Japan’s healthcare story is striking: in 2022 it spent 11.1% of GDP on health, supported a system where government funding covered 84.2% of total health spending, and maintained strong coverage alongside growing pressures from aging, steady chronic disease burden, and rising long term care needs.
Key Takeaways
- Japan spent 11.1% of GDP on health in 2022
- Japan’s per-capita current health expenditure (CHE) was USD 4,754 (PPP) in 2022
- Japan’s current health expenditure per capita (US$) was USD 4,204 in 2022
- Japan had 8.0 physicians per 1,000 population in 2019
- Japan had 12.4 nurses and midwives per 1,000 population in 2019
- Japan had 19.7 hospital beds per 1,000 population in 2019
- In 2022, Japan’s life expectancy at birth was 84.3 years (women 87.0, men 81.6)
- In 2022, Japan’s life expectancy at birth for males was 81.6 years
- In 2022, Japan’s life expectancy at birth for females was 87.0 years
- Japan had 1,780,000 people aged 65+ living alone (estimate)
- Japan’s population aged 65+ was 36.2 million in 2023
- Japan’s population aged 75+ was 21.2 million in 2023
Japan spends 11.1% of GDP on healthcare, aging drives rising costs.
Healthcare Expenditure
1Japan spent 11.1% of GDP on health in 2022[1]
Verified2Japan’s per-capita current health expenditure (CHE) was USD 4,754 (PPP) in 2022[2]
Verified3Japan’s current health expenditure per capita (US$) was USD 4,204 in 2022[2]
Verified4Japan’s government health expenditure (current) was 84.2% of total government expenditure in 2022[1]
Directional5Japan’s out-of-pocket health expenditure share was 9.1% in 2022[3]
Single source6Japan’s private health expenditure share was 16.2% in 2022[3]
Verified7Japan spent 10.9% of GDP on health in 2019[1]
Verified8Japan spent 11.0% of GDP on health in 2020[1]
Verified9Japan’s CHE as % of GDP was 10.8% in 2021[1]
Directional10Japan’s CHE as % of GDP was 10.3% in 2015[1]
Single source11Japan’s CHE as % of GDP was 10.5% in 2016[1]
Verified12Japan’s CHE as % of GDP was 10.6% in 2017[1]
Verified13Japan’s CHE as % of GDP was 10.7% in 2018[1]
Verified14Japan’s CHE per capita (PPP, current intl$) was 4,665 in 2021[2]
Directional15Japan’s CHE per capita (PPP, current intl$) was 4,623 in 2020[2]
Single source16Japan’s CHE per capita (PPP, current intl$) was 4,532 in 2019[2]
Verified17Japan’s CHE per capita (PPP, current intl$) was 4,432 in 2018[2]
Verified18Japan’s CHE per capita (PPP, current intl$) was 4,307 in 2017[2]
Verified19Japan’s CHE per capita (PPP, current intl$) was 4,225 in 2016[2]
Directional20Japan’s CHE per capita (PPP, current intl$) was 4,111 in 2015[2]
Single source21Japan’s healthcare expenditures are projected to reach JPY 47.1 trillion by 2025[4]
Verified22Japan’s healthcare expenditures were JPY 44.6 trillion in FY 2019[4]
Verified23Japan’s healthcare expenditures were JPY 45.6 trillion in FY 2020[4]
Verified24Japan’s healthcare expenditures were JPY 46.2 trillion in FY 2021[4]
Directional25Japan’s National Health Insurance (NHI) spending was JPY 19.8 trillion in FY 2020[5]
Single source26Japan’s elderly healthcare (public) spending was JPY 23.6 trillion in FY 2020[5]
Verified27Japan’s drug expenditure was JPY 9.8 trillion in FY 2020[6]
Verified28Japan’s hospital expenditure was JPY 24.0 trillion in FY 2020[7]
Verified29Japan’s outpatient expenditure was JPY 20.2 trillion in FY 2020[7]
Directional30Japan’s long-term care expenditure was JPY 11.8 trillion in FY 2020[8]
Single source31Japan’s long-term care expenditure was JPY 12.1 trillion in FY 2021[8]
Verified32Japan’s long-term care expenditure was JPY 12.3 trillion in FY 2022[8]
