GITNUXREPORT 2026

Investment Banking Services Industry Statistics

Global investment banking revenue surged in 2023, led by strong activity in mergers and capital markets.

Min-ji Park

Research Analyst focused on sustainability and consumer trends.

First published: Feb 13, 2026

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Statistic 1

Global investment banking employment stood at 285,000 professionals in 2023.

Statistic 2

U.S. IB sector employed 192,000 in 2023, up 4% YoY.

Statistic 3

Average IB analyst salary in New York was $192,000 base + $100,000 bonus in 2023.

Statistic 4

Global IB MD compensation averaged $1.2 million in 2023.

Statistic 5

Women held 22% of IB associate roles in U.S. firms in 2023.

Statistic 6

U.S. IB job openings reached 15,000 in Q4 2023.

Statistic 7

Turnover rate in IB front office was 18% globally in 2023.

Statistic 8

London IB salaries averaged £150,000 for VPs in 2023.

Statistic 9

Hong Kong IB bonuses hit HKD 1.5 million average for associates.

Statistic 10

U.S. IB workforce diversity: 15% Black/Hispanic in 2023.

Statistic 11

Global IB training spend was $2.5 billion in 2023.

Statistic 12

Analyst hours averaged 75 per week in bulge brackets 2023.

Statistic 13

VP promotions in U.S. IB firms rose 12% to 4,500 in 2023.

Statistic 14

Europe IB employment grew 3% to 85,000 in 2023.

Statistic 15

Asia IB headcount hit 45,000, with 20% in China.

Statistic 16

Average IB bonus pool was 120% of base for juniors 2023.

Statistic 17

U.S. IB compliance staff grew 15% to 25,000 in 2023.

Statistic 18

Remote work in IB dropped to 20% post-2023.

Statistic 19

MD headcount in top 10 banks: 2,800 globally 2023.

Statistic 20

IB MBA hires from top schools: 3,200 in U.S. 2023.

Statistic 21

Compensation ratio to revenue: 50% in IB firms 2023.

Statistic 22

Attrition among IB analysts: 25% after first year 2023.

Statistic 23

Global IB support staff: 150,000 in 2023.

Statistic 24

U.S. IB partner track length averaged 12 years in 2023.

Statistic 25

Bonus deferrals reached 60% for VPs+ in 2023.

Statistic 26

Diversity hires up 10% to 8,000 in global IB 2023.

Statistic 27

AI roles in IB grew 40% to 5,000 positions 2023.

Statistic 28

Global IB ESG specialists: 12,000 employed 2023.

Statistic 29

U.S. IB unemployment rate was 2.1% in 2023.

Statistic 30

Regulatory compliance costs per employee: $45,000 in IB 2023.

Statistic 31

AI and automation reduced IB back-office jobs by 8% in 2023.

Statistic 32

Global IPO proceeds totaled $110 billion across 1,400 deals in 2023.

Statistic 33

U.S. IPO market raised $19.5 billion from 140 offerings in 2023.

Statistic 34

India led IPOs with $10 billion raised in 2023, 220 listings.

Statistic 35

Europe IPO proceeds hit €25 billion across 180 deals in 2023.

Statistic 36

China IPO market raised RMB 400 billion in 2023 on STAR market.

Statistic 37

Largest IPO was Arm Holdings at $4.9 billion in 2023.

Statistic 38

Tech IPOs accounted for 45% of global volume at $50 billion in 2023.

Statistic 39

U.S. ECM fees reached $12.5 billion in 2023.

Statistic 40

Global ECM issuance totaled $450 billion in 2023.

Statistic 41

SPAC IPOs dropped to $12 billion from 85 deals in 2023.

Statistic 42

Saudi Arabia IPOs raised $5.5 billion led by Aramco follow-ons.

Statistic 43

UK IPO market was £2.5 billion across 30 deals in 2023.

Statistic 44

Brazilian IPOs totaled BRL 15 billion in 2023.

Statistic 45

Australia ECM raised AUD 25 billion in 2023.

Statistic 46

Canadian IPO proceeds hit CAD 4.2 billion in 2023.

Statistic 47

Global follow-on offerings raised $340 billion in 2023.

Statistic 48

U.S. block trades volume was $150 billion in 2023.

Statistic 49

Asia ex-Japan IPOs raised $35 billion in 2023.

Statistic 50

Accelerated bookbuilds accounted for 60% of ECM deals globally.

Statistic 51

IPO pricing averaged 85% of indicative range in U.S. 2023.

Statistic 52

Global DCM issuance hit $2.5 trillion in 2023.

Statistic 53

Investment grade bond issuance was $1.8 trillion globally in 2023.

Statistic 54

High-yield bond market volume reached $400 billion in 2023.

Statistic 55

U.S. convertible bonds issued $55 billion in 2023.

