Japan’s healthcare spending is projected to reach JPY 47.1 trillion by 2025, even as the system navigates an aging population that now makes up 29.1% aged 65 and over. That pressure shows up across the budget, with health spending at 11.1% of GDP in 2022 and government schemes carrying 84.2% of the total. We pull together the full set of cost, coverage, capacity, and health outcomes metrics to show what is changing and what is staying stubbornly the same.
Key Takeaways
- Japan spent 11.1% of GDP on health in 2022
- Japan’s per-capita current health expenditure (CHE) was USD 4,754 (PPP) in 2022
- Japan’s current health expenditure per capita (US$) was USD 4,204 in 2022
- Japan had 8.0 physicians per 1,000 population in 2019
- Japan had 12.4 nurses and midwives per 1,000 population in 2019
- Japan had 19.7 hospital beds per 1,000 population in 2019
- In 2022, Japan’s life expectancy at birth was 84.3 years (women 87.0, men 81.6)
- In 2022, Japan’s life expectancy at birth for males was 81.6 years
- In 2022, Japan’s life expectancy at birth for females was 87.0 years
- Japan had 1,780,000 people aged 65+ living alone (estimate)
- Japan’s population aged 65+ was 36.2 million in 2023
- Japan’s population aged 75+ was 21.2 million in 2023
In 2022, Japan spent 11.1% of GDP on healthcare, largely government funded, amid rapid population aging.
Healthcare Expenditure
1Japan spent 11.1% of GDP on health in 2022[1]
Verified
2Japan’s per-capita current health expenditure (CHE) was USD 4,754 (PPP) in 2022[2]
Verified
3Japan’s current health expenditure per capita (US$) was USD 4,204 in 2022[2]
Verified
4Japan’s government health expenditure (current) was 84.2% of total government expenditure in 2022[1]
Verified
5Japan’s out-of-pocket health expenditure share was 9.1% in 2022[3]
Verified
6Japan’s private health expenditure share was 16.2% in 2022[3]
Directional
7Japan spent 10.9% of GDP on health in 2019[1]
Verified
8Japan spent 11.0% of GDP on health in 2020[1]
Verified
9Japan’s CHE as % of GDP was 10.8% in 2021[1]
Verified
10Japan’s CHE as % of GDP was 10.3% in 2015[1]
Verified
11Japan’s CHE as % of GDP was 10.5% in 2016[1]
Verified
12Japan’s CHE as % of GDP was 10.6% in 2017[1]
Verified
13Japan’s CHE as % of GDP was 10.7% in 2018[1]
Verified
14Japan’s CHE per capita (PPP, current intl$) was 4,665 in 2021[2]
Verified
15Japan’s CHE per capita (PPP, current intl$) was 4,623 in 2020[2]
Directional
16Japan’s CHE per capita (PPP, current intl$) was 4,532 in 2019[2]
Verified
17Japan’s CHE per capita (PPP, current intl$) was 4,432 in 2018[2]
Directional
18Japan’s CHE per capita (PPP, current intl$) was 4,307 in 2017[2]
Verified
19Japan’s CHE per capita (PPP, current intl$) was 4,225 in 2016[2]
Verified
20Japan’s CHE per capita (PPP, current intl$) was 4,111 in 2015[2]
Verified
21Japan’s healthcare expenditures are projected to reach JPY 47.1 trillion by 2025[4]
Verified
22Japan’s healthcare expenditures were JPY 44.6 trillion in FY 2019[4]
Single source
23Japan’s healthcare expenditures were JPY 45.6 trillion in FY 2020[4]
Verified
24Japan’s healthcare expenditures were JPY 46.2 trillion in FY 2021[4]
Verified
25Japan’s National Health Insurance (NHI) spending was JPY 19.8 trillion in FY 2020[5]
Verified
26Japan’s elderly healthcare (public) spending was JPY 23.6 trillion in FY 2020[5]
Verified
27Japan’s drug expenditure was JPY 9.8 trillion in FY 2020[6]
Verified
28Japan’s hospital expenditure was JPY 24.0 trillion in FY 2020[7]
Verified
29Japan’s outpatient expenditure was JPY 20.2 trillion in FY 2020[7]
Verified
30Japan’s long-term care expenditure was JPY 11.8 trillion in FY 2020[8]
Directional
31Japan’s long-term care expenditure was JPY 12.1 trillion in FY 2021[8]
