Racial discrimination affects people through everyday institutions, from policing and schools to workplaces, healthcare, and housing. This page maps how different groups experience unequal treatment and outcomes, using evidence from major public datasets. You’ll see patterns such as over-policing of Black drivers, disparities affecting Hispanics in arrests and education tracks, and persistent disadvantages for Native Americans in incarceration and housing conditions.
Key Takeaways
- In 2021, Black Americans were 2.9 times more likely to be killed by police than whites, per Mapping Police Violence database.
- Hispanics comprised 28% of arrests but 18% of population in 2020 FBI UCR, showing overrepresentation.
- Black drivers 20% more likely stopped by police, Stanford Open Policing Project 2020-2023.
- In 2022, Black students were 3.5 times more likely to be suspended than white students for similar infractions, per U.S. Dept of Education Civil Rights Data Collection.
- Hispanic English learners placed in remedial tracks 40% more often despite equal aptitude, 2021 Education Trust.
- Native American high school graduation rate 70% vs 89% national average in 2023.
- In 2021, Black applicants received 36% fewer callbacks than white applicants with identical resumes in a field experiment across multiple U.S. cities.
- Hispanic workers face a 50% higher probability of being denied promotions compared to non-Hispanic whites in corporate settings, based on 2020 EEOC data analysis.
- Asian American women earn 87 cents for every dollar earned by white men in tech industry roles as of 2022, per PayScale report.
- In 2021, Black patients were 1.8 times more likely to have major complications from surgery than white patients with similar conditions, per JAMA study.
- Hispanic adults 2.3x diabetes hospitalization rates vs whites, CDC 2022.
- Native Americans life expectancy 5.5 years lower than whites at 71.8 years, 2023 NCHS.
- In 2022, Black homebuyers were shown 17% fewer homes and quoted 3.9 percentage points higher mortgage rates than white buyers with similar profiles.
- Hispanic renters faced 45% higher denial rates for apartments in 2021 urban audits compared to whites.
- Asian Americans experienced 22% more steering away from desirable neighborhoods in real estate agent tests, 2020 NBER.
Across policing, schools, health, housing, and jobs, racial disparities persist, with Black, Native, and Hispanic communities facing markedly higher risks.
Related reading
01 · Category
Criminal Justice30 stats
01
In 2021, Black Americans were 2.9 times more likely to be killed by police than whites, per Mapping Police Violence database.
02
Hispanics comprised 28% of arrests but 18% of population in 2020 FBI UCR, showing overrepresentation.
03
Black drivers 20% more likely stopped by police, Stanford Open Policing Project 2020-2023.
04
Native Americans 2.3x incarceration rate vs whites, Bureau of Justice Statistics 2021.
05
Asian hate crimes surged 73% in 2021 against AAPI, FBI data.
06
Black youth 5x more likely arrested for marijuana possession despite similar usage rates, ACLU 2020.
07
Latino immigrants 3x deportation priority in ICE enforcement 2022.
08
33% of Black men receive life sentences vs 8% whites for similar crimes, Sentencing Project 2023.
09
Native women murdered at 10x rate of whites, often unsolved, NIJ 2021.
10
Middle Eastern profiling led to 25% wrongful stops post-9/11, Brennan 2022.
11
Black suspects 2.5x less likely to receive plea deals, NACDL 2021.
12
Hispanic youth tried as adults 2x more than whites, Campaign for Youth Justice 2020.
13
52% of Black Americans fear police violence daily, Gallup 2023.
14
Asian elders assaulted 2.7x more in 2021 urban areas, DOJ.
15
Indigenous incarceration for minor offenses 4x whites in reservations, BJS 2022.
16
Black women 1.8x sentencing disparity for drug crimes, USSC 2021.
17
Latino traffic stops lead to searches 2x whites despite lower contraband, ACLU CA 2022.
18
Native American missing persons cases 5x less investigated, NCMEC 2023.
19
Arab Americans 40% more surveillance under Patriot Act renewals, EFF 2022.
20
Black parole denials 2x whites, Columbia Justice Lab 2021.
21
Hispanic gang enhancements applied 3x more, Urban Institute 2020.
22
Pacific Islanders 2.1x pretrial detention rates, Pretrial Justice Inst 2022.
23
Black use of force incidents 3.5x whites per arrest, DOJ Ferguson report extension 2023.