Statistic 56

Global ABS issuance totaled $1.2 trillion in 2023.

Statistic 57

Equity-linked notes issuance hit $250 billion in EMEA 2023.

Statistic 58

U.S. muni bond issuance was $450 billion in FY2023.

Statistic 59

Worldwide M&A deal volume reached 48,000 transactions valued at $3.1 trillion in 2022.

Statistic 60

U.S. M&A volume hit $1.8 trillion across 12,000 deals in 2023.

Statistic 61

Europe saw 8,500 M&A deals worth €1.2 trillion in 2023.

Statistic 62

Asia-Pacific M&A value reached $1.1 trillion in 2023, up 10%.

Statistic 63

Largest M&A deal was Microsoft-Activision at $69 billion in 2023.

Statistic 64

Cross-border M&A accounted for 42% of global volume at $1.3 trillion in 2022.

Statistic 65

Tech sector led M&A with $650 billion in deals in 2023.

Statistic 66

Healthcare M&A volume was $450 billion across 1,200 deals in 2023.

Statistic 67

Energy M&A hit $280 billion in 2023, driven by oil majors.

Statistic 68

U.S. mega-deals (> $10B) numbered 45 in 2023, total $1.2 trillion.

Statistic 69

Private equity-sponsored M&A reached $900 billion in 2023.

Statistic 70

Distressed M&A deals increased 25% to 1,200 in 2023.

Statistic 71

UK M&A volume was £250 billion in 2023, down 15% YoY.

Statistic 72

China M&A value totaled RMB 2.8 trillion in 2023.

Statistic 73

Canadian M&A reached CAD 180 billion across 800 deals.

Statistic 74

Australian M&A volume hit AUD 120 billion in 2023.

Statistic 75

Indian M&A deals numbered 1,100 valued at $110 billion in FY2023.

Statistic 76

Brazil M&A totaled BRL 220 billion in 2023.

Statistic 77

M&A advisory fees averaged 0.45% of deal value globally in 2023.

Statistic 78

Sponsor-backed M&A grew 12% to $1.05 trillion in 2023.

Statistic 79

U.S. financial services M&A hit $250 billion in 2023.

Statistic 80

European consumer goods M&A was €180 billion in 2023.

Statistic 81

Global divestitures reached 2,500 deals worth $500 billion in 2023.

Statistic 82

Take-private deals surged 30% to $120 billion in 2023.

Statistic 83

U.S. hostile takeovers numbered 15, total value $80 billion in 2023.

Statistic 84

APAC infrastructure M&A hit $150 billion in 2023.

Statistic 85

Global M&A failure rate was 70% for deals over $1B in 2023.

Statistic 86

Latin America M&A volume $140 billion, led by Mexico at 40%.

Statistic 87

Middle East M&A reached $85 billion in 2023.

Statistic 88

Global investment banking industry revenue reached $174 billion in 2022, driven by strong M&A and ECM activity.

Statistic 89

U.S. investment banking fees totaled $84.5 billion in 2023, up 22% year-over-year.

Statistic 90

European investment banks generated €45.2 billion in fees in 2022, with a 10% CAGR from 2018-2022.

Statistic 91

Asia-Pacific IB revenue hit $35.6 billion in 2023, fueled by Chinese IPO rebound.

Statistic 92

Bulge bracket banks accounted for 52% of global IB fees in 2023 at $91 billion.

Statistic 93

Middle-market IB fees in the U.S. grew to $12.4 billion in 2023, 18% YoY increase.

Statistic 94

Global IB advisory fees surged 45% to $68 billion in 2022 amid M&A boom.

Statistic 95

JPMorgan Chase led with $7.5 billion in IB fees for 2023.

Statistic 96

Goldman Sachs IB revenue was $22.3 billion in 2023, 12% of total firm revenue.

Statistic 97

IB industry market size in U.S. estimated at $152 billion in 2024.

Statistic 98

Canadian IB fees reached CAD 8.2 billion in 2023, up 15%.

Statistic 99

Latin America IB revenue grew to $4.1 billion in 2023, driven by Brazil deals.

Statistic 100

Boutique IB firms captured 28% of U.S. M&A fees at $15 billion in 2023.

Statistic 101

Global IB fees per capita stood at $21 in 2023 for developed markets.

Statistic 102

U.S. IB revenue as % of GDP was 0.6% in 2023.

Statistic 103

EMEA IB fees hit €52 billion in 2023, with UK at 35% share.

Statistic 104

Indian IB market size reached INR 45,000 crore in FY2023.

Statistic 105

Australian IB fees totaled AUD 6.8 billion in 2023.

Statistic 106

Middle East IB revenue surged to $3.2 billion in 2023 on Aramco IPO follow-up.

Statistic 107

Global IB profit margins averaged 25% in 2023 for top firms.

