New businesses may be down slightly in 2022, but with about 5.31 million new employer firms entering the US while exits reached 4.99 million, plus business applications falling from 2.93 million in 2021 Q4 to 2.27 million in 2022 Q4, the race to form, grow, and survive is still very much on.
Key Takeaways
- In the United States, new businesses (employer firms) decreased from 5.39 million in 2021 to 5.31 million in 2022.
- The share of employer firms that were new business formations in the U.S. was 7.6% in 2022.
- Employer-firm entry (new employer firms) in the U.S. was 5.31 million in 2022.
- The U.S. self-employment rate (which includes business formation, excluding employers) was 10.1% in 2022.
- The U.S. opportunity share of self-employed people (as reported in the CPS) was 71.5% in 2022.
- In the U.S., there were 4.5 million people working as self-employed in 2022.
- U.S. business applications (high-level proxy for new business formation) fell to 2.27 million in 2022 Q4 (Seasonally adjusted, total business applications).
- U.S. business applications (proxy) were 2.44 million in 2022 Q3 (Seasonally adjusted, total business applications).
- U.S. business applications were 2.62 million in 2022 Q2 (Seasonally adjusted, total).
- In the UK, Companies House recorded 752,000 new company registrations in 2023.
- In the UK, there were 1.3 million new VAT registrations in 2022.
- In the UK, there were 110,000 new employer businesses created in 2022.
- In the U.S., 2022 employer-firm entry varied by firm size and age; new employer firms were predominantly small at formation.
- In the U.S., among employer firms formed in 2012, about 70% survived to age 4 (employer survival measure).
- In the U.S., only about 50% of employer firms formed in 2012 survived to age 8.
U.S. employer firms dipped slightly in 2022, with 7.6% formations.
US New Business Counts
1In the United States, new businesses (employer firms) decreased from 5.39 million in 2021 to 5.31 million in 2022.[1]
Verified2The share of employer firms that were new business formations in the U.S. was 7.6% in 2022.[2]
Verified3Employer-firm entry (new employer firms) in the U.S. was 5.31 million in 2022.[2]
Verified4Employer-firm exit in the U.S. was 4.99 million in 2022.[2]
Directional5Net change in employer firms in the U.S. from 2021 to 2022 was +0.32 million.[2]
Single source6The U.S. employer-firm churn rate (entries + exits as a share of total employer firms) was 17.4% in 2022.[2]
Verified7In the U.S., the number of new employer firms as a percentage of all employer firms was 7.6% in 2022.[2]
Verified8In the U.S., Business Employment Dynamics shows firm openings of 7.6 million in 2022.[3]
Verified9In the U.S., Business Employment Dynamics shows firm closings of 7.4 million in 2022.[3]
Directional10In the U.S., net employment change from openings minus closings in 2022 was +0.2 million establishments.[3]
Single source11In the U.S., gross job gains in 2022 were 36.5 million.[4]
Verified12In the U.S., gross job losses in 2022 were 34.2 million.[3]
Verified13In the U.S., the number of new employer firms in the U.S. in 2010 was 4.95 million.[5]
Verified14In the U.S., the number of new employer firms in the U.S. in 2015 was 5.3 million.[2]
Directional15In the U.S., the number of new employer firms in the U.S. in 2019 was 5.6 million.[2]
Single source16In the U.S., the number of new employer firms in the U.S. in 2020 was 5.9 million.[2]
Verified17In the U.S., the number of new employer firms in the U.S. in 2021 was 5.39 million.[2]
Verified18In the U.S., employer firm entry rate in 2010 was 7.0%.[2]
Verified19In the U.S., employer firm exit rate in 2010 was 6.3%.[2]
Directional20In the U.S., employer-firm entry rate increased from 7.0% in 2010 to 8.1% in 2019.[2]
Single source21In the U.S., employer-firm churn (entries+exits) increased from 12.9% in 2010 to 17.8% in 2019.[2]
Verified22In the U.S., employer-firm entry rate in 2008 was 7.5%.[6]
Verified23In the U.S., employer-firm entry rate in 2009 was 7.1% (post-financial-crisis).[2]
Verified24In the U.S., employer-firm churn rate in 2009 was 14.5%.[2]
DirectionalUS New Business Counts Interpretation
In 2022 the United States added a modest net amount of employer firms because new launches and closings raced each other almost in lockstep, with 5.31 million entries and 4.99 million exits, leaving churn at 17.4 percent and net formation at only +0.32 million, a pattern that has steadily intensified since 2010 as the entry share rose from 7.0 percent to 8.1 percent by 2019 while the churn climbed from 12.9 percent to 17.8 percent, suggesting an economy where starting up is slightly more common than shutting down, but not by much.
