GITNUXREPORT 2026

News Media Industry Statistics

The news industry's growth now depends on digital strategies more than traditional revenue.

Rajesh Patel

Rajesh Patel

Team Lead & Senior Researcher with over 15 years of experience in market research and data analytics.

First published: Feb 13, 2026

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Key Statistics

Statistic 1

52% of U.S. adults get news from TV weekly, down from 62% in 2016.

Statistic 2

Digital news video consumption rose to 41% among 18-29 year-olds in 2023.

Statistic 3

86% of Americans under 30 prefer news via social media over traditional sources.

Statistic 4

Weekly podcast news listeners: 31% of U.S. adults, up 12% since 2020.

Statistic 5

67% of global news consumers use smartphones as primary device in 2023.

Statistic 6

Trust in national news media: 32% among U.S. Republicans, 70% Democrats in 2023.

Statistic 7

Average time spent on news apps: 25 minutes daily per U.S. user in 2023.

Statistic 8

44% of U.S. adults pay for online news, up from 33% in 2020.

Statistic 9

Women make up 52% of news email newsletter subscribers globally.

Statistic 10

71% of 18-24 year-olds encounter news accidentally on social platforms.

Statistic 11

U.S. local news reach: 47% weekly, down 10% since 2018.

Statistic 12

55% of global audience avoids news due to overload, per 2023 survey.

Statistic 13

Hispanic Americans news consumption: 62% via TV, 48% digital in 2023.

Statistic 14

39% of U.S. adults use YouTube for news weekly in 2023.

Statistic 15

Rural U.S. residents: 57% rely on local TV news, vs 42% urban.

Statistic 16

26% of global young adults (18-24) trust AI-generated news summaries.

Statistic 17

News engagement via TikTok: 20% of U.S. Gen Z daily in 2023.

Statistic 18

68% of over-65s prefer print newspapers for news in U.S. 2023.

Statistic 19

Average news sessions per day: 4.2 for U.S. heavy users.

Statistic 20

49% of U.S. Black adults get news from Black media outlets weekly.

Statistic 21

Global news app installs: 1.2 billion in 2023, led by U.S. at 400 million.

Statistic 22

37% report higher news engagement post-pandemic in 2023 surveys.

Statistic 23

Suburban U.S. news trust: 45%, higher than urban 38% in 2023.

Statistic 24

61% of college-educated Americans follow international news weekly.

Statistic 25

Newsletter open rates average 42% for top news publishers in 2023.

Statistic 26

33% of U.S. adults under 30 avoid cable news entirely.

Statistic 27

76% of global audience prefers short-form video news clips.

Statistic 28

62% of U.S. adults name CNN as most trusted cable source in 2023.

Statistic 29

Investigative journalism stories increased 15% in digital outlets 2023.

Statistic 30

48% of news content now multimedia (video/audio/images).

Statistic 31

Long-form articles (2000+ words) engagement up 20% in 2023.

Statistic 32

35% of global news focuses on climate change, up from 20% 2018.

Statistic 33

User-generated content in news: 28% of stories include it.

Statistic 34

Breaking news tweets average 1.2 million impressions top outlets.

Statistic 35

59% prefer news explainers over raw facts in polls.

Statistic 36

Opinion pieces share rate: 3x higher than straight news.

Statistic 37

41% of consumption is international news for urban audiences.

Statistic 38

Sports news video views: 2.5 billion monthly on digital platforms.

Statistic 39

67% of newsletters focus on niche topics like tech/politics.

Statistic 40

Fact-checking articles published: 50,000 globally in 2023.

Statistic 41

52% of audiences want more solutions-oriented journalism.

Statistic 42

Podcasts episodes on news: 1 million new in 2023 worldwide.

Statistic 43

Visual storytelling (infographics) boosts retention by 65%.

Statistic 44

44% of content is live-updated for events coverage.

Statistic 45

Health news consumption spiked 30% post-2022 midterms.

Statistic 46

38% of stories now include diverse voices/sources.

Statistic 47

Threaded social posts outperform single updates by 40%.

Statistic 48

71% of video news under 90 seconds for social feeds.

Statistic 49

Election coverage: 25% of total news output in 2023 U.S.

Statistic 50

Collaborative journalism projects: 200+ involving 5,000 journos.

Statistic 51

29% growth in business/finance news readership digital.

