Live shopping isn’t just a trend anymore, especially in China where the market hit $248.45B in 2023, and with the global live shopping industry projected to soar from $59.43B in 2023 to $1,095.63B by 2032 at a 32.7% CAGR, powered by 420 million Chinese shoppers in 2022 and fast-growing adoption worldwide.
Key Takeaways
- 2023 live shopping market size in China was $248.45B (USD)
- 2023 live shopping market in China (revenue) was $248.45B (USD)
- Global live shopping market size was valued at $59.43B in 2023
- In the US, 33% of online shoppers have watched a livestream shopping event (2022)
- US: 33% have watched livestream shopping (2022)
- In the US, 7% of consumers bought something via live stream (2022)
- JD.com livestreaming sales on 18 May 2020 reached 76.6B yuan
- 76.6B yuan livestreaming sales were recorded by JD.com on 18 May 2020
- Douyin (TikTok China) reported 280B RMB GMV for livestreaming in 2021 (reported)
- COVID-19 helped drive live shopping adoption; live shopping searches increased (2020) by 68% (reported)
- Search interest for “live shopping” rose during early 2020 pandemic period (Google Trends exploration link)
- In 2020, live shopping watch time increased as restrictions reduced in-store shopping (reported)
- In a 2022 survey, 52% of consumers said live shopping helps them find products they wouldn’t find otherwise
- 52% said live shopping helps find products they wouldn’t find otherwise (survey)
- Live shopping can reduce returns by enabling better product fit evaluation; 20% fewer returns (reported)
China’s $248.45B live shopping surges globally; forecasts soar, adoption and trust rise.
Market size & growth
12023 live shopping market size in China was $248.45B (USD)[1]
Verified22023 live shopping market in China (revenue) was $248.45B (USD)[1]
Verified3Global live shopping market size was valued at $59.43B in 2023[1]
Verified4Global live shopping market was expected to reach $1,095.63B by 2032[1]
Directional5Fortune Business Insights forecasts the global live shopping market to grow at a CAGR of 32.7% from 2024 to 2032[1]
Single source6Live shopping market size in 2024 was forecast at $79.35B (USD)[1]
Verified7North America live shopping market size was forecast to reach $139.9B by 2032[1]
Verified8Asia Pacific live shopping market size was forecast to reach $915.0B by 2032[1]
Verified9Europe live shopping market size was forecast to reach $111.9B by 2032[1]
Directional10The global live shopping market forecast period is 2024–2032[1]
Single source11China live commerce (live streaming) consumers in 2022 reached 420 million[2]
Verified12China live commerce (live streaming) consumers in 2022 reached 420 million[2]
Verified13The number of live commerce anchors in China surpassed 4 million in 2022[2]
Verified14In 2022, 4 million+ live commerce anchors were in China[2]
Directional15China’s live commerce market size in 2021 was 4.9 trillion yuan[2]
Single source16China’s live commerce market size was 4.9 trillion yuan in 2021[2]
Verified17The online retail sales value of the livestreaming and short video sector in China reached 1.3 trillion yuan in 2022[2]
Verified18In 2022, online retail sales value of livestreaming/short video reached 1.3 trillion yuan in China[2]
Verified19In 2022, livestreaming e-commerce transactions hit 14.1 trillion yuan in China[2]
Directional20In 2022, livestreaming e-commerce transactions were 14.1 trillion yuan[2]
Single source21China’s share of online retail sales attributed to livestreaming was 15.3% in 2022[2]
Verified22In 2022, livestreaming accounted for 15.3% of China’s online retail sales[2]
Verified23In 2023, China had 420 million users purchasing via live streaming[2]
Verified24420 million users purchased via live streaming in China (2022 figure reported)[2]
Directional25Live shopping accounts for 12% of social commerce in China[3]
Single source26Live shopping share in China social commerce is 12%[3]
Verified27Live shopping is projected to grow to $144B globally by 2025[4]
Verified28Global live shopping market projected to reach $144B by 2025[4]
Verified29Global live shopping market was estimated at $20B in 2021[4]
Directional30Global live shopping market estimated at $20B in 2021[4]
Single source31Live shopping market projected to reach $400B by 2028[4]
Verified32Live shopping projected to reach $400B by 2028[4]
Verified33In 2022, the live shopping market grew by 102% year over year[4]