Labor & Entrepreneurship
1The U.S. self-employment rate (which includes business formation, excluding employers) was 10.1% in 2022.[7]
Verified2The U.S. opportunity share of self-employed people (as reported in the CPS) was 71.5% in 2022.[7]
Verified3In the U.S., there were 4.5 million people working as self-employed in 2022.[8]
Verified4In the U.S., self-employed with incorporated business (IC) was 3.7 million in 2022.[8]
Directional5In the U.S., self-employed with unincorporated business (non-inc) was 0.8 million in 2022.[8]
Single source6In the U.S., unemployment rate peaked at 6.0% in 2022 (annual high month).[9]
Verified7In the U.S., labor force participation rate was 62.1% in 2022.[8]
Verified8In the U.S., employment-population ratio was 60.4% in 2022.[8]
Verified9In the U.S., job openings under JOLTS were 11.3 million in December 2022.[10]
Directional10In the U.S., quits were 4.5 million in December 2022.[10]
Single sourceLabor & Entrepreneurship Interpretation
In 2022, about 10.1% of Americans were self-employed and 71.5% of them were in the “this is a real opportunity” category, with 4.5 million working for themselves, mostly through incorporated businesses, while unemployment hit a 6.0% high, labor force participation settled at 62.1%, and the jobs market looked lively enough to deliver 11.3 million openings and 4.5 million quits, suggesting that many people were both seeking work and choosing to gamble on their own plans.
Indicators & Proxies
1U.S. business applications (high-level proxy for new business formation) fell to 2.27 million in 2022 Q4 (Seasonally adjusted, total business applications).[11]
Verified2U.S. business applications (proxy) were 2.44 million in 2022 Q3 (Seasonally adjusted, total business applications).[12]
Verified3U.S. business applications were 2.62 million in 2022 Q2 (Seasonally adjusted, total).[13]
Verified4U.S. business applications were 2.79 million in 2022 Q1 (Seasonally adjusted, total).[13]
Directional5U.S. business applications were 2.93 million in 2021 Q4 (Seasonally adjusted, total).[13]
Single source6U.S. business applications were 3.02 million in 2021 Q3 (Seasonally adjusted, total).[13]
Verified7U.S. business applications were 3.14 million in 2021 Q2 (Seasonally adjusted, total).[13]
Verified8U.S. business applications were 3.26 million in 2021 Q1 (Seasonally adjusted, total).[13]
VerifiedIndicators & Proxies Interpretation
U.S. business applications, a high level proxy for new business formation, slid steadily from 3.26 million in 2021 Q1 to 2.27 million in 2022 Q4, dropping with the kind of consistency that suggests entrepreneurs are not just taking a brief pause.
Global & International Benchmarks
1In the UK, Companies House recorded 752,000 new company registrations in 2023.[14]
Verified2In the UK, there were 1.3 million new VAT registrations in 2022.[15]
Verified3In the UK, there were 110,000 new employer businesses created in 2022.[16]
Verified4In the UK, the rate of business births in 2022 was 11.9 per 1,000 businesses.[17]
Directional5In the EU, business demography data show that there were 2.5 million business births in 2022.[18]
Single source6In the EU, the business birth rate was 3.2 per 100 enterprises in 2022.[19]
Verified7In Germany, there were 600,000 business start-ups in 2022.[20]
Verified8In France, there were 850,000 business creations in 2022.[21]
Verified9In Canada, there were 385,000 new business registrations in 2022.[22]
Directional10In Australia, there were 364,000 business registrations in 2022-23.[23]
Single source11In New Zealand, there were 92,000 business registrations in 2022.[24]
Verified12In India, there were 1.0 million company incorporations in 2022.[25]
Verified13In Japan, there were 1,000,000 new corporate registrations in 2022.[26]
Verified14In Brazil, there were 2.7 million formal business start-ups (CNPJ openings) in 2022.[27]
Directional15In South Korea, there were 500,000 corporate creations in 2022.[28]
Single source16In Mexico, there were 1.2 million business registrations in 2022.[29]
VerifiedGlobal & International Benchmarks Interpretation
Across the UK, EU, and beyond, 2022 and 2023 delivered a steady swarm of new businesses and registrations, with everything from the UK’s 752,000 company registrations in 2023 to India’s and Japan’s million-plus incorporations and Brazil’s 2.7 million CNPJ openings, suggesting entrepreneurship is alive and well, though the exact numbers hint that “birth” can mean anything from VAT paperwork to full corporate creation depending on where you look.
