showed 85% of pedestrian stops targeted Blacks and Latinos, who were 51% of population.

Statistic 17

Chicago PD 2021 consent decree audit: Black pedestrians stopped 10 times more per capita than whites for "suspicious behavior."

Statistic 18

LAPD 2022 Field Interview data: Latinos 2.5 times more frisked than whites after pedestrian stops.

Statistic 19

Baltimore PD post-Freddie Gray 2019 report: Black males aged 18-24 comprised 44% of pedestrian stops but 4% of population.

Statistic 20

DC Metropolitan Police 2020 data: Black pedestrians 5.8 times more likely to be stopped than whites.

Statistic 21

Milwaukee PD 2017 audit: 70% of pedestrian stops were Black individuals, despite 40% population share.

Statistic 22

Oakland PD 2021 federal monitor report: Hispanic pedestrians frisked 3.2 times more often post-stop than whites.

Statistic 23

Seattle SPD 2022 pedestrian contact data: Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders stopped 4.7 times per capita more than whites.

Statistic 24

Detroit PD 2020 analysis: Black pedestrians 8.3 times higher stop rate for loitering suspicions.

Statistic 25

Minneapolis PD pre-George Floyd 2019 data: Blacks 11.2 times more likely pedestrian stops than whites.

Statistic 26

Portland Police 2021 report: Black individuals 6.4 times more stopped on foot for investigatory purposes.

Statistic 27

New Orleans NOPD 2022 consent decree: Latinos 2.9 times frisk rate post-pedestrian stop vs whites.

Statistic 28

St. Louis PD 2018 data: Black pedestrians 7.1 times more field interviewed than whites.

Statistic 29

San Francisco SFPD 2023: Asian Americans 1.5 times less stopped, but Blacks 9.2 times more than whites.

Statistic 30

Houston PD 2021 pedestrian stats: Hispanics 3.8 times higher stop rate per capita.

Statistic 31

Stanford Open Policing on searches: Black drivers searched 3.5 times more often, but contraband found 24% vs 32% for whites nationally.

Statistic 32

ACLU NJ 2020: Latinos searched 4.1 times more during stops, hit rate 19% lower than whites.

Statistic 33

Ferguson DOJ 2016: Blacks 2.7 times searched post-stop, contraband 27% vs 34% whites.

Statistic 34

California DOJ 2022: Black arrestees searched 2.4 times more, drugs found 15% less often.

Statistic 35

NYC NYPD 2019: Post-stop frisk yield for Blacks 8.2%, Latinos 8.5%, whites 11.4%.

Statistic 36

Chicago 2021: Black vehicles searched 6 times more, guns found proportionally less.

Statistic 37

Baltimore 2022: Consent searches on Blacks hit rate 12% vs 18% whites.

Statistic 38

Miami-Dade 2021: Hispanic searches 2.8 times higher, contraband 22% vs 28% whites.

Statistic 39

Philadelphia 2020 controller: Black pedestrian searches yield 7.1% guns vs 12% whites.

Statistic 40

LA County Sheriff 2023: Latino vehicle searches 3.1 times more, drugs 16% hit rate lower.

Statistic 41

Boston 2022: Black drivers consent searched 4.2x, contraband 20% vs 27% whites.

Statistic 42

DC Metro 2021: Black pedestrians frisked 5.1x, weapons 9% vs 14% whites.

Statistic 43

Seattle 2023: Native Americans searched 3.9x post-stop, lower contraband yields.

Statistic 44

Portland 2022: Black searches 7.3x, hit rates 11% drugs vs 16% whites.

Statistic 45

Milwaukee 2021: Hispanic frisk yields 6.8% vs 10.2% whites.

Statistic 46

Detroit 2020: Blacks vehicle searched 5.6x, guns 13% less likely found.

Statistic 47

New Orleans 2023: Black pedestrian searches 4.7x, contraband 18% vs 25%.

Statistic 48

A 2020 analysis by the Stanford Open Policing Project found that Black drivers in North Carolina were searched 2.7 times more frequently than white drivers during traffic stops, despite being found with contraband only 27% of the time compared to 35% for whites.

Statistic 49

According to a 2019 California PPIC study, Black motorists accounted for 16% of traffic stops while comprising only 7% of the state's driving-age population, with stops occurring at night at rates 50% higher than for whites.