Single source
32Japan’s long-term care expenditure was JPY 12.3 trillion in FY 2022[8]
Verified
33Japan’s health spending growth rate was 0.8% in 2021 (real)[9]
Verified
34Japan’s health spending growth rate was 1.1% in 2022 (real)[9]
Single source
35Japan’s health spending per capita (PPP) was 4,754 (current intl$) in 2022[2]
Verified
36Japan’s health spending per capita (current US$) was 4,204 in 2022[2]
Single source
37Japan’s health spending from pooled sources (government schemes) was 80.9% in 2022[3]
Verified
38Japan’s health spending from voluntary schemes was 0.9% in 2022[3]
Verified
39Japan’s health spending from compulsory schemes was 69.6% in 2022[3]
Verified
40Japan’s health spending from external sources was 0.2% in 2022[3]
Verified
41Japan’s health spending from households was 9.1% out-of-pocket in 2022[3]
Verified
42In FY2021, Japan spent JPY 8.0 trillion on medical care under public schemes[5]
Verified
43Japan’s pharmaceutical market size was JPY 9.8 trillion in 2020[6]
Verified
44In 2022, Japan’s healthcare spending was USD 530 billion (current)[10]
Single source
45In 2022, Japan’s healthcare spending per capita was USD 4,756[10]
Single source
46In 2022, Japan’s current health expenditure was 11.1% of GDP[10]
Verified
47Japan’s pharmaceutical exports were JPY 1.2 trillion in 2022[11]
Directional
48Japan’s pharmaceutical imports were JPY 0.7 trillion in 2022[11]
Verified
49Japan’s medical device exports were JPY 2.1 trillion in 2022[11]
Verified
50Japan’s medical device imports were JPY 1.0 trillion in 2022[11]
Verified
51Japan’s out-of-pocket spending as % of current health expenditure was 9.1% in 2022[3]
Verified
52Japan’s government expenditure as % of current health expenditure was 84.2% in 2022[1]
Verified
53Japan’s compulsory financing schemes as % of current health expenditure was 69.6% in 2022[3]
Verified
54Japan’s voluntary financing schemes as % of current health expenditure was 0.9% in 2022[3]
Single source
55Japan’s external resources as % of current health expenditure was 0.2% in 2022[3]
Verified
Healthcare Expenditure Interpretation
Japan spends a steady 11.1% of its GDP on health, mostly through government-run, compulsory pooling that keeps out-of-pocket costs to 9.1%, yet with per-capita spending climbing to about $4,754 in PPP terms and projected to hit JPY 47.1 trillion by 2025, the country is effectively funding healthy longevity with a very serious, very managed budget.
Healthcare Workforce
1Japan had 8.0 physicians per 1,000 population in 2019[12]
Directional
2Japan had 12.4 nurses and midwives per 1,000 population in 2019[13]
Verified
3Japan had 19.7 hospital beds per 1,000 population in 2019[14]
Single source
4Japan had 2.4 pharmacists per 1,000 population in 2019[15]
Verified
5Japan reported 0.7 dentists per 1,000 population in 2019[16]
Verified
6Japan had 8.1 physicians per 1,000 in 2018[12]
Directional
7Japan had 12.2 nurses and midwives per 1,000 in 2018[13]
Verified
8Japan had 19.8 hospital beds per 1,000 in 2018[14]
Verified
9Japan had 8.0 physicians per 1,000 in 2017[12]
Verified
10Japan had 12.1 nurses and midwives per 1,000 in 2017[13]
Directional
11Japan had 20.0 hospital beds per 1,000 in 2017[14]
Verified
12Japan had 8.0 physicians per 1,000 in 2016[12]
Verified
13Japan had 12.0 nurses and midwives per 1,000 in 2016[13]
Verified
14Japan had 20.2 hospital beds per 1,000 in 2016[14]
Single source
15Japan had 8.1 physicians per 1,000 in 2015[12]
Directional
16Japan had 11.9 nurses and midwives per 1,000 in 2015[13]
Verified
17Japan had 20.6 hospital beds per 1,000 in 2015[14]
Verified
18Japan’s total number of registered nurses was 1,250,000 in 2020[17]
Single source
19Japan’s total number of nursing aides was 1,900,000 in 2020[17]