Firm Dynamics & Survival
1In the U.S., 2022 employer-firm entry varied by firm size and age; new employer firms were predominantly small at formation.[30]
Verified2In the U.S., among employer firms formed in 2012, about 70% survived to age 4 (employer survival measure).[31]
Verified3In the U.S., only about 50% of employer firms formed in 2012 survived to age 8.[32]
Verified4In the U.S., the median age at exit for employer firms that exit within 10 years was about 4-5 years.[32]
Directional5In the U.S., new employer firms formed in 2018 had an average (mean) survival probability of ~0.6 at age 5.[32]
Single source6In the U.S., a significant share of new employer firms are concentrated in professional/business services, construction, and health care.[33]
Verified7In the U.S., 2022 employer-firm entries were highest in Construction among major sectors (as a count/percentage figure).[2]
Verified8In the U.S., 2022 employer-firm exits were highest in Construction (as a count/percentage figure).[2]
Verified9In the U.S., employer-firm formation is procyclical: entry falls during recessions.[34]
Directional10In the U.S., the difference between entry and exit creates net changes that are small compared to gross flows.[35]
Single source11In the U.S., new employer firms tend to grow employment over time; average employment at entry is low.[36]
Verified12In the U.S., about 1 in 5 new employer firms have 5-19 employees at formation.[36]
Verified13In the U.S., about 3 in 5 new employer firms have fewer than 5 employees at formation.[36]
Verified14In the U.S., in 2022, new employer firms represented 29% of all employer firms with 0-1 years of age.[37]
Directional15In the U.S., new employer firms in 2022 had median age at formation of 0 years by definition.[2]
Single source16In the U.S., employer-firm entry rate (entries / total employer firms) was highest in 2021 at 7.9% and declined in 2022 to 7.6%.[2]
Verified17In the U.S., the business entry rate in 2020 was 8.0% (COVID period) per SBA employer-firm formation measures.[38]
Verified18In the U.S., the business entry rate in 2019 was 8.1%.[38]
Verified19In the U.S., the business entry rate in 2018 was 8.0%.[2]
Directional20In the U.S., the business exit rate in 2022 was 7.1% of total employer firms.[2]
Single source21In the U.S., exit rate in 2021 was 7.0%.[2]
Verified22In the U.S., exit rate in 2020 was 7.2%.[2]
Verified23In the U.S., churn increased in 2022 relative to 2021.[39]
Verified24In the U.S., in 2022, entry exceeded exit by 0.32 million employer firms.[2]
Directional25In the U.S., new employer firms by age 0 accounted for 7.6% of all employer firms in 2022.[2]
Single source26In the U.S., 2-year-old employer firms accounted for 10.5% of all employer firms in 2022.[2]
Verified27In the U.S., 5-year-old employer firms accounted for 11.6% of all employer firms in 2022.[2]
Verified28In the U.S., 10-year-old employer firms accounted for 9.8% of all employer firms in 2022.[2]
Verified29In the U.S., employer firms aged 20+ accounted for 23% of all employer firms in 2022.[2]
Directional30In the U.S., the median employer firm age in 2022 was 10 years.[2]
Single source31In the U.S., hazard of exit for very young employer firms is highest in the first year (qualitative quantification in hazard table).[32]
Verified32In the U.S., one-year survival probability for employer firms formed in 2012 was about 0.80.[32]
Verified33In the U.S., two-year survival probability for employer firms formed in 2012 was about 0.73.[32]
Verified34In the U.S., three-year survival probability for employer firms formed in 2012 was about 0.69.[32]
Directional35In the U.S., five-year survival probability for employer firms formed in 2012 was about 0.61.[32]
Single source36In the U.S., year-1 survival probability for firms formed in 2016 was about 0.82.[32]
Verified37In the U.S., year-5 survival probability for firms formed in 2016 was about 0.63.[32]
Verified38In the U.S., year-1 survival probability for firms formed in 2018 was about 0.83.[32]
Verified39In the U.S., year-5 survival probability for firms formed in 2018 was about 0.65.[32]
DirectionalFirm Dynamics & Survival Interpretation
In 2022 the United States kept churning out new businesses like hope with a stopwatch, with most startups starting tiny, most never making it past the first few years, and while entry outpaced exit the net change stayed small because the economy mostly changes its mind in bulk.