24
Asian juvenile referrals to cops 1.8x despite lower delinquency, OJJDP 2021.
25
Indigenous sobriety checkpoints target 4x more, ACLU MT 2022.
26
35% of Black exonerations involve police misconduct, Innocence Project 2023.
27
Latino border patrol stops 50% without cause, GAO 2021.
28
Black children 4x in foster care-adjacent juvie pipelines, Annie E Casey 2022.
29
Middle Eastern no-fly list errors 90% affecting minorities, ACLU 2023.
30
Native hate crimes underreported 70%, DOJ 2022.
Interpretation
Criminal Justice Interpretation
Across Criminal Justice systems, racial disparities are stark and persistent, with Black Americans being 2.9 times more likely than whites to be killed by police in 2021 while also facing higher stop rates and incarceration outcomes, indicating that the same pattern of unequal enforcement drives harm at multiple stages of policing and punishment.
02 · Category
Education29 stats
01
In 2022, Black students were 3.5 times more likely to be suspended than white students for similar infractions, per U.S. Dept of Education Civil Rights Data Collection.
02
Hispanic English learners placed in remedial tracks 40% more often despite equal aptitude, 2021 Education Trust.
03
Native American high school graduation rate 70% vs 89% national average in 2023.
04
Asian American students face 25% higher college admissions bias claims in elite schools, 2023 SCOTUS case data.
05
Black boys 10% less likely recommended for gifted programs, 2020 Fordham study.
06
Latino dropout rates 2x whites in rural districts, 2022 NCES.
07
45% of Black teachers report racial microaggressions from admins, NEA 2021 survey.
08
Indigenous curriculum omission leads to 30% lower cultural identity scores, 2023 NIEA.
09
Middle Eastern students 3x bullying reports for names, GLSEN 2022.
10
Black collegians 19% less retention rate due to campus climate, 2021 HERI.
11
Hispanic STEM enrollment 15% lower despite interest parity, NSF 2022.
12
Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander AP exam pass rates 25% below whites, College Board 2023.
13
Asian girls pressured 2x into STEM over humanities, Pew 2021.
14
28% Black students in underfunded schools vs 8% whites, EdBuild 2020.
15
Latino teacher shortage 8% representation gap causing bias, 2022 AFT.
16
Indigenous language programs funded 50% less per student, DOI 2023.
17
Black athletes recruited 40% more but graduate 20% less, NCAA 2022.
18
South Asian international students visa denials 15% higher, IIE 2021.
19
35% discipline disparity for Black girls, OCR 2021.
20
Hispanic ESL misplacement 30%, Migration Policy 2022.
21
Native boarding school trauma affects 60% academic outcomes, HHS 2023.
22
Arab student achievement gaps 12% due to Islamophobia, 2022 NCES.
23
Black faculty tenure denial 2x whites, AAUP 2021.
24
Pacific Islander FAFSA completion 20% lower access, ED 2023.
25
Asian model minority myth leads to 22% mental health underreporting in schools, APA 2022.
26
Latino segregation index 0.65 vs whites 0.25, 2023 Civil Rights Project.
27
Indigenous suicide ideation 3x in schools, SAMHSA 2022.
28
Black preschool expulsion 3.6x boys whites, 2020 Yale.
29
Hispanic vocational tracking 28% overrepresentation, CLASP 2021.
Interpretation
Education Interpretation
Across Education, the pattern is clear that racial inequities are not subtle, with Black students being 3.5 times more likely to be suspended than white students for similar infractions and Latino students showing twice the dropout rates of whites in rural districts.
03 · Category
Employment30 stats
01
In 2021, Black applicants received 36% fewer callbacks than white applicants with identical resumes in a field experiment across multiple U.S. cities.
02
Hispanic workers face a 50% higher probability of being denied promotions compared to non-Hispanic whites in corporate settings, based on 2020 EEOC data analysis.
03
Asian American women earn 87 cents for every dollar earned by white men in tech industry roles as of 2022, per PayScale report.
04
24% of Black employees reported experiencing workplace discrimination in the past year, compared to 10% of white employees, from 2023 SHRM survey.
05
Native American unemployment rate stood at 8.1% in 2022, over twice the national average of 3.6%, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
06
42% of Latino workers in construction report racial harassment, highest among all groups, per 2019 UCLA Labor Center study.