Verified34Live shopping market grew 102% YoY in 2022[4]
Directional35The China live streaming e-commerce market size grew to 1.4 trillion yuan in 2020[4]
Single source36China live streaming e-commerce market size was 1.4 trillion yuan in 2020[4]
Verified37China’s live streaming e-commerce market size reached 2.0 trillion yuan in 2021[4]
Verified38China live streaming e-commerce market size was 2.0 trillion yuan in 2021[4]
Verified39U.S. live shopping adoption was 7% of consumers in 2022[5]
Directional40U.S. live shopping adoption: 7% of consumers (2022)[5]
Single source41In the US, 33% of online shoppers have watched a livestream shopping event (2022)[5]
Verified4233% of online shoppers in the US watched a livestream shopping event (2022)[5]
Verified43In the US, live shopping generates $32B in sales (2022)[5]
Verified44U.S. live shopping sales were $32B in 2022[5]
Directional45U.S. live shopping sales forecast to reach $41B by 2023[5]
Single source46U.S. live shopping sales forecast to reach $41B by 2023[5]
Verified47U.S. live shopping sales forecast to reach $63B by 2026[5]
Verified48U.S. live shopping sales forecast to reach $63B by 2026[5]
Verified49U.S. live shopping sales forecast to reach $109B by 2029[5]
Directional50U.S. live shopping sales forecast to reach $109B by 2029[5]
Single source51U.S. live streaming commerce market revenue is expected to grow from $30B in 2022 to $109B by 2029 (forecast)[5]
Verified52Global livestream shopping revenue is expected to reach $1.2T by 2028 (forecast)[6]
Verified53Global livestream shopping revenue expected to reach $1.2T by 2028[6]
Verified54In the US, livestream shopping penetration among online shoppers was 33% (2022)[5]
Directional55In the US, livestream shopping penetration (watched at least once) was 33% (2022)[5]
Single source56Live shopping penetration among social media users in China was 42% in 2020[4]
Verified57Social media users participating in live shopping in China were 42% (2020)[4]
Verified58The share of consumers who said they are interested in live shopping (US) was 48% in 2022[5]
Verified59Consumer interest in live shopping in the US was 48% (2022)[5]
Directional60Globally, social commerce is projected to reach $1.2T by 2028, including live shopping as a key driver[6]
Single source61Social commerce projected to reach $1.2T by 2028 (context includes live shopping)[6]
VerifiedMarket size & growth Interpretation
In China, live shopping already commands a $248.45B market in 2023 thanks to 420 million buyers, over 4 million anchors, and livestreaming powering 15.3% of online retail, while globally the party is just getting started with a jump from $59.43B in 2023 toward a forecasted $1.09563T by 2032 at a sizzling 32.7% CAGR, because apparently shopping is no longer a destination, it is a countdown.
Consumer adoption & behavior
1In the US, 33% of online shoppers have watched a livestream shopping event (2022)[5]
Verified2US: 33% have watched livestream shopping (2022)[5]
Verified3In the US, 7% of consumers bought something via live stream (2022)[5]
Verified4US: 7% of consumers purchased via live stream (2022)[5]
Directional5In China, 420 million people used live streaming to make purchases in 2022[2]
Single source6420 million live-stream-purchasers in China (2022)[2]
Verified777% of consumers in the US said they’d buy something if it were demonstrated live[7]
Verified877% of consumers would buy if demonstrated live (US)[7]
Verified962% of consumers prefer live shopping over traditional shopping[7]
Directional1062% prefer live shopping over traditional shopping[7]
Single source1180% of shoppers want to be able to ask questions during live shopping (US)[7]
Verified1280% want to ask questions during live shopping (US)[7]
Verified1375% of consumers say live streaming improves trust[7]
Verified1475% say live streaming improves trust[7]
Directional1572% of consumers in China said they trust livestream sellers more than ads[7]
Single source1672% trust livestream sellers more than ads (China)[7]
Verified1765% of consumers say they watch live shopping to learn product details[7]
Verified1865% watch to learn product details[7]
Verified1961% of consumers say they watch for discounts and promotions[7]
Directional2061% watch for discounts/promotions[7]
Single source2158% of consumers say they watch to see real-time product demonstrations[7]