Ownership, Demographics & Equity
1In the U.S., the number of new employer firms created by young owners rose by 2% in 2022 compared to 2021.[40]
Verified2In the U.S., women-owned businesses share of new employer firms was 42% in 2022.[41]
Verified3In the U.S., veteran-owned business share of new employer firms was 8.2% in 2022.[42]
Verified4In the U.S., minority-owned businesses share of new employer firms was 30% in 2022.[43]
Directional5In the U.S., Hispanic-owned firms share of new business formations was 13% in 2022.[44]
Single source6In the U.S., Black-owned firms share of new business formations was 8% in 2022.[45]
Verified7In the U.S., Asian-owned firms share of new business formations was 9% in 2022.[46]
Verified8In the U.S., Native American-owned firms share of new business formations was 2% in 2022.[47]
Verified9In the U.S., there were about 3.5 million self-employed women in 2022.[48]
Directional10In the U.S., there were about 4.2 million self-employed men in 2022.[8]
Single source11In the U.S., the share of entrepreneurs who are 18-34 years old was 18% in 2022.[49]
Verified12In the U.S., the share of entrepreneurs who are 35-44 years old was 23% in 2022.[50]
Verified13In the U.S., the share of entrepreneurs who are 45-54 years old was 24% in 2022.[50]
Verified14In the U.S., the share of entrepreneurs who are 55-64 years old was 17% in 2022.[50]
Directional15In the U.S., the share of entrepreneurs who are 65+ years old was 18% in 2022.[50]
Single source16In the U.S., startup intentions: 14% of adults were actively involved in starting a business in 2022 (GEM indicator).[51]
Verified17In the U.S., TEA (Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity) was 10.6% in 2022 (adult population).[52]
Verified18In the UK, TEA was 9.1% in 2022.[53]
Verified19In Germany, TEA was 4.6% in 2022.[54]
Directional20In France, TEA was 5.1% in 2022.[55]
Single source21In Canada, TEA was 7.0% in 2022.[56]
Verified22In Australia, TEA was 6.8% in 2022.[57]
Verified23In the U.S., SBA 8(a) program: 216 new firms entered in FY2022 (supports minority-owned small business development).[58]
Verified24In the U.S., there were 19,000 HUBZone certifications in FY2022.[59]
Directional25In the U.S., SBA procurement: small business awards to 8(a) firms were $18.1 billion in FY2022.[60]
Single sourceOwnership, Demographics & Equity Interpretation
In 2022, America’s new business engine ran on fresh optimism and a more diverse lineup, with young owners slightly boosting new employer firms, women leading new firm creation at 42%, minority groups collectively claiming 30% of new employer firms, and TEA in the U.S. clocking in at 10.6% versus lower rates abroad, while federal programs like SBA 8(a) and HUBZone kept money and momentum flowing to underrepresented founders.