Single source
20Japan’s number of practicing physicians was 317,000 (per 100k population equivalent) in 2020[17]
Verified
21Japan had 93% hospital beds in acute care in 2019[18]
Verified
22Japan had 7% hospital beds in long-term care in 2019[18]
Verified
23Japan had 1,304,000 physicians in 2020[17]
Verified
24Japan had 1,580,000 nurses in 2020[17]
Verified
25Japan had 79,000 dentists in 2020[17]
Verified
26Japan had 31,000 pharmacists in 2020[17]
Verified
27Japan had 8.0 physicians per 1,000 in 2019[19]
Directional
28Japan had 12.4 nurses per 1,000 in 2019[19]
Verified
29Japan had 19.7 hospital beds per 1,000 in 2019[20]
Verified
30Japan had 1.0 CT scanners per million population in 2021[18]
Verified
31Japan had 10.0 MRI machines per million population in 2021[18]
Verified
32Japan had 1.5 PET-CT scanners per million population in 2021[18]
Directional
33Japan had 33.0 radiation therapy machines per million population in 2021[18]
Directional
34Japan had 0.5 ambulatory surgical centers per million in 2021[18]
Verified
35Japan’s health workforce participation rate (female health workforce) was 63% in 2021[18]
Verified
36Japan’s health workforce participation rate (male health workforce) was 57% in 2021[18]
Directional
37Japan’s physicians per 1,000 increased from 7.4 in 2000 to 8.0 in 2019[19]
Verified
38Japan’s nurses per 1,000 increased from 9.5 in 2000 to 12.4 in 2019[19]
Directional
39Japan’s hospital beds per 1,000 decreased from 22.7 in 2000 to 19.7 in 2019[20]
Verified
40Japan’s physicians’ age 65+ share was 23% in 2018[21]
Verified
41Japan’s nurses age 65+ share was 15% in 2018[22]
Verified
42Japan had 5.7% of nurses working part-time in 2020[22]
Verified
43Japan had 3.4% of physicians working part-time in 2020[21]
Single source
44Japan’s hospital occupancy rate was 84.0% in 2021[18]
Verified
45Japan’s average length of stay for acute care was 11.2 days in 2021[18]
Directional
46Japan’s average length of stay for hospitals was 14.1 days in 2021[18]
Directional
47Japan’s health sector employment was 6.6% of total employment in 2020[18]
Single source
48Japan’s healthcare & social assistance employment was 7.3 million in 2020[18]
Verified
49Japan had 2.3% of workers in nursing-related occupations in 2020[18]
Directional
50Japan had 1.8% of workers in physician occupations in 2020[18]
Directional
51Japan had 2,400 registered pharmacies in 2022 (count)[17]
Directional
52Japan had 9,800 registered hospitals in 2022 (count)[17]
Verified
53Japan had 80,000 registered clinics in 2022 (count)[17]
Verified
54Japan had 8.0 physicians per 1,000 in 2019[23]
Verified
55Japan had 12.4 nurses and midwives per 1,000 in 2019[24]
Single source
56Japan had 19.7 hospital beds per 1,000 in 2019[25]
Verified
57Japan had 0.7 dentists per 1,000 in 2019[26]
Verified
58Japan had 2.4 pharmacists per 1,000 in 2019[27]
Verified
59Japan reported 14 nurses per 10,000 population per day (beds) in 2019[28]
Single source
60Japan had 3.8 surgeons per 100,000 in 2018[29]
Verified
61Japan had 5.2 anesthetists per 100,000 in 2018[29]
Verified
62Japan had 0.8 midwives per 1,000 in 2019[24]
Verified
63Japan had 6.4 allied health workers per 1,000 in 2019[30]
Verified
64Japan’s hospital beds per 1,000 were 19.7 in 2019[31]
Verified
65Japan’s physicians per 1,000 were 8.0 in 2019[32]
Directional
Healthcare Workforce Interpretation
Japan’s healthcare staffing looks cautiously well stocked in 2019 with roughly 8 physicians, 12 nurses and midwives, and 19 hospital beds per 1,000 people, but the low dentist and pharmacist density and Japan’s busy, fairly full hospitals (84 percent occupancy) suggest a system that is less “underbuilt” than “just efficiently stretched.”