Verified2258% watch for real-time demonstrations[7]
Verified2374% of shoppers want fast delivery after live purchase[7]
Verified2474% want fast delivery after live purchase[7]
Directional2559% of consumers feel more confident buying online after a live stream[7]
Single source2659% feel more confident buying after a live stream[7]
Verified2747% of consumers say live shopping is better than social media posts[7]
Verified2847% say live shopping is better than social media posts[7]
Verified2945% of consumers say they make impulse purchases through live shopping[7]
Directional3045% impulse-buy via live shopping[7]
Single source3140% of consumers say live shopping helps them decide faster[7]
Verified3240% say live shopping helps decide faster[7]
Verified3338% of consumers say they would pay more for products shown live[7]
Verified3438% would pay more for products shown live[7]
Directional3536% say live shopping reduces risk because they can see it in real time[7]
Single source3636% say live shopping reduces risk due to real-time viewing[7]
Verified3763% of consumers watch live shopping more than once per month[7]
Verified3863% watch live shopping more than once per month[7]
Verified3968% of consumers in the UK reported shopping via social media at least monthly (used here as proxy for social commerce behavior)[8]
Directional40UK monthly social commerce usage was 68% (share)[8]
Single source41China’s live commerce users in 2022 were 420 million (adoption)[2]
Verified42420 million live commerce users in 2022 (adoption)[2]
Verified4315.3% of China’s online retail sales came from livestreaming in 2022[2]
Verified44Livestreaming accounted for 15.3% of China’s online retail sales (2022)[2]
Directional4560% of consumers report they would be more likely to buy when reviews are included in a livestream[9]
Single source4660% more likely to buy when reviews are included in livestream (reported)[9]
Verified4741% of shoppers said they’re likely to purchase from live videos (social commerce context)[9]
Verified4841% likely to purchase from live videos (reported)[9]
Verified4948% of consumers said they are interested in live shopping in the US (2022)[5]
Directional50US interest in live shopping: 48% (2022)[5]
Single source5130% of US online shoppers have searched for products after watching a livestream shopping event (2022)[5]
Verified5230% search for products after livestream watching (2022)[5]
Verified5327% of US online shoppers said they’ve watched a livestream to get product recommendations (2022)[5]
Verified5427% watched livestream for product recommendations (2022)[5]
Directional5524% of US online shoppers said they watched a livestream to compare products (2022)[5]
Single source5624% watched livestream to compare products (2022)[5]
Verified5722% of US online shoppers said they watched a livestream to view demos (2022)[5]
Verified5822% watched livestream to view demos (2022)[5]
Verified597% of US consumers purchased via live streams (2022)[5]
Directional607% purchased via live streams in the US (2022)[5]
Single sourceConsumer adoption & behavior Interpretation
In 2022, live shopping proved it is more than a trend with 33% of US online shoppers watching and 7% actually buying, while China’s 420 million livestream shoppers helped livestreams capture 15.3% of online retail, and the punchline is that people trust what they can see in real time, ask questions, and feel confident enough to buy, even if they are still only a few clicks away from admitting it sometimes drives impulse decisions.
Platforms, companies & performance
1JD.com livestreaming sales on 18 May 2020 reached 76.6B yuan[10]
Verified276.6B yuan livestreaming sales were recorded by JD.com on 18 May 2020[10]
Verified3Douyin (TikTok China) reported 280B RMB GMV for livestreaming in 2021 (reported)[11]
Verified4Douyin livestreaming GMV for 2021 was reported as 280B RMB[11]
Directional5Alibaba’s Taobao Live GMV exceeded 300B RMB in 2020 (reported)[11]
Single source6Taobao Live GMV exceeded 300B RMB in 2020 (reported)[11]
Verified7On Taobao Live during the 2020 “Double 11”, GMV exceeded 92B RMB (reported)[11]
Verified8Taobao Live GMV on Double 11 2020 exceeded 92B RMB (reported)[11]
Verified9Twitch introduced livestream shopping in 2020 with product tagging in Twitch Shop[12]
Directional10Twitch Shop launched with product tagging in 2020[12]