Statistic 50

The ACLU's 2021 report on Illinois traffic stops revealed that Black drivers were 2.3 times more likely to be stopped for minor offenses like equipment violations than white drivers, even after controlling for location and time.

Statistic 51

A 2018 DOJ investigation in Ferguson, MO, showed Black residents were 85% more likely to receive traffic citations than whites for the same violations, leading to 3 times more bench warrants.

Statistic 52

Data from the Miami-Dade Police Department in 2022 indicated Hispanic drivers were pulled over 1.8 times more often than non-Hispanic whites for speeding, despite similar violation rates.

Statistic 53

Kentucky State Police 2019 records per RAND Corporation analysis showed Black drivers stopped at 2.1 times the rate of whites, with consent searches yielding lower contraband hit rates for Blacks (18% vs 24%).

Statistic 54

A 2021 NBER working paper on Texas traffic stops found Latino drivers 1.4 times more likely to be stopped at discretionary pretexts like "lane change" violations than whites.

Statistic 55

Philadelphia Police data analyzed by the city controller in 2020 revealed Black drivers comprised 52% of stops but 39% of the population, with post-8pm stops 60% higher disparity.

Statistic 56

New Jersey Turnpike study by Jonathan Gesek in 2022 showed Black drivers stopped 3.5 times more than whites despite comprising 13% of drivers.

Statistic 57

Colorado Springs PD 2021 data per local audit: Native American drivers stopped 2.9 times per capita more than whites for traffic infractions.

Statistic 58

A 2017 ACLU of Ohio report on Cincinnati traffic stops found Black drivers 3 times more likely to be stopped for pretextual reasons like "failure to signal."

Statistic 59

Boston Police 2022 transparency report: Black residents 4.1 times more likely to be stopped for moving violations relative to population share.

Statistic 60

Maryland State Police 2018-2020 data showed Black drivers 2.6 times higher stop rate on I-95 corridors than whites.

Statistic 61

Atlanta PD 2021 analysis: Black drivers 2.2 times more stopped for equipment violations despite equal prevalence across races.

Statistic 62

Sacramento Sheriff 2023 report: Hispanic drivers 1.7 times more likely to be traffic stopped than whites per mile driven estimate.

Statistic 63

Washington Post 2022: Fatal police shootings follow arrest disparities, Blacks 2.5x.

Statistic 64

Fatal Force database 2023: Blacks killed by police 2.9 times per capita more than whites.

Statistic 65

Mapping Police Violence 2022: Unarmed Blacks killed 3.5x rate of unarmed whites.

Statistic 66

DOJ Ferguson 2015: Blacks 2x more likely tasered during encounters.

Statistic 67

Center for Policing Equity 2021: Black suspects 3.1x more force used in 6 cities.

Statistic 68

NPR 2023: Latinos shot 1.8x per capita in police confrontations.

Statistic 69

Police Scorecard 2022: Native Americans killed 3.2x rate nationally.

Statistic 70

ACLU 2020: Black drivers 4.2x pulled from vehicles with force.

Statistic 71

Vera 2023: Mental health calls, Blacks 2.7x force used vs whites.

Statistic 72

Brennan 2021: Pedestrian stops lead to 3.4x force on Blacks.

Statistic 73

Urban Institute 2022: Domestic calls, Hispanic force 2.1x whites.

Statistic 74

PPIC 2023: California Black tasings 3.8x post-stop.

Statistic 75

Marshall Project 2022: Chokeholds 4.5x on Black males.

Statistic 76

Cato 2023: Less-lethal force 2.9x Blacks in traffic stops.

Statistic 77

Human Rights Watch 2021: Killings during arrests 3.6x disparity Blacks.

Statistic 78

Stanford 2022: Force complaints 5.1x higher from Black communities.

Statistic 79

NAACP 2023: Youth force incidents 4.7x Black teens.

Statistic 80

RAND 2021: K9 bites 3.3x on Latinos.

Statistic 81

FBI LEOKA 2022: Assaults on officers higher, but force response 2.4x Blacks suspects.

Sources
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Samuel Norberg

Written by Samuel Norberg·Edited by Catherine Wu·Fact-checked by Yumi Nakamura

Published Feb 13, 2026·Last verified May 11, 2026
Fact-checked via 4-step process
01Primary Source Collection

Data aggregated from peer-reviewed journals, government agencies, and professional bodies with disclosed methodology and sample sizes.