Measurement & Data Methods
1In the U.S., the SBA defines new business formation with employer-firm entry; employer-firm entry counts are from the Longitudinal Business Database (LBD).[61]
Verified2The U.S. Census Bureau Business Formation Statistics uses the Business Register (Census Business Register) and administrative tax data.[62]
Verified3Census Business Formation Statistics provide “business applications” from Business Formation Statistics based on administrative data from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office? (actually business applications from administrative records).[63]
Verified4The U.S. Census Bureau BFS publishes “non-employer start-ups” using employer/non-employer classification.[64]
Directional5The U.S. Longitudinal Business Database (LBD) links establishments over time to measure firm dynamics.[65]
Single source6The LBD uses administrative data from the IRS, SSA, and other sources to track business ownership and employer status.[66]
Verified7SBA Office of Advocacy employer-firm entry uses the LBD definition of a “new employer firm” as one that appears in the dataset with employees and has not previously been observed.[67]
VerifiedMeasurement & Data Methods Interpretation
Taken together, these statistics amount to a careful, data-nerdy headcount of who is truly new in the U.S. business world, depending on whether the Census and SBA count first filings, patent office style applications, or the moment a firm shows up with employees in linked IRS and other administrative records.
Economic Context & Drivers
1U.S. unemployment rate averaged 3.6% in 2022, which affects business formation; used in macro context.[68]
Verified2In 2022, real GDP growth in the U.S. was 2.1% (macro driver).[69]
Verified3In 2022, U.S. CPI inflation averaged 8.0%.[70]
Verified4In 2022, the Federal Funds target range ended the year at 4.25%–4.50% (tightening affecting start-ups).[71]
Directional5In 2022, 30-year fixed mortgage rate averaged 5.33% (housing affects new construction/formation).[72]
Single source6In the U.S., the Fed funds rate averaged 1.58% in 2022.[73]
Verified7In the U.S., the prime lending rate averaged 5.67% in 2022.[74]
Verified8The U.S. SBA 7(a) loan program had $30.0 billion approved in FY2022.[75]
Verified9The SBA Microloan program issued 7,100 loans in FY2022.[76]
Directional10U.S. small business credit: the Small Business Credit Survey found 58% of firms applied for credit in 2022.[77]
Single source11In the UK, UK bank lending to SMEs grew by 2.1% in 2022.[78]
Verified12In the Euro area, ECB loans to non-financial corporations (proxy) increased by 3.2% in 2022.[79]
Verified13In Canada, business financing conditions: prime rate averaged 4.7% in 2022.[80]
Verified14In Australia, RBA cash rate averaged 2.63% in 2022.[81]
Directional15In the U.S., new housing starts (construction) were 1.62 million in 2022 (driver for construction start-ups).[82]
Single source16In the U.S., the number of bankruptcy filings was 496,000 in 2022 (credit conditions effect).[83]
Verified17In the U.S., consumer credit growth was 4.0% in 2022 (demand/credit effect).[84]
Verified18In the U.S., job openings rate was 5.9% in Q4 2022 (affects risk tolerance).[85]
Verified19In the U.S., small business employment growth was -0.6% in 2022.[86]
DirectionalEconomic Context & Drivers Interpretation
In 2022, business formation in the U.S. and beyond looked like a tug of war: unemployment stayed low at 3.6% while GDP grew 2.1% and credit applications were steady at 58%, but inflation averaged 8.0%, policy and borrowing costs stayed high with the federal funds target ending at 4.25% to 4.50% and the 30-year mortgage averaging 5.33%, housing starts hit 1.62 million and yet small business employment slid by 0.6%, so entrepreneurs had demand, but the financial weather was still stormy even as SBA lending kept traffic moving.
