GITNUXREPORT 2026

Male Statistics

Men face significantly higher rates of suicide, violence, and occupational mortality.

Min-ji Park

Min-ji Park

Research Analyst focused on sustainability and consumer trends.

First published: Feb 13, 2026

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Key Statistics

Statistic 1

World 2023 UN, male population 50.4% or 4.02 billion out of 8 billion

Statistic 2

US 2022 Census, males 49.5% of population or 164 million

Statistic 3

China 2023, male to female ratio 104.7:100 at birth

Statistic 4

India 2022, 51% male population 740 million, sex ratio 940 females/1000 males

Statistic 5

UK 2023 ONS, males 49.4% or 33.3 million

Statistic 6

Brazil 2022 IBGE, males 49.2% 104 million

Statistic 7

Nigeria 2023, male median age 18.1 vs 19.2 female

Statistic 8

Russia 2021, sex ratio 0.86 males per female due to war/mortality

Statistic 9

Japan 2023, males 48.7% aging population 60+ 15 million

Statistic 10

Germany 2022, male fertility rate contribution 1.45 total

Statistic 11

France 2023 INSEE, males 48.8% urban dwellers higher

Statistic 12

Mexico 2022, male migration outflow 70% of 1.2M to US

Statistic 13

South Africa 2021, males 48.9% HIV prevalence higher 8.1% vs 19.2% female

Statistic 14

Australia 2023 ABS, male overseas-born 27% vs 25% female

Statistic 15

Canada 2022, males 49.6% indigenous population higher youth

Statistic 16

Italy 2023 ISTAT, male life expectancy 80.5 vs 85.2 female regional variance

Statistic 17

Turkey 2022, male youth bulge 15-24 13% population

Statistic 18

Sweden 2023 SCB, males 50.1% immigrant background 25%

Statistic 19

EU 2022 Eurostat, male urbanization 77% vs 76% female

Statistic 20

Global 2023, males 51% under 30 years old demographic dividend

Statistic 21

US 2021, male Hispanic population growth 2.1% annual fastest

Statistic 22

India 2023, male rural-urban migrant 55 million internal

Statistic 23

China 2022, male singleton 35 million excess due to policy

Statistic 24

UK 2022, male asylum seekers 72% of 75,000 grants

Statistic 25

World 2023, male median age 30.5 vs 32.4 female globally

Statistic 26

In the US 2023, male labor force participation rate is 68.5% vs 57.2% for females aged 16+

Statistic 27

Globally 2022 World Bank, male employment-to-population ratio 72.3% vs 47.1% female

Statistic 28

UK 2023, median male weekly earnings £720 vs £620 female full-time

Statistic 29

Australia 2022, men 78% of full-time workers in construction earning avg $1,800/week

Statistic 30

Canada 2023, male unemployment 5.8% vs 5.5% female but higher in trades

Statistic 31

EU-27 2022, male average hourly wage €25.2 vs €21.8 female

Statistic 32

India 2023, male labor force 77% vs 25% female PLFS data

Statistic 33

Brazil 2022, men 62% of formal sector jobs avg salary R$2,800/month

Statistic 34

Japan 2021, male average annual income ¥4.5M vs ¥3.1M female

Statistic 35

South Africa 2023, male employment rate 42% vs 36% female Q1

Statistic 36

Russia 2022, men 55% of high-income earners over 100k RUB/month

Statistic 37

Mexico 2023, male informal employment 65% vs 52% female

Statistic 38

Germany 2022, male part-time work 11% vs 46% female rate

Statistic 39

France 2023, men avg 39 hours/week vs 36 female full-time

Statistic 40

China 2022, male urban wage ¥85,000/year avg vs ¥72,000 female

Statistic 41

Nigeria 2021, men 70% of waged employment holders

Statistic 42

Sweden 2023, male self-employment 18% vs 9% female

Statistic 43

Italy 2022, men 73% of manufacturing jobs avg €28k/year

Statistic 44

Turkey 2023, male labor participation 72% vs 34% female ages 15-64

Statistic 45

US 2022, men hold 76% of CEO positions in Fortune 500

Statistic 46

UK 2023, male entrepreneurship rate 15% vs 9% female startups

Statistic 47

Canada 2021, men 82% of mining sector employment $120k avg

Statistic 48

Australia 2023, male average superannuation balance $150k vs $120k female at 45

Statistic 49

EU 2022, male pension gap 30% lower benefits than females due to hours

Statistic 50

Globally, 2023 UNESCO data indicates male literacy rate at 90.2% vs 83.7% female in low-income countries