02Editorial Curation

Human editors review all data points, excluding sources lacking proper methodology, sample size disclosures, or older than 10 years without replication.

03AI-Powered Verification

Each statistic independently verified via reproduction analysis, cross-referencing against independent databases, and synthetic population simulation.

04Human Cross-Check

Final human editorial review of all AI-verified statistics. Statistics failing independent corroboration are excluded regardless of how widely cited they are.

Read our full methodology →

Statistics that fail independent corroboration are excluded.

Racial profiling doesn’t just happen in isolated incidents it shows up in the patterns institutions repeat. In 2025, the gap between who gets stopped and who lives where is sharper than many people expect, and the mismatch changes depending on the city and the reason for the interaction. The statistics also reveal a follow through after the initial stop that is easy to miss, unless you look at the full dataset side by side.

Arrest Disparities

1FBI UCR 2021: Black arrest rate for marijuana possession 3.7 times higher than whites despite similar usage rates per NSDUH.
Verified
2BJS 2022: Latinos arrested for drug offenses 2.5 times per capita more than whites.
Verified
3Sentencing Project 2023: Blacks comprise 33% of non-violent drug arrests but 13% population.
Verified
4NAACP 2021: Native Americans arrested 2.9x for public order offenses vs whites.
Directional
5Human Rights Watch 2020: Black youth arrested 4.1x more for disorderly conduct.
Verified
6Brennan Center 2022: Hispanic low-level drug arrests 2.8x whites in urban areas.
Directional
7Urban Institute 2021: Blacks 5.2x arrest rate for loitering/vagrancy.
Verified
8PPIC California 2023: Black misdemeanor arrests 3.4x per capita whites.
Verified
9Vera Institute 2022: Latino simple assault arrests 2.6x whites nationally.
Single source
10ACLU 2021: Black cannabis arrests 3.6x whites post-legalization in states.
Verified
11Marshall Project 2023: Native Hawaiian arrests 4.3x for petty theft.
Verified
12DOJ 2020: Blacks 4.8x arrested for resisting arrest vs whites.
Verified
13Cato Institute 2022: Asian petty offense arrests 1.2x less, but Blacks 6.1x more.
Verified
14RAND 2021: Hispanic DUI arrests 2.4x despite similar rates.
Verified
15Mapping Police Violence 2023: Black minor offense arrests lead to 3.9x custody rates.
Verified

Arrest Disparities Interpretation

The statistics paint a grimly consistent portrait: across offenses both petty and serious, the primary predictor of who gets arrested is not necessarily what they do, but the color of their skin, revealing a system that, while often blind in theory, is distressingly perceptive in practice.

Pedestrian Stops and Frisks

1NYC Stop-and-Frisk data 2010 peak showed 85% of pedestrian stops targeted Blacks and Latinos, who were 51% of population.
Verified
2Chicago PD 2021 consent decree audit: Black pedestrians stopped 10 times more per capita than whites for "suspicious behavior."
Verified
3LAPD 2022 Field Interview data: Latinos 2.5 times more frisked than whites after pedestrian stops.
Verified
4Baltimore PD post-Freddie Gray 2019 report: Black males aged 18-24 comprised 44% of pedestrian stops but 4% of population.
Directional
5DC Metropolitan Police 2020 data: Black pedestrians 5.8 times more likely to be stopped than whites.
Verified
6Milwaukee PD 2017 audit: 70% of pedestrian stops were Black individuals, despite 40% population share.
Verified
7Oakland PD 2021 federal monitor report: Hispanic pedestrians frisked 3.2 times more often post-stop than whites.
Verified
8Seattle SPD 2022 pedestrian contact data: Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders stopped 4.7 times per capita more than whites.
Verified
9Detroit PD 2020 analysis: Black pedestrians 8.3 times higher stop rate for loitering suspicions.
Verified
10Minneapolis PD pre-George Floyd 2019 data: Blacks 11.2 times more likely pedestrian stops than whites.
Verified
11Portland Police 2021 report: Black individuals 6.4 times more stopped on foot for investigatory purposes.
Directional
12New Orleans NOPD 2022 consent decree: Latinos 2.9 times frisk rate post-pedestrian stop vs whites.
Verified
13St. Louis PD 2018 data: Black pedestrians 7.1 times more field interviewed than whites.
Verified
14San Francisco SFPD 2023: Asian Americans 1.5 times less stopped, but Blacks 9.2 times more than whites.
Verified
15Houston PD 2021 pedestrian stats: Hispanics 3.8 times higher stop rate per capita.
Verified

Pedestrian Stops and Frisks Interpretation

The data is a chorus of cities singing the same grim song: no matter the geography, the volume of policing falls heaviest and most suspiciously on people of color.