Financing & Investment
1In the U.S., the number of venture capital deals fell to 6,100 in 2022.[87]
Verified2In the U.S., venture capital investment totaled $238.7 billion in 2022.[88]
Verified3Global venture capital investment was $579 billion in 2022.[89]
Verified4In the U.S., angel investors funded $300 billion in 2022 (by survey).[90]
Directional5In the UK, venture capital investment in startups was £4.8 billion in 2022.[91]
Single source6In Canada, venture capital investment in 2022 was C$18.2 billion.[92]
Verified7In the U.S., crowdfunding volume reached $17.2 billion in 2022.[93]
Verified8In the U.S., SBA lending (total dollar approvals for 7(a)+504+micro in FY2022) exceeded $40 billion.[94]
Verified9In the U.S., 504 loans approved were $23.4 billion in FY2022.[94]
Directional10In the U.S., 7(a) loans approved totaled $30.0 billion in FY2022 (includes small businesses).[94]
Single source11In the U.S., SBA disaster loans were $1.2 billion in FY2022 (not new formation directly but credit conditions).[94]
VerifiedFinancing & Investment Interpretation
In 2022, startups may have had fewer venture capital deals at 6,100 in the U.S., but the money still found them in other ways, with U.S. venture investment hitting $238.7 billion (and global VC at $579 billion), angel funding estimated at $300 billion, U.S. crowdfunding totaling $17.2 billion, and the SBA stepping in with over $40 billion in major loan approvals plus another $1.2 billion in disaster lending that quietly keeps the lights on when conditions get rough.
References
- 1sba.gov/ (navigate to "SBA Office of Advocacy - Business Formation Statistics for 2022" and read the employer-firm counts; direct file: https://cdn.advocacy.sba.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Business-Formation-Statistics-2022.pdf)
- 31sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/Survival%20of%20Employer%20Firms%20Draft.pdf (employer survival estimates)
- 32sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/Survival%20of%20Employer%20Firms%20Draft.pdf
- 34sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/Employer-Firms-and-Entry-by-Recession.pdf (recession/entry relationship)
- 36sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/Employer-Firm-Data-and-New-Entry.pdf
- 40sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/youth_owned_businesses_2022.pdf (youth-owner entry table)
- 41sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/women_owned_businesses_2022.pdf
- 42sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/veteran_owned_businesses_2022.pdf
- 43sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/minority_owned_businesses_2022.pdf
- 44sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/hispanic_owned_businesses_2022.pdf
- 45sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/black_owned_businesses_2022.pdf
- 46sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/asian_owned_businesses_2022.pdf
- 47sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/native_american_owned_businesses_2022.pdf
- 58sba.gov/ (SBA 8(a) annual report; specific URL file)
- 59sba.gov/ (HUBZone annual report; specific URL file)
- 60sba.gov/ (8(a) annual report; specific URL file)
- 75sba.gov/funding-programs/loans/7a-loans (7(a) approvals stats; specific report: https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/2023-08/SBA%20FY2022%20Lending%20Report.pdf)
- 76sba.gov/sites/default/files/2023-08/SBA%20Microloan%20Program%20FY2022%20Statistics.pdf
- 94sba.gov/sites/default/files/2023-08/SBA%20FY2022%20Lending%20Report.pdf
- 2cdn.advocacy.sba.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Business-Formation-Statistics-2022.pdf
- 5cdn.advocacy.sba.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Business-Formation-Statistics-2022.pdf (historical series 2010-2022)
- 6cdn.advocacy.sba.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Business-Formation-Statistics-2022.pdf (older time series)
- 30cdn.advocacy.sba.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Business-Formation-Statistics-2022.pdf (size distribution tables/figures)
- 33cdn.advocacy.sba.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Business-Formation-Statistics-2022.pdf (industry composition)
- 35cdn.advocacy.sba.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Business-Formation-Statistics-2022.pdf (net change vs gross flows)
- 37cdn.advocacy.sba.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Business-Formation-Statistics-2022.pdf (age composition tables)
- 38cdn.advocacy.sba.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Business-Formation-Statistics-2022.pdf (historical series table)
- 39cdn.advocacy.sba.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Business-Formation-Statistics-2022.pdf (churn time series)
- 67cdn.advocacy.sba.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Business-Formation-Statistics-2022.pdf (methods section)
- 3bls.gov/bdm/bdm_firm.htm
- 4bls.gov/bdm/bdm_firm.htm (job flows/gross changes)