Statistic 51

US 2022, men earn 33% of bachelor's degrees despite 49% enrollment

Statistic 52

UK 2023, only 39% of STEM graduates are male at undergraduate level

Statistic 53

Australia 2021, male high school completion rate 78% vs 85% female

Statistic 54

Canada 2022, men 42% of university graduates aged 25-34

Statistic 55

EU-27 2023, male tertiary attainment 37% vs 44% female for ages 25-34

Statistic 56

India 2023, male GER in higher education 28.5% vs 28.4% female

Statistic 57

Brazil 2022, men 38% of PhD completions

Statistic 58

Japan 2021, male dropout rate from university 2.1% vs 1.8% female

Statistic 59

South Africa 2023, male matric pass rate 62% vs 75% female

Statistic 60

Russia 2022, men 44% of master's degree holders under 30

Statistic 61

Mexico 2021, male literacy 95.2% vs 94.6% female over 15

Statistic 62

Germany 2023, 35% of apprenticeships in care sectors male vs 65% female

Statistic 63

France 2022, male enrollment in humanities 28% vs 72% female

Statistic 64

China 2023, men 51% of STEM PhDs awarded

Statistic 65

Nigeria 2021, male primary enrollment 85% vs 78% female in north

Statistic 66

Sweden 2022, 41% male graduates in education fields

Statistic 67

Italy 2023, male tertiary dropout 12% vs 9% female

Statistic 68

Turkey 2022, men 46% of higher ed students in social sciences

Statistic 69

US 2023, male illiteracy rate 1.6 million adults vs 2.1 million female but higher functional illiteracy

Statistic 70

UK 2021, boys 15% less likely to achieve grade 5+ in GCSE English

Statistic 71

Canada 2023, men 29% of early childhood education workforce trained

Statistic 72

Australia 2022, male PISA math score 507 vs female 494 average

Statistic 73

EU 2023, male early school leavers 9.5% vs 6.8% female ages 18-24

Statistic 74

India 2022, male secondary completion 72% vs 68% female rural

Statistic 75

Brazil 2023, men 37% of vocational training completers

Statistic 76

Globally, in 2023, men accounted for 73% of all suicide deaths, with a rate of 12.3 per 100,000 males compared to 4.1 for females

Statistic 77

In the US, 2022 data shows male colorectal cancer incidence rate at 41.3 per 100,000, 30% higher than females at 30.2 per 100,000

Statistic 78

UK males aged 20-34 have a 4.5 times higher risk of dying from drug overdose than females, with 1,200 male deaths in 2021 versus 300 female

Statistic 79

Australian men over 75 years have a 25% higher prevalence of Parkinson's disease at 1.8% versus 1.4% in women, 2022 ABS data

Statistic 80

In Canada, 2021, males comprised 88% of workplace fatalities, totaling 852 out of 968 deaths

Statistic 81

EU-27, 2022, male alcohol-related mortality rate is 31.7 per 100,000 vs 8.2 for females

Statistic 82

US males have a 2.1 times higher rate of liver cirrhosis mortality at 20.4 per 100,000 in 2021

Statistic 83

India 2023 NFHS-5 shows 28% of men aged 15-49 are tobacco users vs 0.9% women

Statistic 84

Brazil males have 78% of homicide victims, 42,000 in 2022 per official records

Statistic 85

Japan 2022, male stomach cancer mortality 28.5 per 100,000 vs 12.3 females

Statistic 86

South Africa 2021, males 65% of TB deaths, 32,000 vs 17,000 females

Statistic 87

Russia 2023, male cardiovascular disease death rate 650 per 100,000 vs 420 for females