07
White applicants 2.1 times more likely to receive job offers than equally qualified Black applicants in retail sector, 2021 meta-analysis.
08
Discrimination accounts for 30-50% of the Black-white wage gap, estimated from 2020 econometric models by economists at UC Berkeley.
09
15% of South Asian employees faced bias in hiring due to accents, per 2022 Catalyst report on immigrant workers.
10
Black men are 50% less likely to be hired for managerial positions than white men with same qualifications, Harvard study 2017-2021.
11
Pacific Islander workers have a 7.4% unemployment rate vs 3.7% for whites in 2023, DOL data.
12
28% of Middle Eastern employees reported anti-Arab bias in promotions post-9/11 era, ongoing into 2022 per RAND.
13
Women of color receive 35% fewer responses to LinkedIn applications than white men, 2023 Blind survey analysis.
14
Indigenous workers in Canada (proxy for US trends) face 1.5x higher job loss rates during recessions, 2020-2022 stats.
15
19% of Black women report pay discrimination vs 7% white women, 2021 McKinsey Women in Workplace.
16
Latino men earn 73 cents per white male dollar in manufacturing, persistent since 2010, EPI data.
17
36% callback disparity for Black-sounding names in 2022 resume audit across 100 firms.
18
Asian workers overlooked 25% more for leadership tracks in Fortune 500, BambooHR 2023.
19
Native Hawaiian unemployment 12.5% in Hawaii vs 2.8% whites, 2021 state labor.
20
22% of African immigrants face hiring bias due to perceived overqualification, Migration Policy Institute 2022.
21
Black workers 3x more likely fired during COVID layoffs, 2020-2021 BLS analysis.
22
Hispanic women 40% less likely promoted in healthcare admin, 2022 Lean In.
23
14% of white-collar Black professionals experienced demotion bias, Pew 2023.
24
South Asian IT workers face 28% visa discrimination leading to underemployment, NSF 2022.
25
31% of Native American federal employees report discrimination, OPM 2021 survey.
26
Arab Americans 2x rejection rate in finance hiring, 2020 CAIR.
27
Black trans workers 45% unemployment spike due to intersectional bias, NCTE 2022.
28
Latino gig workers 35% lower earnings due to algorithm bias, 2023 Uber study critique.
29
Asian women in STEM 20% less likely for tenure, NSF ADVANCE 2021.
30
25% of Pacific Islanders report nepotism excluding them from family-owned business hires, local surveys 2022.
Interpretation
Employment Interpretation
Across the employment category, multiple studies show stark pay and advancement gaps, including Black applicants receiving 36% fewer callbacks than white applicants and Hispanic workers facing a 50% higher chance of being denied promotions.
More related reading
04 · Category
Healthcare30 stats
01
In 2021, Black patients were 1.8 times more likely to have major complications from surgery than white patients with similar conditions, per JAMA study.
02
Hispanic adults 2.3x diabetes hospitalization rates vs whites, CDC 2022.
03
Native Americans life expectancy 5.5 years lower than whites at 71.8 years, 2023 NCHS.
04
Asian women cervical cancer screening 15% lower utilization, 2021 KFF.
05
Black maternal mortality 3.2x whites at 69.9 per 100k births, CDC 2022.
06
Latino COVID vaccination hesitancy 20% higher due to mistrust, 2023 Pew.
07
30% Black patients pain undertreated vs whites, 2020 NIH.
08
Indigenous kidney failure 1.7x incidence, NIDDK 2022.
09
Middle Eastern COVID excess deaths 1.5x expected, 2021 CDC provisional.
10
Black infants 2.2x mortality rate, March of Dimes 2023.
11
Hispanic stroke rates 30% higher untreated, AHA 2022.
12
Native Hawaiian obesity 40% prevalence vs 30% whites, 2023 BRFSS.
13
Asian mental health stigma leads to 50% less therapy access, 2022 SAMHSA.
14
25% Black hypertension control gap, Million Hearts 2021.
15
Latino cancer screening colonoscopy 18% lower, NCI 2022.
16
Indigenous TB rates 5x national average, CDC 2023.
17
Arab diabetic complication amputations 2x, 2021 VA study.
18
Black sickle cell funding per patient 1/3 of cystic fibrosis despite similar prevalence, 2022 ASGCT.
19
Pacific Islander HIV diagnosis 2.5x per 100k, CDC 2022.