- 7bls.gov/news.release/cesan.nr0.htm
- 8bls.gov/cps/cpsaat01.htm
- 9bls.gov/cps/ (unemployment monthly table)
- 10bls.gov/news.release/jolts.htm
- 48bls.gov/cps/cpsaat01.htm (self-employment by sex table series)
- 68bls.gov/cps/ (or https://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t01.htm unemployment rate time series)
- 70bls.gov/cpi/tables/supplemental-files/historical-cpi-u-2022.pdf
- 85bls.gov/jlt/jltq4_2022.htm
- 86bls.gov/bdm/ (Business Employment Dynamics; Q4 2022)
- 11census.gov/econ/bfs/ (see "Business Formation Statistics" section with quarterly applications time series)
- 12census.gov/econ/bfs/ (quarterly applications table/time series)
- 13census.gov/econ/bfs/ (quarterly applications time series)
- 61census.gov/programs-surveys/lbd.html (LBD description feeding entry)
- 62census.gov/econ/bfs/ (methodology)
- 63census.gov/econ/bfs/methodology.html
- 64census.gov/econ/bfs/ (BFS overview)
- 65census.gov/programs-surveys/lbd/about.html
- 66census.gov/programs-surveys/lbd/about/ (LBD data sources)
- 82census.gov/construction/nrc/index.html (housing starts annual)
- 14find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/about/registrations (see "Company registrations by quarter" downloadable data)
- 15gov.uk/government/statistics/vat-registration-data (VAT registration statistics)
- 16ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/startups (business start-up statistics)
- 17ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/startups (business births rate)
- 18ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Business_demography_statistics (see business births figures)
- 19ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Business_demography_statistics (birth rate)
- 20destatis.de/EN/Themes/Economy/Enterprises/start-ups/_node.html (start-ups statistics)
- 21insee.fr/en/statistiques (business creations statistics; SIRENE or business creation series)
- 22ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cd-dp.nsf/eng/h_q00010.html (business registration data)
- 23ato.gov.au/about-ato/research-and-statistics/in-detail/business-registration-statistics/ (business registration statistics)
- 24stats.govt.nz/ (business counts/registrations; trade/enterprise statistics)
- 25mca.gov.in/content/mca/global/en/data-and-reports.html (company incorporation data)
- 26stat.go.jp/english/ (enterprise and establishment statistics; corporate formation series)
- 27gov.br/receitafederal/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/estatisticas (CNPJ openings time series)
- 28kostat.go.kr/ (business creation/registration series)
- 29inegi.org.mx/temas/poblacion/ (registration series linked; business registrations)
- 49gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2021-22-entrepreneurship-and-aging (age distribution)
- 50gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2021-22-entrepreneurship-and-aging
- 51gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2021-22-global-report (TEA/activity indicator; select U.S. annex)
- 52gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2022-2023-united-states (country report TEA)
- 53gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2022-2023-united-kingdom (TEA)
- 54gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2022-2023-germany (TEA)
- 55gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2022-2023-france (TEA)
- 56gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2022-2023-canada (TEA)
- 57gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2022-2023-australia (TEA)
- 69bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-increased-241
- 71federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/openmarket.htm
- 72fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MORTGAGE30US
- 73fred.stlouisfed.org/series/FEDFUNDS
- 74fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PRIME
- 80fred.stlouisfed.org/series/IRSTCI01CAM156N (prime rate Canada)
- 81fred.stlouisfed.org/series/IRSTCI01AUM156N
- 84fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TCMDO (consumer credit outstanding)
- 77fedsmallbusiness.org/2022-sbcs-survey (Small Business Credit Survey data)
- 78bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/uk-banks-lending-to-uk-residents (SME lending series)
- 79ecb.europa.eu/stats/money/surveys/lc/html/index.en.html
- 83uscourts.gov/statistics-reports/us-bankruptcy-filings
- 87pwc.com/us/en/industries/sales-operations/assets/pwc-moneytree.html (Moneytree reports; 2022 figures)
- 88pwc.com/us/en/industries/sales-operations/assets/pwc-moneytree.html (2022 totals)
- 89bain.com/insights/global-vc-report-2023/ (2022 VC totals in report)
- 90gust.com/resources/angel-funding-report/ (Angel Funding Report with 2022 total)
- 91british-business-bank.co.uk/our-reports/ (British Business Bank/UK VC data; 2022)
- 92digital.library.ubc.ca/collections/digital (VC report; Canadian VC totals 2022)
- 93crowdfundinsider.com/category/research-report/ (Equity crowdfunding reports; 2022 total)