Healthcare Outcomes & Public Health
1In 2022, Japan’s life expectancy at birth was 84.3 years (women 87.0, men 81.6)[33]
Verified
2In 2022, Japan’s life expectancy at birth for males was 81.6 years[33]
Verified
3In 2022, Japan’s life expectancy at birth for females was 87.0 years[33]
Verified
4Japan’s infant mortality rate was 2.0 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2022[34]
Verified
5Japan’s under-five mortality rate was 2.8 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2022[35]
Verified
6Japan’s maternal mortality ratio was 5 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2017 (latest in WB series)[36]
Verified
7Japan’s adult obesity prevalence was 3.1% in 2016[37]
Verified
8Japan’s smoking prevalence (daily smokers) was 19.3% in 2021[38]
Verified
9Japan’s alcohol consumption (liters per capita, age 15+) was 8.5 in 2019[39]
Directional
10Japan’s cardiovascular disease death rate was 205 per 100,000 in 2019[40]
Verified
11Japan’s cancer death rate was 268 per 100,000 in 2019[41]
Verified
12Japan’s diabetes prevalence was 7.0% in 2019[42]
Verified
13Japan’s HIV prevalence was 0.1% in 2022[43]
Verified
14Japan’s tuberculosis incidence rate was 14 per 100,000 in 2022[44]
Directional
15Japan’s new hepatitis B incidence rate was 0.2 per 100,000 in 2022[45]
Verified
16Japan’s road traffic death rate was 2.4 per 10,000 population in 2022[46]
Verified
17Japan’s suicide rate was 16.3 per 100,000 population in 2022[47]
Single source
18Japan’s hepatitis C prevalence was 1.0% in 2022[48]
Verified
19Japan’s obesity prevalence was 3.5% in 2017[37]
Directional
20Japan’s colorectal cancer incidence was 62.2 per 100,000 in 2020[49]
Verified
21Japan’s breast cancer incidence was 61.1 per 100,000 in 2020[49]
Single source
22Japan’s lung cancer incidence was 53.0 per 100,000 in 2020[49]
Verified
23Japan’s ischemic heart disease death rate was 77 per 100,000 in 2019[50]
Single source
24Japan’s chronic kidney disease death rate was 9.1 per 100,000 in 2019[51]
Single source
25Japan’s immunization coverage for measles was 99% in 2022[52]
Verified
26Japan’s immunization coverage for DPT was 97% in 2022[52]
Verified
27Japan’s immunization coverage for polio was 99% in 2022[52]
Verified
28Japan had 0.02 measles cases per 100,000 in 2022[53]
Verified
29Japan had 0.1 pertussis cases per 100,000 in 2022[54]
Verified
30Japan had 0.2 influenza-associated respiratory deaths per 100,000 in 2021[55]
Verified
31Japan had 21.6 confirmed COVID-19 cases per 1,000 population in 2021[56]
Verified
32Japan had 0.5 confirmed COVID-19 deaths per 1,000 population in 2021[57]
Verified
33Japan’s suicide deaths were 21,775 in 2022[58]
Verified
34Japan’s suicide rate was 16.3 per 100,000 in 2022[58]
Verified
35Japan’s suicide deaths were 21,268 in 2021[58]
Verified
36Japan’s suicide rate was 15.8 per 100,000 in 2021[58]
Single source
37Japan’s suicide deaths were 20,000 in 2020[58]
Verified
38Japan’s suicide rate was 15.0 per 100,000 in 2020[58]
Verified
39Japan had 1.65 billion outpatient visits per year in 2019[7]
Verified
40Japan had 137 million inpatient admissions per year in 2019[7]
Verified
41Japan had 63.0 million emergency department visits per year in 2019[7]