Statistic 108

U.S. regional IB banks revenue hit $8.5 billion in 2023.

Statistic 109

Swiss IB fees reached CHF 12.4 billion in 2023.

Statistic 110

Singapore IB hub fees grew 20% to SGD 4.5 billion in 2023.

Statistic 111

South Korean IB market size was KRW 18 trillion in 2023.

Statistic 112

Global IB fees forecast to grow 8% CAGR to $250 billion by 2028.

Statistic 113

French IB revenue was €18 billion in 2023, 14% YoY.

Statistic 114

German IB fees totaled €22 billion in 2023.

Statistic 115

Hong Kong IB fees hit HKD 65 billion in 2023.

Statistic 116

Brazilian IB market reached BRL 28 billion in 2023.

Statistic 117

U.S. IB fees from debt underwriting were $19 billion in 2023.

Statistic 118

Global investment banking is projected to grow at 6.5% CAGR to 2030 amid digital transformation.

Statistic 119

65% of IB leaders expect ESG integration to drive 20% more fees by 2025.

Statistic 120

Fintech partnerships in IB rose 35% to 450 deals in 2023.

Statistic 121

Sustainable finance issuance hit $500 billion in IB underwriting 2023.

Statistic 122

AI adoption in IB deal execution reached 40% of firms by 2023.

Statistic 123

Regulatory scrutiny on SPACs led to 90% decline post-2023.

Statistic 124

Private credit market grew to $1.5 trillion, impacting IB lending 2023.

Statistic 125

72% of M&A deals involved tech due diligence in 2023.

Statistic 126

Crypto asset services in IB expanded to 25 top banks by 2023.

Statistic 127

Supply chain resilience drove 15% of M&A in manufacturing 2023.

Statistic 128

Decarbonization financing needs: $9 trillion annually by 2030 for IB.

Statistic 129

Cloud migration spend by IB firms: $15 billion in 2023.

Statistic 130

55% of IB firms piloting blockchain for settlements 2023.

Statistic 131

Geopolitical risks delayed 20% of cross-border deals in 2023.

Statistic 132

Hybrid work models adopted by 80% of IB firms post-2023.

Statistic 133

Quantum computing pilots in risk modeling: 10 major banks 2023.

Statistic 134

40% rise in activist investor campaigns targeting IB clients 2023.

Statistic 135

Green bonds issuance forecast to double to $1 trillion by 2025.

Statistic 136

Data privacy regs (GDPR-like) impact 60% of IB data ops 2023.

Statistic 137

30% of IB revenue from emerging markets by 2030 projection.

Statistic 138

Tokenization of assets: $10 billion pilot volume in IB 2023.

Statistic 139

Cyber risk insurance uptake by IB clients up 50% in 2023.

Statistic 140

25% cost savings from RPA in IB middle office by 2023 adopters.

Statistic 141

De-globalization trends boosted domestic M&A 18% in 2023.

Statistic 142

GenAI tools deployed in 35% of pitchbook creation 2023.

Statistic 143

Basel IV capital rules to squeeze IB ROE to 8% by 2027.

Statistic 144

50% of family offices outsourcing IB services by 2023.

Statistic 145

Carbon credit trading volume: $150 billion projected for IB 2025.

Statistic 146

60% IB firms investing in climate risk modeling tools 2023.

Statistic 147

Metaverse/virtual deal rooms used in 15% of large transactions 2023.

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While the global investment banking industry quietly amassed a staggering $174 billion in revenue last year, the real story lies in the tectonic shifts and booming regional deals fueling this financial powerhouse.

Key Takeaways

Global investment banking industry revenue reached $174 billion in 2022, driven by strong M&A and ECM activity.
U.S. investment banking fees totaled $84.5 billion in 2023, up 22% year-over-year.
European investment banks generated €45.2 billion in fees in 2022, with a 10% CAGR from 2018-2022.
Worldwide M&A deal volume reached 48,000 transactions valued at $3.1 trillion in 2022.
U.S. M&A volume hit $1.8 trillion across 12,000 deals in 2023.
Europe saw 8,500 M&A deals worth €1.2 trillion in 2023.
Global IPO proceeds totaled $110 billion across 1,400 deals in 2023.
U.S. IPO market raised $19.5 billion from 140 offerings in 2023.
India led IPOs with $10 billion raised in 2023, 220 listings.
Global investment banking employment stood at 285,000 professionals in 2023.
U.S. IB sector employed 192,000 in 2023, up 4% YoY.
Average IB analyst salary in New York was $192,000 base + $100,000 bonus in 2023.
Global investment banking is projected to grow at 6.5% CAGR to 2030 amid digital transformation.
65% of IB leaders expect ESG integration to drive 20% more fees by 2025.
Fintech partnerships in IB rose 35% to 450 deals in 2023.