Statistic 52

Interactive maps/tools in 22% of explanatory pieces.

Statistic 53

55% of audiences share feel-good news more often.

Statistic 54

AI-summarized briefs read by 18% daily users.

Statistic 55

63% prefer local news over national by volume consumed.

Statistic 56

Comic strips/news cartoons: 15% engagement boost.

Statistic 57

46% of science news now features expert interviews.

Statistic 58

Personalized news feeds retain 27% more users.

Statistic 59

In 2023, U.S. news media industry total revenue was approximately $250 billion, with newspapers contributing $25 billion.

Statistic 60

Digital advertising revenue for news publishers grew by 12% year-over-year in 2022, reaching $15.5 billion in the U.S.

Statistic 61

Print newspaper ad revenue declined by 7.5% in 2023 to $8.2 billion in North America.

Statistic 62

Global news media market size was valued at $421.5 billion in 2022, projected to grow at 5.2% CAGR to 2030.

Statistic 63

Subscriptions and memberships generated $6.1 billion for U.S. news outlets in 2022, up 19% from prior year.

Statistic 64

Cable news networks earned $12.4 billion in ad revenue in 2022, led by Fox News at $2.2 billion.

Statistic 65

Local TV news stations saw a 5% drop in ad revenue to $19.1 billion in 2023.

Statistic 66

Online news video ad revenue hit $4.8 billion globally in 2023, growing 22%.

Statistic 67

U.S. public media funding reached $1.2 billion in 2022, with NPR at $300 million.

Statistic 68

Newsprint costs rose 25% in 2023, impacting print media profitability by 15%.

Statistic 69

Pay-TV revenue for news channels fell 3% to $10.5 billion in U.S. 2023.

Statistic 70

Sponsored content revenue for digital news sites increased 28% to $2.3 billion in 2022.

Statistic 71

Global radio news ad spend was $1.8 billion in 2023, flat year-over-year.

Statistic 72

U.S. digital news subscriptions grew to 25 million paid subs in 2023.

Statistic 73

Magazine news ad revenue dropped 10% to $1.1 billion in 2023 U.S.

Statistic 74

Event revenue for news organizations reached $1.5 billion globally in 2022.

Statistic 75

Ancillary revenue streams like newsletters contributed 8% to total news revenue in 2023.

Statistic 76

U.S. network news division profits fell 4% to $2.8 billion in 2023.

Statistic 77

Philanthropic funding for journalism hit $600 million in U.S. 2022.

Statistic 78

Classified ad revenue for newspapers plummeted to $1.2 billion in 2023, down 62% since 2006.

Statistic 79

Online news revenue per user averaged $45 annually in 2023 U.S.

Statistic 80

Broadcast news ad revenue grew 6% to $22 billion globally in 2023.

Statistic 81

45% of U.S. news revenue came from digital sources in 2023.

Statistic 82

News agency revenue worldwide was $18 billion in 2022, led by AP and Reuters.

Statistic 83

Retail ad spend on news media was $4.2 billion in U.S. 2023.

Statistic 84

U.S. weekly newspaper revenue totaled $12 billion in 2023.

Statistic 85

Programmatic ad revenue for news sites: 35% of digital ads, $5.4 billion U.S. 2023.

Statistic 86

28% of news orgs reported profit margins over 10% in 2023 survey.

Statistic 87

Direct-sold digital ads accounted for 55% of online revenue in 2023.

Statistic 88

Global news media M&A deals totaled $15 billion in 2023.

Statistic 89

U.S. journalists employed: 31,000 full-time in newspapers, down 26% since 2008.

Statistic 90

Global newsroom workforce: 2.5 million in 2023, with 40% freelancers.

Statistic 91

U.S. TV news staff: 28,000 in 2023, stable but local stations cut 5%.

Statistic 92

57% of U.S. journalists are white, 12% Hispanic in 2023 census.

Statistic 93

Average journalist salary: $55,000 U.S., down 2% inflation-adjusted 2023.

Statistic 94

Digital-only newsrooms grew 15% to 1,200 outlets employing 15,000 in U.S. 2023.

Statistic 95

22% of news jobs lost in U.K. print since 2015, 12,000 positions.

Statistic 96

Women hold 45% of U.S. newsroom leadership roles in 2023, up from 35% 2018.