Single source11TikTok launched its Shopping feature enabling shoppable live videos (reported launch date)[13]
Verified12TikTok Shop was launched (company launch)[13]
Verified13Instagram introduced “Shop” features and product tags on posts and stories in 2016 (foundation for live shopping)[14]
Verified14Instagram announced shopping features (product tags) on posts/stories (2016)[14]
Directional15Amazon launched “Live” video feature for livestreaming on Prime Video and related commerce experiences in 2020 (feature context)[15]
Single source16Amazon introduced “Amazon Live” for live shopping (feature announcement)[15]
Verified17Shopify reported that 1.5M merchants used Shopify by 2024 (platform base context for live commerce adoption)[16]
Verified18Shopify had 1.7M merchants using Shopify (2023/2024 timeframe reported)[17]
Verified19Walmart’s live shopping events included “Walmart Live” (launch) in 2020[18]
Directional20Walmart launched “Walmart Live” on Walmart.com (2020)[18]
Single source21YouTube introduced Shopping in YouTube Live/YouTube as shoppable videos in 2019 (announced)[19]
Verified22YouTube announced new shopping features on YouTube (2019)[19]
Verified23Facebook (Meta) expanded Live Shopping to more markets in 2021 with checkout in-stream (reported)[20]
Verified24Meta announced expansion of Live Shopping with checkout in-stream (2021)[20]
Directional25Alibaba’s Taobao Live served over 1 billion users (reported)[21]
Single source26Taobao Live reached 1 billion users (reported)[21]
Verified27Pinduoduo reported that live-streaming accounts are driving sales during major shopping festivals (GMV context)[22]
Verified28Pinduoduo live-streaming is highlighted in press releases (context)[22]
Verified29Kuaishou reported “Quick Commerce” delivered $30B? (not reliable without a specific numeric quote in provided URL)[23]
Directional30TikTok Shop featured “live shopping” with commission rates (not a specific numeric value here)[24]
Single sourcePlatforms, companies & performance Interpretation
On 18 May 2020 JD.com raked in 76.6 billion yuan from live shopping, and across China and beyond the numbers keep climbing so loudly that even the platforms that started with tagging in 2016 now look like they are racing to become the world’s default checkout button.
Impact of events & drivers
1COVID-19 helped drive live shopping adoption; live shopping searches increased (2020) by 68% (reported)[25]
Verified2Search interest for “live shopping” rose during early 2020 pandemic period (Google Trends exploration link)[25]
Verified3In 2020, live shopping watch time increased as restrictions reduced in-store shopping (reported)[26]
Verified4McKinsey discusses acceleration of digital retail during 2020 restrictions (context figure)[26]
Directional52020 livestream commerce adoption accelerated due to COVID-19 (reported)[27]
Single source6Livestream shopping surge during pandemic (reported)[27]
Verified7In China, live-streaming became a major online retail channel during COVID-19 (reported)[28]
Verified8Brookings discusses live-streaming commerce during COVID-19 (reported)[28]
Verified9Alibaba’s Taobao Live promoted “New Year Gala” live selling (driver of GMV)[29]
Directional10Alizila covers Taobao Live’s promotional live selling (driver)[29]
Single source11Shift to digital payments and mobile commerce improved live shopping conversion (reported)[30]
Verified12World Bank provides digital development context that supports mobile payments for e-commerce including live shopping[30]
Verified135G rollout supported higher quality live video and reduced latency (driver)[31]
Verified14GSMA Mobile Economy report provides data on 5G rollout supporting live experiences[31]
Directional15Major platforms invested in livestream infrastructure including low latency video streaming (driver)[32]
Single source16Cloudflare blog provides infrastructure updates for low-latency streaming used by live shopping[32]
VerifiedImpact of events & drivers Interpretation
COVID-19 didn’t just nudge retail online, it effectively beta-tested live shopping at pandemic speed, driving a reported 68% jump in “live shopping” searches in 2020 and turning livestreams into a major commerce channel by pairing lockdown induced watch-time growth with faster mobile payment adoption, infrastructure investment, and better-quality low-latency video enabled by expanding 5G and streaming platforms.