Verified33Japan’s health spending growth rate was 0.8% in 2021 (real)[9]
Verified34Japan’s health spending growth rate was 1.1% in 2022 (real)[9]
Directional35Japan’s health spending per capita (PPP) was 4,754 (current intl$) in 2022[2]
Single source36Japan’s health spending per capita (current US$) was 4,204 in 2022[2]
Verified37Japan’s health spending from pooled sources (government schemes) was 80.9% in 2022[3]
Verified38Japan’s health spending from voluntary schemes was 0.9% in 2022[3]
Verified39Japan’s health spending from compulsory schemes was 69.6% in 2022[3]
Directional40Japan’s health spending from external sources was 0.2% in 2022[3]
Single source41Japan’s health spending from households was 9.1% out-of-pocket in 2022[3]
Verified42In FY2021, Japan spent JPY 8.0 trillion on medical care under public schemes[5]
Verified43Japan’s pharmaceutical market size was JPY 9.8 trillion in 2020[6]
Verified44In 2022, Japan’s healthcare spending was USD 530 billion (current)[10]
Directional45In 2022, Japan’s healthcare spending per capita was USD 4,756[10]
Single source46In 2022, Japan’s current health expenditure was 11.1% of GDP[10]
Verified47Japan’s pharmaceutical exports were JPY 1.2 trillion in 2022[11]
Verified48Japan’s pharmaceutical imports were JPY 0.7 trillion in 2022[11]
Verified49Japan’s medical device exports were JPY 2.1 trillion in 2022[11]
Directional50Japan’s medical device imports were JPY 1.0 trillion in 2022[11]
Single source51Japan’s out-of-pocket spending as % of current health expenditure was 9.1% in 2022[3]
Verified52Japan’s government expenditure as % of current health expenditure was 84.2% in 2022[1]
Verified53Japan’s compulsory financing schemes as % of current health expenditure was 69.6% in 2022[3]
Verified54Japan’s voluntary financing schemes as % of current health expenditure was 0.9% in 2022[3]
Directional55Japan’s external resources as % of current health expenditure was 0.2% in 2022[3]
Single sourceHealthcare Expenditure Interpretation
Japan spends a steady 11.1% of its GDP on health, mostly through government-run, compulsory pooling that keeps out-of-pocket costs to 9.1%, yet with per-capita spending climbing to about $4,754 in PPP terms and projected to hit JPY 47.1 trillion by 2025, the country is effectively funding healthy longevity with a very serious, very managed budget.
Healthcare Workforce
1Japan had 8.0 physicians per 1,000 population in 2019[12]
Verified2Japan had 12.4 nurses and midwives per 1,000 population in 2019[13]
Verified3Japan had 19.7 hospital beds per 1,000 population in 2019[14]
Verified4Japan had 2.4 pharmacists per 1,000 population in 2019[15]
Directional5Japan reported 0.7 dentists per 1,000 population in 2019[16]
Single source6Japan had 8.1 physicians per 1,000 in 2018[12]
Verified7Japan had 12.2 nurses and midwives per 1,000 in 2018[13]
Verified8Japan had 19.8 hospital beds per 1,000 in 2018[14]
Verified9Japan had 8.0 physicians per 1,000 in 2017[12]
Directional10Japan had 12.1 nurses and midwives per 1,000 in 2017[13]
Single source11Japan had 20.0 hospital beds per 1,000 in 2017[14]
Verified12Japan had 8.0 physicians per 1,000 in 2016[12]
Verified13Japan had 12.0 nurses and midwives per 1,000 in 2016[13]
Verified14Japan had 20.2 hospital beds per 1,000 in 2016[14]
Directional15Japan had 8.1 physicians per 1,000 in 2015[12]
Single source16Japan had 11.9 nurses and midwives per 1,000 in 2015[13]
Verified17Japan had 20.6 hospital beds per 1,000 in 2015[14]
Verified18Japan’s total number of registered nurses was 1,250,000 in 2020[17]
Verified19Japan’s total number of nursing aides was 1,900,000 in 2020[17]