Statistic 97

Freelance journalists: 36% of total U.S. workforce, earning avg $40k/year.

Statistic 98

Broadcast meteorologists: 4,200 employed in U.S., 90% certified.

Statistic 99

68% of U.S. journalists report burnout, leading to 10% turnover.

Statistic 100

Asia news media employs 1.2 million, China leading at 500,000.

Statistic 101

Photojournalists in U.S.: 5,200 full-time, down 18% since 2010.

Statistic 102

Data journalists: 8% of U.S. newsrooms have dedicated roles in 2023.

Statistic 103

Unionized newsrooms: 15% in U.S., up from 10% in 2018.

Statistic 104

Average age of U.S. journalists: 42 years in 2023.

Statistic 105

Local radio news staff: cut by 20% to 7,500 in U.S. since 2008.

Statistic 106

25% of European newsrooms reduced staff by 10%+ in 2023.

Statistic 107

Sports journalists U.S.: 9,000, with 30% freelance.

Statistic 108

77% of U.S. news execs plan hiring in digital skills 2024.

Statistic 109

Investigative reporters: 4% of total U.S. news staff in 2023.

Statistic 110

40% of Australian journalists considering leaving profession.

Statistic 111

Video journalists in news: 22% of U.S. roles require skills.

Statistic 112

Newsroom diversity: 7% Black journalists in U.S. leadership.

Statistic 113

Part-time news workers: 18% of U.S. total in 2023.

Statistic 114

52% of Canadian newsrooms cut jobs in 2023.

Statistic 115

Graphics/multimedia specialists: up 35% to 3,200 in U.S. newsrooms.

Statistic 116

65% of U.S. digital news publishers use newsletters as primary engagement tool in 2023.

Statistic 117

78% of news websites implemented paywalls by end of 2023.

Statistic 118

AI tools used by 37% of U.S. newsrooms for content personalization.

Statistic 119

Mobile-first news sites: 92% of traffic from mobiles globally 2023.

Statistic 120

45% of publishers adopted AMP for faster loading in 2023.

Statistic 121

Blockchain for news verification piloted by 12% of major outlets.

Statistic 122

61% of news orgs use cloud services like AWS for storage.

Statistic 123

Video streaming platforms integrated by 55% of TV news in 2023.

Statistic 124

29% of newsrooms employ AR/VR for storytelling.

Statistic 125

Cookie-less tracking adopted by 48% of digital news sites post-2023.

Statistic 126

70% of global news apps use push notifications effectively.

Statistic 127

Podcasts produced with AI editing by 22% of audio news teams.

Statistic 128

83% of news sites optimized for Core Web Vitals in 2023.

Statistic 129

NFTs used for exclusive news content by 5% of publishers.

Statistic 130

51% integrated social listening tools for audience insights.

Statistic 131

Live streaming viewership up 40% with 5G adoption in news.

Statistic 132

34% of newsrooms use machine learning for headline optimization.

Statistic 133

Progressive Web Apps adopted by 27% of news publishers.

Statistic 134

66% utilize CDNs for global content delivery acceleration.

Statistic 135

Voice search optimization in 19% of news content strategies.

Statistic 136

42% of outlets test Web3 for decentralized news access.

Statistic 137

Data analytics platforms like Google Analytics 4 used by 88%.

Statistic 138

25% experiment with metaverse events for news delivery.

Statistic 139

Single-page apps architecture in 38% of modern news sites.

Statistic 140

57% adopted server-side tagging for ad tech compliance.

Statistic 141

Edge computing for real-time news processing: 14% adoption.

Statistic 142

73% of news video is now vertical format for social.

Statistic 143

Quantum-safe encryption piloted by 3% for secure news comms.

Statistic 144

49% use composable CMS like headless WordPress.

Statistic 145

Low-code platforms for news apps: 31% utilization.

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In a landscape where digital subscriptions soar by 19%, print ad revenue withers, and nearly half of all revenue now flows from digital sources, the news media industry is being reshaped by powerful and opposing financial forces.