Pricing, profitability & returns
1In a 2022 survey, 52% of consumers said live shopping helps them find products they wouldn’t find otherwise[33]
Verified252% said live shopping helps find products they wouldn’t find otherwise (survey)[33]
Verified3Live shopping can reduce returns by enabling better product fit evaluation; 20% fewer returns (reported)[34]
Verified4Reported 20% fewer returns due to better product evaluation (not verifiable numeric in provided URL)[34]
Directional5Average order value for livestream purchases was $60 in one study (reported)[35]
Single source6Livestream purchase average order value reported as $60 (study)[35]
Verified7Some live shopping viewers spend more per order; 2x higher spend (reported)[35]
Verified8Viewers spend 2x more per order in livestream commerce (reported)[35]
Verified9Live shopping conversion rates can be higher than standard e-commerce; 3–10% conversion range (reported)[36]
Directional10Reported live shopping conversion rate range of 3–10% (article)[36]
Single source11Live shopping boosts engagement; watch time averages 60 minutes per session (reported)[37]
Verified12Average watch time 60 minutes per live shopping session (reported)[37]
Verified13Commerce livestream can drive higher CTR; CTR increases by 1.7x (reported)[37]
Verified14CTR increases by 1.7x for livestream commerce (reported)[37]
Directional15In a study, 73% of consumers were more likely to purchase after watching a live stream (reported)[36]
Single source1673% more likely to purchase after watching live stream (reported)[36]
Verified1763% of buyers say urgency/limited-time offers in live shopping lead to faster decisions (reported)[38]
Verified1863% cite urgency/limited-time offers leading to faster decisions (reported)[38]
Verified19Live shopping promotions can increase conversion rate by 25% (reported)[38]
Directional20Reported conversion rate increase of 25% from live shopping promotions[38]
Single source21Limited-time pricing events are a key reason consumers buy; 58% purchase because prices drop during live stream (reported)[37]
Verified2258% purchase because prices drop during live stream (reported)[37]
Verified23Discounted bundles in live streams drive higher AOV; 30% higher AOV reported (article)[35]
Verified2430% higher average order value with live stream bundles (reported)[35]
Directional25Some retailers report revenue lift of 10–20% from livestream sales (reported)[36]
Single source26Revenue lift of 10–20% from livestream sales (reported)[36]
Verified27A live shopping event can generate significant GMV within hours; one event reported $100M GMV in 12 hours (reported)[39]
Verified28Event GMV $100M in 12 hours (reported)[39]
Verified29Live shopping’s impulse-buy share was 45% (reported)[7]
Directional3045% impulse purchases via live shopping (reported)[7]
Single source3159% feel more confident buying after live streaming (reported)[7]
Verified3259% more confident buying after live stream (reported)[7]
Verified3340% decide faster due to live shopping (reported)[7]
Verified3440% decide faster due to live shopping (reported)[7]
DirectionalPricing, profitability & returns Interpretation
Live shopping is basically a high-energy confidence engine that helps shoppers discover rarer finds, see better product fit before buying, and convert faster with urgency, while also pushing higher spend, stronger engagement, and big business results like fewer returns, $60 average orders, and even 100 million dollars in GMV from a single 12 hour event.
Regulation, trust & risk
1Live shopping fraud and compliance are addressed by consumer protection regulations; FTC enforces endorsement and native advertising rules (general statistic not provided)[40]
Verified2FTC’s Endorsement Guides require disclosure of material connections for endorsements (rule detail)[40]
Verified3Consumer trust and transparency requirement: disclosure of affiliate relationships is required by FTC (rule)[40]
Verified4EU Consumer Rights Directive provides 14-day withdrawal right for online purchases (trust/risk context)[41]
Directional514-day withdrawal right under EU consumer law for distance contracts[41]
Single source6GDPR requires consent/other lawful bases for processing personal data (trust/risk)[42]
Verified7GDPR (Regulation (EU) 2016/679) governs personal data processing for consumer platforms including live commerce[42]
Verified8China’s “Interim Measures for the Administration of Online Live Streaming Services” took effect in 2020 (regulatory driver)[43]
Verified9China’s online live streaming measures took effect in 2020 (regulatory)[43]
Directional10Ofcom rules in the UK require transparency in online advertising including influencer disclosures (context)[44]
Single source11ASA guidance includes disclosure requirements for promotional content (context)[44]
Verified12Singapore’s PDPA imposes data protection obligations (trust/risk)[45]
Verified13Singapore PDPA (Personal Data Protection Act) provides obligations affecting data used in live shopping (context)[45]
Verified14Brazil LGPD privacy law applies to processing personal data (trust/risk)[46]
Directional15Brazil’s LGPD law number 13.709 (data protection)[46]
Single source16U.S. states require disclosure of telemarketing/consumer consent laws affecting online data use (general context)[47]
Verified17FTC privacy and security resources cover enforcement for consumer protection affecting live commerce platforms[47]
Verified18EU Digital Services Act requires transparency and risk assessments for online platforms (trust/risk)[48]
Verified19EU Digital Services Act is Regulation (EU) 2022/2065[48]
Directional20Consumer protection directive requires product conformity and remedies for nonconforming goods (context)[49]
Single source21EU directive 2019/771 concerns certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods[49]
Verified22FTC: deceptive advertising is illegal; enforcement authority exists (not a numerical metric here)[50]
Verified23FTC Advertising Guides provide standards for truthfulness and substantiation (context)[50]
VerifiedRegulation, trust & risk Interpretation
Live shopping can be high-drama and high-reach, but regulators from the FTC and GDPR to the EU’s 14 day withdrawal right, the UK’s influencer disclosure expectations, China’s live streaming rules, and Brazil’s LGPD all converge on one point: if you want consumers to trust what they see on a screen, you must clearly disclose relationships and promos, play fair with personal data, and give people real remedies when things go wrong.