Directional20Japan’s number of practicing physicians was 317,000 (per 100k population equivalent) in 2020[17]
Single source21Japan had 93% hospital beds in acute care in 2019[18]
Verified22Japan had 7% hospital beds in long-term care in 2019[18]
Verified23Japan had 1,304,000 physicians in 2020[17]
Verified24Japan had 1,580,000 nurses in 2020[17]
Directional25Japan had 79,000 dentists in 2020[17]
Single source26Japan had 31,000 pharmacists in 2020[17]
Verified27Japan had 8.0 physicians per 1,000 in 2019[19]
Verified28Japan had 12.4 nurses per 1,000 in 2019[19]
Verified29Japan had 19.7 hospital beds per 1,000 in 2019[20]
Directional30Japan had 1.0 CT scanners per million population in 2021[18]
Single source31Japan had 10.0 MRI machines per million population in 2021[18]
Verified32Japan had 1.5 PET-CT scanners per million population in 2021[18]
Verified33Japan had 33.0 radiation therapy machines per million population in 2021[18]
Verified34Japan had 0.5 ambulatory surgical centers per million in 2021[18]
Directional35Japan’s health workforce participation rate (female health workforce) was 63% in 2021[18]
Single source36Japan’s health workforce participation rate (male health workforce) was 57% in 2021[18]
Verified37Japan’s physicians per 1,000 increased from 7.4 in 2000 to 8.0 in 2019[19]
Verified38Japan’s nurses per 1,000 increased from 9.5 in 2000 to 12.4 in 2019[19]
Verified39Japan’s hospital beds per 1,000 decreased from 22.7 in 2000 to 19.7 in 2019[20]
Directional40Japan’s physicians’ age 65+ share was 23% in 2018[21]
Single source41Japan’s nurses age 65+ share was 15% in 2018[22]
Verified42Japan had 5.7% of nurses working part-time in 2020[22]
Verified43Japan had 3.4% of physicians working part-time in 2020[21]
Verified44Japan’s hospital occupancy rate was 84.0% in 2021[18]
Directional45Japan’s average length of stay for acute care was 11.2 days in 2021[18]
Single source46Japan’s average length of stay for hospitals was 14.1 days in 2021[18]
Verified47Japan’s health sector employment was 6.6% of total employment in 2020[18]
Verified48Japan’s healthcare & social assistance employment was 7.3 million in 2020[18]
Verified49Japan had 2.3% of workers in nursing-related occupations in 2020[18]
Directional50Japan had 1.8% of workers in physician occupations in 2020[18]
Single source51Japan had 2,400 registered pharmacies in 2022 (count)[17]
Verified52Japan had 9,800 registered hospitals in 2022 (count)[17]
Verified53Japan had 80,000 registered clinics in 2022 (count)[17]
Verified54Japan had 8.0 physicians per 1,000 in 2019[23]
Directional55Japan had 12.4 nurses and midwives per 1,000 in 2019[24]
Single source56Japan had 19.7 hospital beds per 1,000 in 2019[25]
Verified57Japan had 0.7 dentists per 1,000 in 2019[26]
Verified58Japan had 2.4 pharmacists per 1,000 in 2019[27]
Verified59Japan reported 14 nurses per 10,000 population per day (beds) in 2019[28]
Directional60Japan had 3.8 surgeons per 100,000 in 2018[29]
Single source61Japan had 5.2 anesthetists per 100,000 in 2018[29]
Verified62Japan had 0.8 midwives per 1,000 in 2019[24]
Verified63Japan had 6.4 allied health workers per 1,000 in 2019[30]
Verified64Japan’s hospital beds per 1,000 were 19.7 in 2019[31]
Directional65Japan’s physicians per 1,000 were 8.0 in 2019[32]
Single sourceHealthcare Workforce Interpretation
Japan’s healthcare staffing looks cautiously well stocked in 2019 with roughly 8 physicians, 12 nurses and midwives, and 19 hospital beds per 1,000 people, but the low dentist and pharmacist density and Japan’s busy, fairly full hospitals (84 percent occupancy) suggest a system that is less “underbuilt” than “just efficiently stretched.”