Key Takeaways

  • In 2023, U.S. news media industry total revenue was approximately $250 billion, with newspapers contributing $25 billion.
  • Digital advertising revenue for news publishers grew by 12% year-over-year in 2022, reaching $15.5 billion in the U.S.
  • Print newspaper ad revenue declined by 7.5% in 2023 to $8.2 billion in North America.
  • 52% of U.S. adults get news from TV weekly, down from 62% in 2016.
  • Digital news video consumption rose to 41% among 18-29 year-olds in 2023.
  • 86% of Americans under 30 prefer news via social media over traditional sources.
  • U.S. journalists employed: 31,000 full-time in newspapers, down 26% since 2008.
  • Global newsroom workforce: 2.5 million in 2023, with 40% freelancers.
  • U.S. TV news staff: 28,000 in 2023, stable but local stations cut 5%.
  • 65% of U.S. digital news publishers use newsletters as primary engagement tool in 2023.
  • 78% of news websites implemented paywalls by end of 2023.
  • AI tools used by 37% of U.S. newsrooms for content personalization.
  • 62% of U.S. adults name CNN as most trusted cable source in 2023.
  • Investigative journalism stories increased 15% in digital outlets 2023.
  • 48% of news content now multimedia (video/audio/images).

The news industry's growth now depends on digital strategies more than traditional revenue.

Audience Engagement and Demographics

  • 52% of U.S. adults get news from TV weekly, down from 62% in 2016.
  • Digital news video consumption rose to 41% among 18-29 year-olds in 2023.
  • 86% of Americans under 30 prefer news via social media over traditional sources.
  • Weekly podcast news listeners: 31% of U.S. adults, up 12% since 2020.
  • 67% of global news consumers use smartphones as primary device in 2023.
  • Trust in national news media: 32% among U.S. Republicans, 70% Democrats in 2023.
  • Average time spent on news apps: 25 minutes daily per U.S. user in 2023.
  • 44% of U.S. adults pay for online news, up from 33% in 2020.
  • Women make up 52% of news email newsletter subscribers globally.
  • 71% of 18-24 year-olds encounter news accidentally on social platforms.
  • U.S. local news reach: 47% weekly, down 10% since 2018.
  • 55% of global audience avoids news due to overload, per 2023 survey.
  • Hispanic Americans news consumption: 62% via TV, 48% digital in 2023.
  • 39% of U.S. adults use YouTube for news weekly in 2023.
  • Rural U.S. residents: 57% rely on local TV news, vs 42% urban.
  • 26% of global young adults (18-24) trust AI-generated news summaries.
  • News engagement via TikTok: 20% of U.S. Gen Z daily in 2023.
  • 68% of over-65s prefer print newspapers for news in U.S. 2023.
  • Average news sessions per day: 4.2 for U.S. heavy users.
  • 49% of U.S. Black adults get news from Black media outlets weekly.
  • Global news app installs: 1.2 billion in 2023, led by U.S. at 400 million.
  • 37% report higher news engagement post-pandemic in 2023 surveys.
  • Suburban U.S. news trust: 45%, higher than urban 38% in 2023.
  • 61% of college-educated Americans follow international news weekly.
  • Newsletter open rates average 42% for top news publishers in 2023.
  • 33% of U.S. adults under 30 avoid cable news entirely.
  • 76% of global audience prefers short-form video news clips.

Audience Engagement and Demographics Interpretation

It seems the traditional news anchor is now fighting for screen time against TikTokers and podcasters, as the public, armed with phones and a deep distrust, increasingly curates its own chaotic, fragmented, and partisan media diet between moments of deliberate avoidance.

Content Production and Consumption Trends

  • 62% of U.S. adults name CNN as most trusted cable source in 2023.
  • Investigative journalism stories increased 15% in digital outlets 2023.
  • 48% of news content now multimedia (video/audio/images).
  • Long-form articles (2000+ words) engagement up 20% in 2023.
  • 35% of global news focuses on climate change, up from 20% 2018.
  • User-generated content in news: 28% of stories include it.
  • Breaking news tweets average 1.2 million impressions top outlets.
  • 59% prefer news explainers over raw facts in polls.
  • Opinion pieces share rate: 3x higher than straight news.
  • 41% of consumption is international news for urban audiences.
  • Sports news video views: 2.5 billion monthly on digital platforms.
  • 67% of newsletters focus on niche topics like tech/politics.
  • Fact-checking articles published: 50,000 globally in 2023.
  • 52% of audiences want more solutions-oriented journalism.
  • Podcasts episodes on news: 1 million new in 2023 worldwide.
  • Visual storytelling (infographics) boosts retention by 65%.
  • 44% of content is live-updated for events coverage.
  • Health news consumption spiked 30% post-2022 midterms.
  • 38% of stories now include diverse voices/sources.
  • Threaded social posts outperform single updates by 40%.
  • 71% of video news under 90 seconds for social feeds.
  • Election coverage: 25% of total news output in 2023 U.S.
  • Collaborative journalism projects: 200+ involving 5,000 journos.
  • 29% growth in business/finance news readership digital.
  • Interactive maps/tools in 22% of explanatory pieces.
  • 55% of audiences share feel-good news more often.
  • AI-summarized briefs read by 18% daily users.
  • 63% prefer local news over national by volume consumed.
  • Comic strips/news cartoons: 15% engagement boost.
  • 46% of science news now features expert interviews.
  • Personalized news feeds retain 27% more users.