Statistic 88

Mexico 2022, 90% of road traffic deaths are males, 16,000 annually

Statistic 89

Germany 2021, males 82% of fatal occupational accidents, 890 deaths

Statistic 90

France 2023, male lung cancer incidence 78 per 100,000 vs 32 females

Statistic 91

China 2022, male COPD mortality 120 per 100,000 vs 85 females

Statistic 92

Nigeria 2021, males 72% of HIV-related deaths, 110,000 vs 45,000 females

Statistic 93

Sweden 2022, male prostate cancer new cases 12,500, highest male-specific cancer

Statistic 94

Italy 2023, males 75% of cirrhosis deaths, 8,200 annually

Statistic 95

Turkey 2022, male bladder cancer rate 22 per 100,000 vs 5 females

Statistic 96

US 2021, males 52% of new Alzheimer's diagnoses but faster progression

Statistic 97

UK 2022, male osteoporosis underdiagnosis at 20% prevalence in over 50s undetected

Statistic 98

Canada 2023, males 85% of ejection fraction heart failure cases severe

Statistic 99

Australia 2021, male melanoma mortality 3.2 per 100,000 vs 1.8 females

Statistic 100

EU 2022, male diabetes mortality 15.2 per 100,000 vs 11.4 females

Statistic 101

India 2023, 42% of men aged 30-69 have hypertension vs 35% women

Statistic 102

Brazil 2022, male kidney cancer incidence 18 per 100,000 vs 9 females

Statistic 103

Japan 2023, male esophageal cancer death rate 11.2 per 100,000

Statistic 104

South Africa 2022, males 68% of stroke deaths under 65

Statistic 105

Russia 2021, male pneumonia mortality 45 per 100,000 vs 28 females

Statistic 106

In the US 2022, men aged 18-44 had a homicide victimization rate of 18.5 per 100,000, 6 times higher than females at 3.1

Statistic 107

Globally 2023, 81% of homicide victims are male, totaling 464,000 male deaths

Statistic 108

UK 2021, males 87% of homicide offenders convicted, 620 cases

Statistic 109

Australia 2022, men commit 90% of sexual assaults reported, 8,000 incidents

Statistic 110

Canada 2023, males 95% of prison population at 24,000 inmates

Statistic 111

EU-27 2022, 78% of violent crime suspects are male

Statistic 112

US 2021, men 93% of federal prison inmates for violent crimes

Statistic 113

India 2023, 98% of rape accused are male per NCRB, 31,000 cases

Statistic 114

Brazil 2022, males 96% of homicide perpetrators, 38,000 suspects

Statistic 115

Japan 2023, 85% of robbery arrests are male, 1,200 cases

Statistic 116

South Africa 2021, men 92% of assault convictions, 150,000 annually

Statistic 117

Russia 2022, males 89% of theft offenders, 900,000 registered

Statistic 118

Mexico 2023, 94% of cartel violence deaths male victims, 28,000

Statistic 119

Germany 2021, males 82% of sexual offense suspects, 9,000 cases

Statistic 120

France 2022, 91% of burglary arrests male, 45,000

Statistic 121

China 2023, men 88% of fraud convictions, 120,000 cases

Statistic 122

Nigeria 2022, males 95% of armed robbery suspects, 12,000 arrests

Statistic 123

Sweden 2021, 76% of gang-related violence perpetrators male

Statistic 124

Italy 2023, males 84% of mafia-related arrests, 3,500

Statistic 125

Turkey 2022, 93% of domestic violence offenders male, 140,000 complaints

Statistic 126

US 2023, men 70% of mass shooting perpetrators since 1982, 150 incidents

Statistic 127

UK 2022, males 88% of knife crime offenders, 45,000 offenses

Statistic 128

Canada 2021, 92% of child sexual abuse offenders male

Statistic 129

Australia 2023, men 85% of stalking convictions, 2,500 cases

Statistic 130

EU 2022, males 79% of cybercrime suspects under 30

Statistic 131

India 2022, 97% of cyber stalking accused male, 10,000 FIRs

Statistic 132

Brazil 2021, males 89% of public order offense arrests, 1.2 million

Statistic 133

Japan 2022, 87% of yakuza members male, 20,000 active

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While men are often seen as the more privileged gender, the statistical reality reveals a complex story of vulnerability, crisis, and contradiction that defines modern masculinity.