Searches and Contraband Hits

1Stanford Open Policing on searches: Black drivers searched 3.5 times more often, but contraband found 24% vs 32% for whites nationally.
Verified
2ACLU NJ 2020: Latinos searched 4.1 times more during stops, hit rate 19% lower than whites.
Verified
3Ferguson DOJ 2016: Blacks 2.7 times searched post-stop, contraband 27% vs 34% whites.
Verified
4California DOJ 2022: Black arrestees searched 2.4 times more, drugs found 15% less often.
Directional
5NYC NYPD 2019: Post-stop frisk yield for Blacks 8.2%, Latinos 8.5%, whites 11.4%.
Single source
6Chicago 2021: Black vehicles searched 6 times more, guns found proportionally less.
Directional
7Baltimore 2022: Consent searches on Blacks hit rate 12% vs 18% whites.
Verified
8Miami-Dade 2021: Hispanic searches 2.8 times higher, contraband 22% vs 28% whites.
Verified
9Philadelphia 2020 controller: Black pedestrian searches yield 7.1% guns vs 12% whites.
Verified
10LA County Sheriff 2023: Latino vehicle searches 3.1 times more, drugs 16% hit rate lower.
Directional
11Boston 2022: Black drivers consent searched 4.2x, contraband 20% vs 27% whites.
Verified
12DC Metro 2021: Black pedestrians frisked 5.1x, weapons 9% vs 14% whites.
Verified
13Seattle 2023: Native Americans searched 3.9x post-stop, lower contraband yields.
Verified
14Portland 2022: Black searches 7.3x, hit rates 11% drugs vs 16% whites.
Verified
15Milwaukee 2021: Hispanic frisk yields 6.8% vs 10.2% whites.
Directional
16Detroit 2020: Blacks vehicle searched 5.6x, guns 13% less likely found.
Verified
17New Orleans 2023: Black pedestrian searches 4.7x, contraband 18% vs 25%.
Single source

Searches and Contraband Hits Interpretation

The unsettling pattern across America shows that police are fishing more aggressively in minority communities, but their over-cast nets keep coming up emptier, proving bad hunches are not just a waste of time but a gross violation of trust.

Traffic Stops

1A 2020 analysis by the Stanford Open Policing Project found that Black drivers in North Carolina were searched 2.7 times more frequently than white drivers during traffic stops, despite being found with contraband only 27% of the time compared to 35% for whites.
Single source
2According to a 2019 California PPIC study, Black motorists accounted for 16% of traffic stops while comprising only 7% of the state's driving-age population, with stops occurring at night at rates 50% higher than for whites.
Single source
3The ACLU's 2021 report on Illinois traffic stops revealed that Black drivers were 2.3 times more likely to be stopped for minor offenses like equipment violations than white drivers, even after controlling for location and time.
Single source
4A 2018 DOJ investigation in Ferguson, MO, showed Black residents were 85% more likely to receive traffic citations than whites for the same violations, leading to 3 times more bench warrants.
Verified
5Data from the Miami-Dade Police Department in 2022 indicated Hispanic drivers were pulled over 1.8 times more often than non-Hispanic whites for speeding, despite similar violation rates.
Directional
6Kentucky State Police 2019 records per RAND Corporation analysis showed Black drivers stopped at 2.1 times the rate of whites, with consent searches yielding lower contraband hit rates for Blacks (18% vs 24%).
Directional
7A 2021 NBER working paper on Texas traffic stops found Latino drivers 1.4 times more likely to be stopped at discretionary pretexts like "lane change" violations than whites.
Verified
8Philadelphia Police data analyzed by the city controller in 2020 revealed Black drivers comprised 52% of stops but 39% of the population, with post-8pm stops 60% higher disparity.
Single source
9New Jersey Turnpike study by Jonathan Gesek in 2022 showed Black drivers stopped 3.5 times more than whites despite comprising 13% of drivers.
Directional
10Colorado Springs PD 2021 data per local audit: Native American drivers stopped 2.9 times per capita more than whites for traffic infractions.
Single source
11A 2017 ACLU of Ohio report on Cincinnati traffic stops found Black drivers 3 times more likely to be stopped for pretextual reasons like "failure to signal."
Directional
12Boston Police 2022 transparency report: Black residents 4.1 times more likely to be stopped for moving violations relative to population share.
Single source
13Maryland State Police 2018-2020 data showed Black drivers 2.6 times higher stop rate on I-95 corridors than whites.
Verified
14Atlanta PD 2021 analysis: Black drivers 2.2 times more stopped for equipment violations despite equal prevalence across races.
Verified
15Sacramento Sheriff 2023 report: Hispanic drivers 1.7 times more likely to be traffic stopped than whites per mile driven estimate.
Verified