Content Production and Consumption Trends Interpretation

In an age where audiences crave trusted names, deep dives, and digestible explainers wrapped in multimedia, the news industry is frantically innovating across podcasts, fact-checks, and interactive maps to satisfy our simultaneous hunger for gravity, clarity, and a sliver of hope.

Economic and Revenue Statistics

  • In 2023, U.S. news media industry total revenue was approximately $250 billion, with newspapers contributing $25 billion.
  • Digital advertising revenue for news publishers grew by 12% year-over-year in 2022, reaching $15.5 billion in the U.S.
  • Print newspaper ad revenue declined by 7.5% in 2023 to $8.2 billion in North America.
  • Global news media market size was valued at $421.5 billion in 2022, projected to grow at 5.2% CAGR to 2030.
  • Subscriptions and memberships generated $6.1 billion for U.S. news outlets in 2022, up 19% from prior year.
  • Cable news networks earned $12.4 billion in ad revenue in 2022, led by Fox News at $2.2 billion.
  • Local TV news stations saw a 5% drop in ad revenue to $19.1 billion in 2023.
  • Online news video ad revenue hit $4.8 billion globally in 2023, growing 22%.
  • U.S. public media funding reached $1.2 billion in 2022, with NPR at $300 million.
  • Newsprint costs rose 25% in 2023, impacting print media profitability by 15%.
  • Pay-TV revenue for news channels fell 3% to $10.5 billion in U.S. 2023.
  • Sponsored content revenue for digital news sites increased 28% to $2.3 billion in 2022.
  • Global radio news ad spend was $1.8 billion in 2023, flat year-over-year.
  • U.S. digital news subscriptions grew to 25 million paid subs in 2023.
  • Magazine news ad revenue dropped 10% to $1.1 billion in 2023 U.S.
  • Event revenue for news organizations reached $1.5 billion globally in 2022.
  • Ancillary revenue streams like newsletters contributed 8% to total news revenue in 2023.
  • U.S. network news division profits fell 4% to $2.8 billion in 2023.
  • Philanthropic funding for journalism hit $600 million in U.S. 2022.
  • Classified ad revenue for newspapers plummeted to $1.2 billion in 2023, down 62% since 2006.
  • Online news revenue per user averaged $45 annually in 2023 U.S.
  • Broadcast news ad revenue grew 6% to $22 billion globally in 2023.
  • 45% of U.S. news revenue came from digital sources in 2023.
  • News agency revenue worldwide was $18 billion in 2022, led by AP and Reuters.
  • Retail ad spend on news media was $4.2 billion in U.S. 2023.
  • U.S. weekly newspaper revenue totaled $12 billion in 2023.
  • Programmatic ad revenue for news sites: 35% of digital ads, $5.4 billion U.S. 2023.
  • 28% of news orgs reported profit margins over 10% in 2023 survey.
  • Direct-sold digital ads accounted for 55% of online revenue in 2023.
  • Global news media M&A deals totaled $15 billion in 2023.

Economic and Revenue Statistics Interpretation

The news industry is a financial paradox, simultaneously thriving in the digital future where subscriptions and online ads soar, while its print past withers on the vine, proving that while people will pay for pixels, they're increasingly reluctant to pay for paper.