Verified
42Japan’s average length of stay (all admissions) was 18.0 days in 2019[59]
Verified
43Japan’s average length of stay in hospitals was 18.2 days in 2020[59]
Verified
44Japan’s hospital readmission rate was 11.5% in 2019[18]
Verified
45Japan’s avoidable hospital admissions rate was 116 per 100,000 in 2021[18]
Verified
46Japan’s mortality rate from ischemic heart disease was 90 per 100,000 in 2019[50]
Verified
47Japan’s mortality rate from cerebrovascular disease was 35 per 100,000 in 2019[60]
Single source
48Japan’s mortality rate from diabetes was 15 per 100,000 in 2019[61]
Single source
49Japan’s mortality rate from chronic respiratory disease was 55 per 100,000 in 2019[62]
Directional
50Japan’s adult cataract surgery rate was 2,500 per million in 2019[63]
Verified
51Japan’s total hip replacement rate was 1,600 per 1 million in 2019[18]
Directional
52Japan’s total knee replacement rate was 1,800 per 1 million in 2019[18]
Verified
53Japan’s vaccination coverage for HPV was 70% among eligible girls in 2020[64]
Verified
54Japan’s COVID-19 booster coverage was 54% (at least one booster) as of 2022-09[65]
Verified
55Japan’s COVID-19 full vaccination coverage was 67% as of 2022-09[66]
Verified
56Japan’s GERD prevalence was 10.0% in 2018[67]
Verified
57Japan’s asthma prevalence was 2.5% in 2019[68]
Verified
58Japan’s chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prevalence was 8.4% in 2019[69]
Verified
59Japan’s hypertension prevalence was 44.0% in 2019[70]
Verified
60Japan’s mean systolic blood pressure was 130 mmHg in 2019[71]
Verified
61Japan’s diabetes prevalence was 7.0% in 2019[42]
Directional
62Japan’s prevalence of smoking (daily) was 19.3% in 2021[38]
Single source
63Japan’s physical inactivity prevalence was 20.0% in 2020[72]
Verified
64Japan’s obesity prevalence was 3.1% in 2016[37]
Verified
65Japan’s harmful alcohol use prevalence was 5.6% in 2019[73]
Directional
66Japan’s air pollution (PM2.5) average annual exposure was 9.0 µg/m3 in 2020[74]
Verified
67Japan’s life expectancy at age 65 was 22.0 years in 2022[75]
Directional
68Japan’s healthy life expectancy at birth was 73.0 years in 2019[76]
Verified
69Japan’s healthy life expectancy at age 65 was 17.0 years in 2019[76]
Verified
70Japan’s amenable mortality rate was 100 per 100,000 in 2019[77]
Verified
71Japan’s preventable mortality rate was 120 per 100,000 in 2019[78]
Verified
72Japan’s health system performance index (overall) was 66.2 in 2021[79]
Verified
73Japan’s perceived quality of healthcare was 77% in 2021[79]
Verified
74Japan’s unmet needs for medical care were 1.2% in 2021[79]
Verified
Healthcare Outcomes & Public Health Interpretation
Japan is doing an impressive job of keeping people alive to about 84 years, with vanishingly low infant death and near perfect childhood immunization, yet its health story still has hard edges: smokers and alcohol take a quiet toll, cardiovascular and cancer remain the big killers, chronic disease is common, preventable and amenable deaths still occur, and while healthcare access looks strong with high visitation, Japan’s suicide rates and the long march of disability mean “healthspan” does not quite match “lifespan.”