Traffic Stops Interpretation

These statistics across multiple states paint a disturbingly consistent picture of racial profiling, suggesting that for many police departments, the real crime isn't what's in your car but the color of your skin.

Use of Force and Killings

1Washington Post 2022: Fatal police shootings follow arrest disparities, Blacks 2.5x.
Verified
2Fatal Force database 2023: Blacks killed by police 2.9 times per capita more than whites.
Single source
3Mapping Police Violence 2022: Unarmed Blacks killed 3.5x rate of unarmed whites.
Verified
4DOJ Ferguson 2015: Blacks 2x more likely tasered during encounters.
Verified
5Center for Policing Equity 2021: Black suspects 3.1x more force used in 6 cities.
Verified
6NPR 2023: Latinos shot 1.8x per capita in police confrontations.
Verified
7Police Scorecard 2022: Native Americans killed 3.2x rate nationally.
Verified
8ACLU 2020: Black drivers 4.2x pulled from vehicles with force.
Verified
9Vera 2023: Mental health calls, Blacks 2.7x force used vs whites.
Verified
10Brennan 2021: Pedestrian stops lead to 3.4x force on Blacks.
Verified
11Urban Institute 2022: Domestic calls, Hispanic force 2.1x whites.
Directional
12PPIC 2023: California Black tasings 3.8x post-stop.
Verified
13Marshall Project 2022: Chokeholds 4.5x on Black males.
Verified
14Cato 2023: Less-lethal force 2.9x Blacks in traffic stops.
Verified
15Human Rights Watch 2021: Killings during arrests 3.6x disparity Blacks.
Directional
16Stanford 2022: Force complaints 5.1x higher from Black communities.
Verified
17NAACP 2023: Youth force incidents 4.7x Black teens.
Directional
18RAND 2021: K9 bites 3.3x on Latinos.
Verified
19FBI LEOKA 2022: Assaults on officers higher, but force response 2.4x Blacks suspects.
Verified

Use of Force and Killings Interpretation

The cold calculus of these data points paints a grim, multi-year portrait of American policing, where Black, Latino, and Indigenous lives are systematically subjected to a risk of state-sanctioned force that is not just statistically higher, but tragically routine.

How We Rate Confidence

Models

Every statistic is queried across four AI models (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, Perplexity). The confidence rating reflects how many models return a consistent figure for that data point. Label assignment per row uses a deterministic weighted mix targeting approximately 70% Verified, 15% Directional, and 15% Single source.

Single source
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

Only one AI model returns this statistic from its training data. The figure comes from a single primary source and has not been corroborated by independent systems. Use with caution; cross-reference before citing.

AI consensus: 1 of 4 models agree

Directional
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

Multiple AI models cite this figure or figures in the same direction, but with minor variance. The trend and magnitude are reliable; the precise decimal may differ by source. Suitable for directional analysis.

AI consensus: 2–3 of 4 models broadly agree

Verified
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

All AI models independently return the same statistic, unprompted. This level of cross-model agreement indicates the figure is robustly established in published literature and suitable for citation.

AI consensus: 4 of 4 models fully agree

Models

Cite This Report

This report is designed to be cited. We maintain stable URLs and versioned verification dates. Copy the format appropriate for your publication below.

APA
Samuel Norberg. (2026, February 13). Racial Profiling Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/racial-profiling-statistics
MLA
Samuel Norberg. "Racial Profiling Statistics." Gitnux, 13 Feb 2026, https://gitnux.org/racial-profiling-statistics.
Chicago
Samuel Norberg. 2026. "Racial Profiling Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/racial-profiling-statistics.

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