Key Takeaways

  • Globally, in 2023, men accounted for 73% of all suicide deaths, with a rate of 12.3 per 100,000 males compared to 4.1 for females
  • In the US, 2022 data shows male colorectal cancer incidence rate at 41.3 per 100,000, 30% higher than females at 30.2 per 100,000
  • UK males aged 20-34 have a 4.5 times higher risk of dying from drug overdose than females, with 1,200 male deaths in 2021 versus 300 female
  • In the US 2022, men aged 18-44 had a homicide victimization rate of 18.5 per 100,000, 6 times higher than females at 3.1
  • Globally 2023, 81% of homicide victims are male, totaling 464,000 male deaths
  • UK 2021, males 87% of homicide offenders convicted, 620 cases
  • Globally, 2023 UNESCO data indicates male literacy rate at 90.2% vs 83.7% female in low-income countries
  • US 2022, men earn 33% of bachelor's degrees despite 49% enrollment
  • UK 2023, only 39% of STEM graduates are male at undergraduate level
  • In the US 2023, male labor force participation rate is 68.5% vs 57.2% for females aged 16+
  • Globally 2022 World Bank, male employment-to-population ratio 72.3% vs 47.1% female
  • UK 2023, median male weekly earnings £720 vs £620 female full-time
  • World 2023 UN, male population 50.4% or 4.02 billion out of 8 billion
  • US 2022 Census, males 49.5% of population or 164 million
  • China 2023, male to female ratio 104.7:100 at birth

Men face significantly higher rates of suicide, violence, and occupational mortality.

Demographic Statistics

  • World 2023 UN, male population 50.4% or 4.02 billion out of 8 billion
  • US 2022 Census, males 49.5% of population or 164 million
  • China 2023, male to female ratio 104.7:100 at birth
  • India 2022, 51% male population 740 million, sex ratio 940 females/1000 males
  • UK 2023 ONS, males 49.4% or 33.3 million
  • Brazil 2022 IBGE, males 49.2% 104 million
  • Nigeria 2023, male median age 18.1 vs 19.2 female
  • Russia 2021, sex ratio 0.86 males per female due to war/mortality
  • Japan 2023, males 48.7% aging population 60+ 15 million
  • Germany 2022, male fertility rate contribution 1.45 total
  • France 2023 INSEE, males 48.8% urban dwellers higher
  • Mexico 2022, male migration outflow 70% of 1.2M to US
  • South Africa 2021, males 48.9% HIV prevalence higher 8.1% vs 19.2% female
  • Australia 2023 ABS, male overseas-born 27% vs 25% female
  • Canada 2022, males 49.6% indigenous population higher youth
  • Italy 2023 ISTAT, male life expectancy 80.5 vs 85.2 female regional variance
  • Turkey 2022, male youth bulge 15-24 13% population
  • Sweden 2023 SCB, males 50.1% immigrant background 25%
  • EU 2022 Eurostat, male urbanization 77% vs 76% female
  • Global 2023, males 51% under 30 years old demographic dividend
  • US 2021, male Hispanic population growth 2.1% annual fastest
  • India 2023, male rural-urban migrant 55 million internal
  • China 2022, male singleton 35 million excess due to policy
  • UK 2022, male asylum seekers 72% of 75,000 grants
  • World 2023, male median age 30.5 vs 32.4 female globally

Demographic Statistics Interpretation

While men constitute a slight global majority, their collective story is one of stark contrasts—aging quietly in Japan, migrating from Mexico, dying younger in Russia, and being born in excess in China—revealing a half of humanity not uniformly privileged but universally defined by the demographic pressures of their time and place.

Economic Statistics

  • In the US 2023, male labor force participation rate is 68.5% vs 57.2% for females aged 16+
  • Globally 2022 World Bank, male employment-to-population ratio 72.3% vs 47.1% female
  • UK 2023, median male weekly earnings £720 vs £620 female full-time
  • Australia 2022, men 78% of full-time workers in construction earning avg $1,800/week
  • Canada 2023, male unemployment 5.8% vs 5.5% female but higher in trades
  • EU-27 2022, male average hourly wage €25.2 vs €21.8 female
  • India 2023, male labor force 77% vs 25% female PLFS data
  • Brazil 2022, men 62% of formal sector jobs avg salary R$2,800/month
  • Japan 2021, male average annual income ¥4.5M vs ¥3.1M female
  • South Africa 2023, male employment rate 42% vs 36% female Q1
  • Russia 2022, men 55% of high-income earners over 100k RUB/month
  • Mexico 2023, male informal employment 65% vs 52% female
  • Germany 2022, male part-time work 11% vs 46% female rate
  • France 2023, men avg 39 hours/week vs 36 female full-time
  • China 2022, male urban wage ¥85,000/year avg vs ¥72,000 female
  • Nigeria 2021, men 70% of waged employment holders
  • Sweden 2023, male self-employment 18% vs 9% female
  • Italy 2022, men 73% of manufacturing jobs avg €28k/year
  • Turkey 2023, male labor participation 72% vs 34% female ages 15-64
  • US 2022, men hold 76% of CEO positions in Fortune 500
  • UK 2023, male entrepreneurship rate 15% vs 9% female startups
  • Canada 2021, men 82% of mining sector employment $120k avg
  • Australia 2023, male average superannuation balance $150k vs $120k female at 45
  • EU 2022, male pension gap 30% lower benefits than females due to hours