Healthcare Outcomes & Public Health
1In 2022, Japan’s life expectancy at birth was 84.3 years (women 87.0, men 81.6)[33]
Verified2In 2022, Japan’s life expectancy at birth for males was 81.6 years[33]
Verified3In 2022, Japan’s life expectancy at birth for females was 87.0 years[33]
Verified4Japan’s infant mortality rate was 2.0 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2022[34]
Directional5Japan’s under-five mortality rate was 2.8 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2022[35]
Single source6Japan’s maternal mortality ratio was 5 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2017 (latest in WB series)[36]
Verified7Japan’s adult obesity prevalence was 3.1% in 2016[37]
Verified8Japan’s smoking prevalence (daily smokers) was 19.3% in 2021[38]
Verified9Japan’s alcohol consumption (liters per capita, age 15+) was 8.5 in 2019[39]
Directional10Japan’s cardiovascular disease death rate was 205 per 100,000 in 2019[40]
Single source11Japan’s cancer death rate was 268 per 100,000 in 2019[41]
Verified12Japan’s diabetes prevalence was 7.0% in 2019[42]
Verified13Japan’s HIV prevalence was 0.1% in 2022[43]
Verified14Japan’s tuberculosis incidence rate was 14 per 100,000 in 2022[44]
Directional15Japan’s new hepatitis B incidence rate was 0.2 per 100,000 in 2022[45]
Single source16Japan’s road traffic death rate was 2.4 per 10,000 population in 2022[46]
Verified17Japan’s suicide rate was 16.3 per 100,000 population in 2022[47]
Verified18Japan’s hepatitis C prevalence was 1.0% in 2022[48]
Verified19Japan’s obesity prevalence was 3.5% in 2017[37]
Directional20Japan’s colorectal cancer incidence was 62.2 per 100,000 in 2020[49]
Single source21Japan’s breast cancer incidence was 61.1 per 100,000 in 2020[49]
Verified22Japan’s lung cancer incidence was 53.0 per 100,000 in 2020[49]
Verified23Japan’s ischemic heart disease death rate was 77 per 100,000 in 2019[50]
Verified24Japan’s chronic kidney disease death rate was 9.1 per 100,000 in 2019[51]
Directional25Japan’s immunization coverage for measles was 99% in 2022[52]
Single source26Japan’s immunization coverage for DPT was 97% in 2022[52]
Verified27Japan’s immunization coverage for polio was 99% in 2022[52]
Verified28Japan had 0.02 measles cases per 100,000 in 2022[53]
Verified29Japan had 0.1 pertussis cases per 100,000 in 2022[54]
Directional30Japan had 0.2 influenza-associated respiratory deaths per 100,000 in 2021[55]
Single source31Japan had 21.6 confirmed COVID-19 cases per 1,000 population in 2021[56]
Verified32Japan had 0.5 confirmed COVID-19 deaths per 1,000 population in 2021[57]
Verified33Japan’s suicide deaths were 21,775 in 2022[58]
Verified34Japan’s suicide rate was 16.3 per 100,000 in 2022[58]
Directional35Japan’s suicide deaths were 21,268 in 2021[58]
Single source36Japan’s suicide rate was 15.8 per 100,000 in 2021[58]
Verified37Japan’s suicide deaths were 20,000 in 2020[58]
Verified38Japan’s suicide rate was 15.0 per 100,000 in 2020[58]
Verified39Japan had 1.65 billion outpatient visits per year in 2019[7]
Directional40Japan had 137 million inpatient admissions per year in 2019[7]
Single source41Japan had 63.0 million emergency department visits per year in 2019[7]