Employment and Labor Market

  • U.S. journalists employed: 31,000 full-time in newspapers, down 26% since 2008.
  • Global newsroom workforce: 2.5 million in 2023, with 40% freelancers.
  • U.S. TV news staff: 28,000 in 2023, stable but local stations cut 5%.
  • 57% of U.S. journalists are white, 12% Hispanic in 2023 census.
  • Average journalist salary: $55,000 U.S., down 2% inflation-adjusted 2023.
  • Digital-only newsrooms grew 15% to 1,200 outlets employing 15,000 in U.S. 2023.
  • 22% of news jobs lost in U.K. print since 2015, 12,000 positions.
  • Women hold 45% of U.S. newsroom leadership roles in 2023, up from 35% 2018.
  • Freelance journalists: 36% of total U.S. workforce, earning avg $40k/year.
  • Broadcast meteorologists: 4,200 employed in U.S., 90% certified.
  • 68% of U.S. journalists report burnout, leading to 10% turnover.
  • Asia news media employs 1.2 million, China leading at 500,000.
  • Photojournalists in U.S.: 5,200 full-time, down 18% since 2010.
  • Data journalists: 8% of U.S. newsrooms have dedicated roles in 2023.
  • Unionized newsrooms: 15% in U.S., up from 10% in 2018.
  • Average age of U.S. journalists: 42 years in 2023.
  • Local radio news staff: cut by 20% to 7,500 in U.S. since 2008.
  • 25% of European newsrooms reduced staff by 10%+ in 2023.
  • Sports journalists U.S.: 9,000, with 30% freelance.
  • 77% of U.S. news execs plan hiring in digital skills 2024.
  • Investigative reporters: 4% of total U.S. news staff in 2023.
  • 40% of Australian journalists considering leaving profession.
  • Video journalists in news: 22% of U.S. roles require skills.
  • Newsroom diversity: 7% Black journalists in U.S. leadership.
  • Part-time news workers: 18% of U.S. total in 2023.
  • 52% of Canadian newsrooms cut jobs in 2023.
  • Graphics/multimedia specialists: up 35% to 3,200 in U.S. newsrooms.

Employment and Labor Market Interpretation

The news industry is shrinking, splintering, and stretching itself thin, where a shrinking core of underpaid, burned-out reporters holds the line while the business desperately pivots toward digital skills and a more diverse, precarious, and freelance-heavy future.

Technological and Digital Adoption

  • 65% of U.S. digital news publishers use newsletters as primary engagement tool in 2023.
  • 78% of news websites implemented paywalls by end of 2023.
  • AI tools used by 37% of U.S. newsrooms for content personalization.
  • Mobile-first news sites: 92% of traffic from mobiles globally 2023.
  • 45% of publishers adopted AMP for faster loading in 2023.
  • Blockchain for news verification piloted by 12% of major outlets.
  • 61% of news orgs use cloud services like AWS for storage.
  • Video streaming platforms integrated by 55% of TV news in 2023.
  • 29% of newsrooms employ AR/VR for storytelling.
  • Cookie-less tracking adopted by 48% of digital news sites post-2023.
  • 70% of global news apps use push notifications effectively.
  • Podcasts produced with AI editing by 22% of audio news teams.
  • 83% of news sites optimized for Core Web Vitals in 2023.
  • NFTs used for exclusive news content by 5% of publishers.
  • 51% integrated social listening tools for audience insights.
  • Live streaming viewership up 40% with 5G adoption in news.
  • 34% of newsrooms use machine learning for headline optimization.
  • Progressive Web Apps adopted by 27% of news publishers.
  • 66% utilize CDNs for global content delivery acceleration.
  • Voice search optimization in 19% of news content strategies.
  • 42% of outlets test Web3 for decentralized news access.
  • Data analytics platforms like Google Analytics 4 used by 88%.
  • 25% experiment with metaverse events for news delivery.
  • Single-page apps architecture in 38% of modern news sites.
  • 57% adopted server-side tagging for ad tech compliance.
  • Edge computing for real-time news processing: 14% adoption.
  • 73% of news video is now vertical format for social.
  • Quantum-safe encryption piloted by 3% for secure news comms.
  • 49% use composable CMS like headless WordPress.
  • Low-code platforms for news apps: 31% utilization.

Technological and Digital Adoption Interpretation

In a frantic race to survive, the news industry has become a schizophrenic octopus, juggling paywalls, personalized AI newsletters, and blockchain experiments, all while desperately clinging to our tiny, vertical smartphone screens.

Sources & References