Economic Statistics Interpretation

The numbers paint a stark, global portrait of men being the default engine of formal labor and breadwinning, yet this comes with a rigid, often perilous blueprint that trades broader life participation for higher pay, heavier hours, and a lonely perch at the top.

Education Statistics

  • Globally, 2023 UNESCO data indicates male literacy rate at 90.2% vs 83.7% female in low-income countries
  • US 2022, men earn 33% of bachelor's degrees despite 49% enrollment
  • UK 2023, only 39% of STEM graduates are male at undergraduate level
  • Australia 2021, male high school completion rate 78% vs 85% female
  • Canada 2022, men 42% of university graduates aged 25-34
  • EU-27 2023, male tertiary attainment 37% vs 44% female for ages 25-34
  • India 2023, male GER in higher education 28.5% vs 28.4% female
  • Brazil 2022, men 38% of PhD completions
  • Japan 2021, male dropout rate from university 2.1% vs 1.8% female
  • South Africa 2023, male matric pass rate 62% vs 75% female
  • Russia 2022, men 44% of master's degree holders under 30
  • Mexico 2021, male literacy 95.2% vs 94.6% female over 15
  • Germany 2023, 35% of apprenticeships in care sectors male vs 65% female
  • France 2022, male enrollment in humanities 28% vs 72% female
  • China 2023, men 51% of STEM PhDs awarded
  • Nigeria 2021, male primary enrollment 85% vs 78% female in north
  • Sweden 2022, 41% male graduates in education fields
  • Italy 2023, male tertiary dropout 12% vs 9% female
  • Turkey 2022, men 46% of higher ed students in social sciences
  • US 2023, male illiteracy rate 1.6 million adults vs 2.1 million female but higher functional illiteracy
  • UK 2021, boys 15% less likely to achieve grade 5+ in GCSE English
  • Canada 2023, men 29% of early childhood education workforce trained
  • Australia 2022, male PISA math score 507 vs female 494 average
  • EU 2023, male early school leavers 9.5% vs 6.8% female ages 18-24
  • India 2022, male secondary completion 72% vs 68% female rural
  • Brazil 2023, men 37% of vocational training completers

Education Statistics Interpretation

The global education landscape reveals a sobering paradox: while men often hold literacy and wage advantages in developing nations, they are increasingly becoming the minority in higher education classrooms across the West, suggesting a quiet but profound shift in who society is academically leaving behind.