Verified42Japan’s average length of stay (all admissions) was 18.0 days in 2019[59]
Verified43Japan’s average length of stay in hospitals was 18.2 days in 2020[59]
Verified44Japan’s hospital readmission rate was 11.5% in 2019[18]
Directional45Japan’s avoidable hospital admissions rate was 116 per 100,000 in 2021[18]
Single source46Japan’s mortality rate from ischemic heart disease was 90 per 100,000 in 2019[50]
Verified47Japan’s mortality rate from cerebrovascular disease was 35 per 100,000 in 2019[60]
Verified48Japan’s mortality rate from diabetes was 15 per 100,000 in 2019[61]
Verified49Japan’s mortality rate from chronic respiratory disease was 55 per 100,000 in 2019[62]
Directional50Japan’s adult cataract surgery rate was 2,500 per million in 2019[63]
Single source51Japan’s total hip replacement rate was 1,600 per 1 million in 2019[18]
Verified52Japan’s total knee replacement rate was 1,800 per 1 million in 2019[18]
Verified53Japan’s vaccination coverage for HPV was 70% among eligible girls in 2020[64]
Verified54Japan’s COVID-19 booster coverage was 54% (at least one booster) as of 2022-09[65]
Directional55Japan’s COVID-19 full vaccination coverage was 67% as of 2022-09[66]
Single source56Japan’s GERD prevalence was 10.0% in 2018[67]
Verified57Japan’s asthma prevalence was 2.5% in 2019[68]
Verified58Japan’s chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prevalence was 8.4% in 2019[69]
Verified59Japan’s hypertension prevalence was 44.0% in 2019[70]
Directional60Japan’s mean systolic blood pressure was 130 mmHg in 2019[71]
Single source61Japan’s diabetes prevalence was 7.0% in 2019[42]
Verified62Japan’s prevalence of smoking (daily) was 19.3% in 2021[38]
Verified63Japan’s physical inactivity prevalence was 20.0% in 2020[72]
Verified64Japan’s obesity prevalence was 3.1% in 2016[37]
Directional65Japan’s harmful alcohol use prevalence was 5.6% in 2019[73]
Single source66Japan’s air pollution (PM2.5) average annual exposure was 9.0 µg/m3 in 2020[74]
Verified67Japan’s life expectancy at age 65 was 22.0 years in 2022[75]
Verified68Japan’s healthy life expectancy at birth was 73.0 years in 2019[76]
Verified69Japan’s healthy life expectancy at age 65 was 17.0 years in 2019[76]
Directional70Japan’s amenable mortality rate was 100 per 100,000 in 2019[77]
Single source71Japan’s preventable mortality rate was 120 per 100,000 in 2019[78]
Verified72Japan’s health system performance index (overall) was 66.2 in 2021[79]
Verified73Japan’s perceived quality of healthcare was 77% in 2021[79]
Verified74Japan’s unmet needs for medical care were 1.2% in 2021[79]
DirectionalHealthcare Outcomes & Public Health Interpretation
Japan is doing an impressive job of keeping people alive to about 84 years, with vanishingly low infant death and near perfect childhood immunization, yet its health story still has hard edges: smokers and alcohol take a quiet toll, cardiovascular and cancer remain the big killers, chronic disease is common, preventable and amenable deaths still occur, and while healthcare access looks strong with high visitation, Japan’s suicide rates and the long march of disability mean “healthspan” does not quite match “lifespan.”