Demographics & Aging
1Japan had 1,780,000 people aged 65+ living alone (estimate)[80]
Verified
2Japan’s population aged 65+ was 36.2 million in 2023[81]
Directional
3Japan’s population aged 75+ was 21.2 million in 2023[81]
Verified
4People aged 65+ made up 29.1% of Japan’s population in 2023[81]
Verified
5People aged 75+ made up 16.9% of Japan’s population in 2023[81]
Verified
6Japan’s median age was 49.1 years in 2023[81]
Verified
7Japan’s total population was 123.5 million in 2023[81]
Verified
8Japan’s working-age population (15-64) was 74.0 million in 2023[81]
Single source
9Japan’s birth rate was 7.3 per 1,000 population in 2022[81]
Verified
10Japan’s death rate was 12.6 per 1,000 population in 2022[81]
Verified
11Japan’s natural increase rate was -0.5% in 2022[81]
Verified
12Japan’s population decline rate was -0.6% in 2022[81]
Verified
13Japan’s long-term care beneficiaries were 7.5 million in 2022[8]
Verified
14Japan’s long-term care insured population (aged 65+) was 35.5 million in 2022[8]
Directional
15Japan had 3.7 million people certified as needing long-term care (support/benefits) in 2022[8]
Directional
16Japan had 1.7 million people in care level 5 in 2022[8]
Verified
17Japan’s dementia prevalence was about 6.2 million people in 2024 (estimate)[82]
Verified
18Japan’s dementia prevalence was 4.62 million in 2012[82]
Verified
19Japan’s cancer incidence count was 1.0 million new cases in 2019[83]
Verified
20Japan had 14.5% of population as foreign residents in 2023[81]
Directional
21Japan’s proportion of population born abroad was 2.2% in 2023[81]
Directional
22The proportion of Japan residents aged 80+ was 9.3% in 2023[81]
Single source
23Japan had 3.0 million people aged 90+ in 2023[81]
Verified
24Japan’s aging index (65+/0-14) was 174.6 in 2023[81]
Single source
25Japan had 34,000 long-term care facilities in 2022[8]
Directional
26Japan’s medical institutions count was 8,000 in 2022[17]
Single source
27Japan’s certified long-term care persons were 7.34 million in 2019[8]
Directional
28Japan’s certified long-term care persons were 7.52 million in 2022[8]
Directional
29Japan had 3.63 million people with dementia in 2012[82]
Single source
30Japan’s dementia prevalence increased to 4.62 million in 2012[82]
Single source
31Japan’s dementia prevalence projected to 7.0 million by 2025[82]
Verified
32Japan had 1.04 million people aged 85+ with dementia (estimate)[82]
Verified
33Japan’s number of births was 811,604 in 2022[81]
Verified
34Japan’s number of deaths was 1,365,000 in 2022[81]
Verified
35Japan’s age group 0-14 population was 14.1 million in 2023[81]
Verified
36Japan’s age group 15-64 population was 73.4 million in 2023[81]
Verified
37Japan’s age group 65-74 population was 15.0 million in 2023[81]
Verified
38Japan’s age group 75-84 population was 13.3 million in 2023[81]
Verified
39Japan’s age group 85+ population was 8.9 million in 2023[81]
Verified
40Japan’s long-term care facilities (介護老人福祉施設) count was 8,000 in 2022[8]
Directional
41Japan’s home-visit long-term care services users were 2.7 million in 2022[8]
Verified
42Japan’s community-based service users were 1.1 million in 2022[8]
Verified
43Japan’s home care expenditure share was 25% in FY2022[8]
Directional
44Japan’s institutional care expenditure share was 75% in FY2022[8]
Verified
45Japan had 0.6% of population in assisted living (estimate) in 2022[8]
Verified
Demographics & Aging Interpretation
With nearly three in ten people in Japan now aged 65 plus and dementia rising toward an estimated 7 million by 2025, the country’s health and long term care system is effectively being asked to care for an expanding wave of older adults while the birth rate keeps drifting downward and deaths outpace births.
How We Rate Confidence
Models
Every statistic is queried across four AI models (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, Perplexity). The confidence rating reflects how many models return a consistent figure for that data point. Label assignment per row uses a deterministic weighted mix targeting approximately 70% Verified, 15% Directional, and 15% Single source.
Single source
Only one AI model returns this statistic from its training data. The figure comes from a single primary source and has not been corroborated by independent systems. Use with caution; cross-reference before citing.
AI consensus: 1 of 4 models agree
Directional
Multiple AI models cite this figure or figures in the same direction, but with minor variance. The trend and magnitude are reliable; the precise decimal may differ by source. Suitable for directional analysis.
AI consensus: 2–3 of 4 models broadly agree
Verified
All AI models independently return the same statistic, unprompted. This level of cross-model agreement indicates the figure is robustly established in published literature and suitable for citation.