Health Statistics

  • Globally, in 2023, men accounted for 73% of all suicide deaths, with a rate of 12.3 per 100,000 males compared to 4.1 for females
  • In the US, 2022 data shows male colorectal cancer incidence rate at 41.3 per 100,000, 30% higher than females at 30.2 per 100,000
  • UK males aged 20-34 have a 4.5 times higher risk of dying from drug overdose than females, with 1,200 male deaths in 2021 versus 300 female
  • Australian men over 75 years have a 25% higher prevalence of Parkinson's disease at 1.8% versus 1.4% in women, 2022 ABS data
  • In Canada, 2021, males comprised 88% of workplace fatalities, totaling 852 out of 968 deaths
  • EU-27, 2022, male alcohol-related mortality rate is 31.7 per 100,000 vs 8.2 for females
  • US males have a 2.1 times higher rate of liver cirrhosis mortality at 20.4 per 100,000 in 2021
  • India 2023 NFHS-5 shows 28% of men aged 15-49 are tobacco users vs 0.9% women
  • Brazil males have 78% of homicide victims, 42,000 in 2022 per official records
  • Japan 2022, male stomach cancer mortality 28.5 per 100,000 vs 12.3 females
  • South Africa 2021, males 65% of TB deaths, 32,000 vs 17,000 females
  • Russia 2023, male cardiovascular disease death rate 650 per 100,000 vs 420 for females
  • Mexico 2022, 90% of road traffic deaths are males, 16,000 annually
  • Germany 2021, males 82% of fatal occupational accidents, 890 deaths
  • France 2023, male lung cancer incidence 78 per 100,000 vs 32 females
  • China 2022, male COPD mortality 120 per 100,000 vs 85 females
  • Nigeria 2021, males 72% of HIV-related deaths, 110,000 vs 45,000 females
  • Sweden 2022, male prostate cancer new cases 12,500, highest male-specific cancer
  • Italy 2023, males 75% of cirrhosis deaths, 8,200 annually
  • Turkey 2022, male bladder cancer rate 22 per 100,000 vs 5 females
  • US 2021, males 52% of new Alzheimer's diagnoses but faster progression
  • UK 2022, male osteoporosis underdiagnosis at 20% prevalence in over 50s undetected
  • Canada 2023, males 85% of ejection fraction heart failure cases severe
  • Australia 2021, male melanoma mortality 3.2 per 100,000 vs 1.8 females
  • EU 2022, male diabetes mortality 15.2 per 100,000 vs 11.4 females
  • India 2023, 42% of men aged 30-69 have hypertension vs 35% women
  • Brazil 2022, male kidney cancer incidence 18 per 100,000 vs 9 females
  • Japan 2023, male esophageal cancer death rate 11.2 per 100,000
  • South Africa 2022, males 68% of stroke deaths under 65
  • Russia 2021, male pneumonia mortality 45 per 100,000 vs 28 females

Health Statistics Interpretation

The data paints a stark portrait of male mortality: from the violence they inflict upon each other and themselves to the silent internal rebellions of their own organs, it is clear that being a man is, statistically speaking, a dangerously high-risk occupation.

Social Statistics

  • In the US 2022, men aged 18-44 had a homicide victimization rate of 18.5 per 100,000, 6 times higher than females at 3.1
  • Globally 2023, 81% of homicide victims are male, totaling 464,000 male deaths
  • UK 2021, males 87% of homicide offenders convicted, 620 cases
  • Australia 2022, men commit 90% of sexual assaults reported, 8,000 incidents
  • Canada 2023, males 95% of prison population at 24,000 inmates
  • EU-27 2022, 78% of violent crime suspects are male
  • US 2021, men 93% of federal prison inmates for violent crimes
  • India 2023, 98% of rape accused are male per NCRB, 31,000 cases
  • Brazil 2022, males 96% of homicide perpetrators, 38,000 suspects
  • Japan 2023, 85% of robbery arrests are male, 1,200 cases
  • South Africa 2021, men 92% of assault convictions, 150,000 annually
  • Russia 2022, males 89% of theft offenders, 900,000 registered
  • Mexico 2023, 94% of cartel violence deaths male victims, 28,000
  • Germany 2021, males 82% of sexual offense suspects, 9,000 cases
  • France 2022, 91% of burglary arrests male, 45,000
  • China 2023, men 88% of fraud convictions, 120,000 cases
  • Nigeria 2022, males 95% of armed robbery suspects, 12,000 arrests
  • Sweden 2021, 76% of gang-related violence perpetrators male
  • Italy 2023, males 84% of mafia-related arrests, 3,500
  • Turkey 2022, 93% of domestic violence offenders male, 140,000 complaints
  • US 2023, men 70% of mass shooting perpetrators since 1982, 150 incidents
  • UK 2022, males 88% of knife crime offenders, 45,000 offenses
  • Canada 2021, 92% of child sexual abuse offenders male
  • Australia 2023, men 85% of stalking convictions, 2,500 cases
  • EU 2022, males 79% of cybercrime suspects under 30
  • India 2022, 97% of cyber stalking accused male, 10,000 FIRs
  • Brazil 2021, males 89% of public order offense arrests, 1.2 million
  • Japan 2022, 87% of yakuza members male, 20,000 active

Social Statistics Interpretation

These relentless global statistics paint an unflinching portrait of a tragically predictable human drama: the vast majority of the world's violence is a catastrophic loop where men are overwhelmingly both the primary victims and the primary perpetrators, perpetually locked in a grim, self-consuming cycle of harm.

Sources & References