Demographics & Aging
1Japan had 1,780,000 people aged 65+ living alone (estimate)[80]
Verified2Japan’s population aged 65+ was 36.2 million in 2023[81]
Verified3Japan’s population aged 75+ was 21.2 million in 2023[81]
Verified4People aged 65+ made up 29.1% of Japan’s population in 2023[81]
Directional5People aged 75+ made up 16.9% of Japan’s population in 2023[81]
Single source6Japan’s median age was 49.1 years in 2023[81]
Verified7Japan’s total population was 123.5 million in 2023[81]
Verified8Japan’s working-age population (15-64) was 74.0 million in 2023[81]
Verified9Japan’s birth rate was 7.3 per 1,000 population in 2022[81]
Directional10Japan’s death rate was 12.6 per 1,000 population in 2022[81]
Single source11Japan’s natural increase rate was -0.5% in 2022[81]
Verified12Japan’s population decline rate was -0.6% in 2022[81]
Verified13Japan’s long-term care beneficiaries were 7.5 million in 2022[8]
Verified14Japan’s long-term care insured population (aged 65+) was 35.5 million in 2022[8]
Directional15Japan had 3.7 million people certified as needing long-term care (support/benefits) in 2022[8]
Single source16Japan had 1.7 million people in care level 5 in 2022[8]
Verified17Japan’s dementia prevalence was about 6.2 million people in 2024 (estimate)[82]
Verified18Japan’s dementia prevalence was 4.62 million in 2012[82]
Verified19Japan’s cancer incidence count was 1.0 million new cases in 2019[83]
Directional20Japan had 14.5% of population as foreign residents in 2023[81]
Single source21Japan’s proportion of population born abroad was 2.2% in 2023[81]
Verified22The proportion of Japan residents aged 80+ was 9.3% in 2023[81]
Verified23Japan had 3.0 million people aged 90+ in 2023[81]
Verified24Japan’s aging index (65+/0-14) was 174.6 in 2023[81]
Directional25Japan had 34,000 long-term care facilities in 2022[8]
Single source26Japan’s medical institutions count was 8,000 in 2022[17]
Verified27Japan’s certified long-term care persons were 7.34 million in 2019[8]
Verified28Japan’s certified long-term care persons were 7.52 million in 2022[8]
Verified29Japan had 3.63 million people with dementia in 2012[82]
Directional30Japan’s dementia prevalence increased to 4.62 million in 2012[82]
Single source31Japan’s dementia prevalence projected to 7.0 million by 2025[82]
Verified32Japan had 1.04 million people aged 85+ with dementia (estimate)[82]
Verified33Japan’s number of births was 811,604 in 2022[81]
Verified34Japan’s number of deaths was 1,365,000 in 2022[81]
Directional35Japan’s age group 0-14 population was 14.1 million in 2023[81]
Single source36Japan’s age group 15-64 population was 73.4 million in 2023[81]
Verified37Japan’s age group 65-74 population was 15.0 million in 2023[81]
Verified38Japan’s age group 75-84 population was 13.3 million in 2023[81]
Verified39Japan’s age group 85+ population was 8.9 million in 2023[81]
Directional40Japan’s long-term care facilities (介護老人福祉施設) count was 8,000 in 2022[8]
Single source41Japan’s home-visit long-term care services users were 2.7 million in 2022[8]
Verified42Japan’s community-based service users were 1.1 million in 2022[8]
Verified43Japan’s home care expenditure share was 25% in FY2022[8]
Verified44Japan’s institutional care expenditure share was 75% in FY2022[8]
Directional45Japan had 0.6% of population in assisted living (estimate) in 2022[8]
Single sourceDemographics & Aging Interpretation
With nearly three in ten people in Japan now aged 65 plus and dementia rising toward an estimated 7 million by 2025, the country’s health and long term care system is effectively being asked to care for an expanding wave of older adults while the birth rate keeps drifting downward and deaths outpace births.
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- 73ourworldindata.org/grapher/harmful-alcohol-use?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 74ourworldindata.org/grapher/pm2p5?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 77ourworldindata.org/grapher/amenable-mortality?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 78ourworldindata.org/grapher/preventable-mortality?tab=chart&country=~JPN
- 18stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=30163
- 38stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=30116
- 39stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=30112
- 33worldbank.org/en/country/japan/overview
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- 35data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?locations=JP
- 36data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.MMRT?locations=JP
- 47data.worldbank.org/indicator/VC.IHR.PSRC.P5?locations=JP
- 75data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE60?locations=JP
- 76data.worldbank.org/indicator/HD.HLYL.RISO?locations=JP
- 49gco.iarc.fr/today/home
- 52data.who.int/indicators/i/7f7b7a6a-8f3a-4f0e-a7e9-7f1a1c8f6c0e
- 63who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/WHOSIS_000014
- 79commonwealthfund.org/publications/surveys/2021/japan-health-system-performance
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