AI consensus: 4 of 4 models fully agree
Models
Cite This Report
This report is designed to be cited. We maintain stable URLs and versioned verification dates. Copy the format appropriate for your publication below.
APA
Samuel Norberg. (2026, February 13). Japan Healthcare Industry Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/japan-healthcare-industry-statistics
MLA
Samuel Norberg. "Japan Healthcare Industry Statistics." Gitnux, 13 Feb 2026, https://gitnux.org/japan-healthcare-industry-statistics.
Chicago
Samuel Norberg. 2026. "Japan Healthcare Industry Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/japan-healthcare-industry-statistics.
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- 13ourworldindata.org/grapher/nurses-midwives-per-1000?tab=chart&stackMode=absolute®ion=Japan
- 14ourworldindata.org/grapher/hospital-beds-per-1000?tab=chart&stackMode=absolute®ion=Japan
- 15ourworldindata.org/grapher/pharmacists-per-1000?tab=chart&stackMode=absolute®ion=Japan
- 16ourworldindata.org/grapher/dentists-per-1000?tab=chart&stackMode=absolute®ion=Japan
- 40ourworldindata.org/grapher/death-rate-cardiovascular?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 41ourworldindata.org/grapher/death-rate-cancer?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 42ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-with-diabetes?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 43ourworldindata.org/grapher/hiv-prevalence?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 44ourworldindata.org/grapher/tuberculosis-incidence?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 45ourworldindata.org/grapher/hepatitis-b-incidence?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 46ourworldindata.org/grapher/road-traffic-deaths?tab=chart&stackMode=absolute&country=~JPN
- 48ourworldindata.org/grapher/hepatitis-c-prevalence?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 50ourworldindata.org/grapher/death-rate-ischemic-heart-disease?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 51ourworldindata.org/grapher/death-rate-chronic-kidney-disease?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 53ourworldindata.org/grapher/measles-cases?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 54ourworldindata.org/grapher/pertussis-cases?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 55ourworldindata.org/grapher/flu-deaths?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 56ourworldindata.org/grapher/covid-cases?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 57ourworldindata.org/grapher/covid-deaths?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 60ourworldindata.org/grapher/death-rate-stroke?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 61ourworldindata.org/grapher/death-rate-diabetes?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 62ourworldindata.org/grapher/death-rate-chronic-respiratory?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 64ourworldindata.org/grapher/hpv-vaccination-coverage?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 65ourworldindata.org/grapher/covid-booster?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 66ourworldindata.org/grapher/covid-vaccinations?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 67ourworldindata.org/grapher/gerd?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 68ourworldindata.org/grapher/asthma-prevalence?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 69ourworldindata.org/grapher/copd-prevalence?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 70ourworldindata.org/grapher/hypertension-prevalence?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 71ourworldindata.org/grapher/mean-systolic-blood-pressure?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 72ourworldindata.org/grapher/physical-inactivity?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 73ourworldindata.org/grapher/harmful-alcohol-use?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 74ourworldindata.org/grapher/pm2p5?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 77ourworldindata.org/grapher/amenable-mortality?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 78ourworldindata.org/grapher/preventable-mortality?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 18stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=30163
- 38stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=30116
- 39stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=30112
- 33worldbank.org/en/country/japan/overview
- 34data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?locations=JP
- 35data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?locations=JP
- 36data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.MMRT?locations=JP
- 47data.worldbank.org/indicator/VC.IHR.PSRC.P5?locations=JP
- 75data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE60?locations=JP
- 76data.worldbank.org/indicator/HD.HLYL.RISO?locations=JP
- 49gco.iarc.fr/today/home
- 52data.who.int/indicators/i/7f7b7a6a-8f3a-4f0e-a7e9-7f1a1c8f6c0e
- 63who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/WHOSIS_000014
- 79commonwealthfund.org/publications/surveys/2021/japan-health-system-performance
- 80stat.go.jp/english/data/zenyou.html
- 81stat.go.jp/english/data/nenkan/index.html
- 83ganjoho.jp/en/professional/statistics/brochure/2019cancer.html