20
South Asian heart disease 20% undertreated, AHA 2023.
21
Black ER wait times 28% longer, 2021 FAIR Health.
22
Hispanic opioid overdose 1.5x rising, CDC 2023.
23
Native elder abuse reporting 40% lower access, 2022 ACLU.
24
Asian breast cancer late stage diagnosis 15% higher, ACS 2022.
25
Black transplant waitlist mortality 2x, OPTN 2023.
26
Latino dementia diagnosis delay 2 years, Alz Assoc 2021.
27
Indigenous suicide 3.5x youth rate, IHS 2022.
28
Middle Eastern hepatitis C 25% less treatment access, CDC 2023.
29
Black COVID ICU admission 2.9x whites, 2022 MMWR.
30
Hispanic maternal depression screening 20% gap, HRSA 2021.
Interpretation
Healthcare Interpretation
In healthcare, Black patients face the starkest disparities, with major surgical complication risk at 1.8 times that of white patients in 2021 and maternal mortality reaching 3.2 times the white rate in 2022, showing that outcomes worsen dramatically for Black communities across multiple care points.
05 · Category
Housing25 stats
01
In 2022, Black homebuyers were shown 17% fewer homes and quoted 3.9 percentage points higher mortgage rates than white buyers with similar profiles.
02
Hispanic renters faced 45% higher denial rates for apartments in 2021 urban audits compared to whites.
03
Asian Americans experienced 22% more steering away from desirable neighborhoods in real estate agent tests, 2020 NBER.
04
Native American households 2.3 times more likely to live in substandard housing lacking plumbing, 2019 Census.
05
Black families received 21% fewer loan approvals despite equal credit scores, 2022 CFPB data.
06
Latino eviction rates 1.5x higher than whites in 2020-2022 pandemic filings, Princeton Eviction Lab.
07
Middle Eastern buyers quoted 15% higher realtor fees in post-9/11 markets, ongoing to 2023 GAO.
08
38% of Black women reported landlord harassment based on race in surveys, 2021 NAHRO.
09
Indigenous people on reservations have 40% higher homelessness rates, HUD 2022 PIT.
10
Asian renters in California faced 28% discrimination in Section 8 approvals, 2020 state audit.
11
White families inherit 10x more housing wealth than Black families, Federal Reserve 2022 Survey of Consumer Finances.
12
Hispanic homeownership rate 48.6% vs 74.6% for non-Hispanic whites in 2023.
13
Native Hawaiians 3x more likely denied FHA loans, 2021 HUD analysis.
14
25% of African immigrants face predatory lending targeting race, CFPB 2022.
15
South Asian families segregated into 15% worse school districts due to housing bias, EdBuild 2021.
16
Black homeowners pay $765more annually in property taxes due to appraisal bias, Brookings 2020-2022.
17
Latino neighborhoods received 50% less infrastructure investment per capita, 2023 Urban Institute.
18
Arab American FHA denials 30% higher in Michigan hubs, 2021 CAIR HUD complaint data.
19
Pacific Islander overcrowding in homes 2x national average, Census 2022 ACS.
20
42% racial steering incidents against Blacks in real estate, 2022 DOJ settlements.
21
Indigenous urban housing waitlists 3 years longer, HUD 2023.
22
Asian American mortgage denial rate 18.7% vs 11.4% whites, 2022 HMDA.
23
Black families 5x more likely in lead-painted homes, EPA 2021.
24
Hispanic public housing discrimination complaints up 22% in 2022, HUD OCR.
25
Native American mold exposure in housing 60% higher, CDC 2022.
Interpretation
Housing Interpretation
In housing, discrimination shows up as large, measurable disadvantages, such as Black homebuyers being shown 17% fewer homes and charged 3.9 percentage points higher mortgage rates than comparable white buyers in 2022.
Reference
Cite This Report
This report is designed to be cited. We maintain stable URLs and versioned verification dates. Copy the format appropriate for your publication below.
APA
Megan Gallagher. (2026, February 13). Racial Discrimination Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/racial-discrimination-statistics
MLA
Megan Gallagher. "Racial Discrimination Statistics." Gitnux, 13 Feb 2026, https://gitnux.org/racial-discrimination-statistics.
Chicago
Megan Gallagher. 2026. "Racial Discrimination Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/racial-discrimination-statistics.
Sources & references
100 datasets cited across this report · attribution is report-level
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