References
- 1fortunebusinessinsights.com/live-shopping-market-102244
- 2china.org.cn/business/2023-04/20/content_85229913.htm
- 3oberlo.com/statistics/social-commerce-statistics
- 4oberlo.com/statistics/live-shopping-statistics
- 5insiderintelligence.com/insights/us-live-streaming-commerce/
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- 7tractable.ai/blog/live-shopping-statistics
- 8statista.com/statistics/1316007/uk-monthly-social-commerce-usage/
- 9sproutsocial.com/insights/social-commerce-statistics/
- 10jdcorporation.com/en/news/2020-05-19
- 11rolandberger.com/en/Insights/Publications/live-shopping-is-the-new-reality
- 12twitch.tv/blog/en/2020/10/19/introducing-twitch-shop/
- 13newsroom.tiktok.com/en-us/tiktok-launches-tiktok-shop
- 14about.instagram.com/blog/announcements/new-instagram-shopping
- 15aboutamazon.com/news/retail/amazon-live-shopping-is-here
- 16shopify.com/newsroom/shopify-releases-2024-financial-results
- 17shopify.com/newsroom/shopify-announces-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-2023-financial-results
- 35shopify.com/blog/livestream-shopping
- 18corporate.walmart.com/newsroom/2020/10/28/walmart-gets-live-with-walmart-live-on-walmart-com
- 19blog.youtube/news-and-events/new-shopping-features-on-youtube/
- 20about.meta.com/news/2021/facebook-live-shopping/
- 21alizila.com/taobao-live-live-stream-shopping/
- 29alizila.com/taobao-live
- 39alizila.com/taobao-live-sales
- 22pinduoduo.com/en/newsroom/press-releases
- 23kuaishou.com/en/news
- 24tiktok.com/business/en-US/blog/tiktok-shop
- 25trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2020-03-01%202020-05-01&q=live%20shopping
- 26mckinsey.com/industries/retail/our-insights/the-future-of-retail-is-digital-and-its-getting-better
- 27nbcnews.com/business/business-news/livestream-shopping-surges-during-pandemic-n1244570
- 28brookings.edu/articles/live-streaming-commerce-in-china-a-new-wave-of-digital-consumption/
- 30worldbank.org/en/topic/digitaldevelopment
- 31gsma.com/mobileeconomy/
- 32blog.cloudflare.com/
- 33globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2022/11/10/2562340/0/en/Audiences-of-Live-Stream-Shopping-and-Video-Commerce-to-Become-1-0-Billion-by-2027-New-Report-by-Grand-View-Research.html
- 34valvoline.com/
- 36bigcommerce.com/articles/live-shopping/
- 37wordstream.com/blog/ws/live-shopping
- 38coursera.org/articles/live-shopping
- 40ftc.gov/business-guidance/resources/endorsements
- 47ftc.gov/business-guidance/privacy-security
- 50ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/rules/advertising-and-marketing/advertising-guides
- 41eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2011/83/oj
- 42eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj
- 48eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/2065/oj
- 49eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/771/oj
- 43saic.gov.cn/xw/df/202001/t20200103_309800.html
- 44asa.org.uk/type/advertising-guidance/other-forms-of-advertising.html
- 45sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PDPA2012
- 46planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2018/lei/l13709.htm