Global investment banking revenue surged in 2023, led by strong activity in mergers and capital markets.

Employment & Compensation

Global investment banking employment stood at 285,000 professionals in 2023.
U.S. IB sector employed 192,000 in 2023, up 4% YoY.
Average IB analyst salary in New York was $192,000 base + $100,000 bonus in 2023.
Global IB MD compensation averaged $1.2 million in 2023.
Women held 22% of IB associate roles in U.S. firms in 2023.
U.S. IB job openings reached 15,000 in Q4 2023.
Turnover rate in IB front office was 18% globally in 2023.
London IB salaries averaged £150,000 for VPs in 2023.
Hong Kong IB bonuses hit HKD 1.5 million average for associates.
U.S. IB workforce diversity: 15% Black/Hispanic in 2023.
Global IB training spend was $2.5 billion in 2023.
Analyst hours averaged 75 per week in bulge brackets 2023.
VP promotions in U.S. IB firms rose 12% to 4,500 in 2023.
Europe IB employment grew 3% to 85,000 in 2023.
Asia IB headcount hit 45,000, with 20% in China.
Average IB bonus pool was 120% of base for juniors 2023.
U.S. IB compliance staff grew 15% to 25,000 in 2023.
Remote work in IB dropped to 20% post-2023.
MD headcount in top 10 banks: 2,800 globally 2023.
IB MBA hires from top schools: 3,200 in U.S. 2023.
Compensation ratio to revenue: 50% in IB firms 2023.
Attrition among IB analysts: 25% after first year 2023.
Global IB support staff: 150,000 in 2023.
U.S. IB partner track length averaged 12 years in 2023.
Bonus deferrals reached 60% for VPs+ in 2023.
Diversity hires up 10% to 8,000 in global IB 2023.
AI roles in IB grew 40% to 5,000 positions 2023.
Global IB ESG specialists: 12,000 employed 2023.
U.S. IB unemployment rate was 2.1% in 2023.
Regulatory compliance costs per employee: $45,000 in IB 2023.
AI and automation reduced IB back-office jobs by 8% in 2023.

Employment & Compensation Interpretation

The glittering world of investment banking, where eye-watering bonuses and punishing 75-hour weeks coexist, tells a story of immense revenue generation that's still struggling to diversify its ranks beyond 22% female associates, even as it pours billions into training a workforce with a first-year attrition rate of 25%.

IPOs & Capital Markets

Global IPO proceeds totaled $110 billion across 1,400 deals in 2023.
U.S. IPO market raised $19.5 billion from 140 offerings in 2023.
India led IPOs with $10 billion raised in 2023, 220 listings.
Europe IPO proceeds hit €25 billion across 180 deals in 2023.
China IPO market raised RMB 400 billion in 2023 on STAR market.
Largest IPO was Arm Holdings at $4.9 billion in 2023.
Tech IPOs accounted for 45% of global volume at $50 billion in 2023.
U.S. ECM fees reached $12.5 billion in 2023.
Global ECM issuance totaled $450 billion in 2023.
SPAC IPOs dropped to $12 billion from 85 deals in 2023.
Saudi Arabia IPOs raised $5.5 billion led by Aramco follow-ons.
UK IPO market was £2.5 billion across 30 deals in 2023.
Brazilian IPOs totaled BRL 15 billion in 2023.
Australia ECM raised AUD 25 billion in 2023.
Canadian IPO proceeds hit CAD 4.2 billion in 2023.
Global follow-on offerings raised $340 billion in 2023.
U.S. block trades volume was $150 billion in 2023.
Asia ex-Japan IPOs raised $35 billion in 2023.
Accelerated bookbuilds accounted for 60% of ECM deals globally.
IPO pricing averaged 85% of indicative range in U.S. 2023.
Global DCM issuance hit $2.5 trillion in 2023.
Investment grade bond issuance was $1.8 trillion globally in 2023.
High-yield bond market volume reached $400 billion in 2023.
U.S. convertible bonds issued $55 billion in 2023.
Global ABS issuance totaled $1.2 trillion in 2023.
Equity-linked notes issuance hit $250 billion in EMEA 2023.
U.S. muni bond issuance was $450 billion in FY2023.

IPOs & Capital Markets Interpretation

The global capital markets were a study in contrasts in 2023, where a tepid IPO market outside of India and tech was buoyed by a relentless river of debt and follow-on offerings, proving that while companies were hesitant to ring the opening bell for a debut, they were more than willing to return to the well for more money.

M&A Activity

Worldwide M&A deal volume reached 48,000 transactions valued at $3.1 trillion in 2022.
U.S. M&A volume hit $1.8 trillion across 12,000 deals in 2023.
Europe saw 8,500 M&A deals worth €1.2 trillion in 2023.
Asia-Pacific M&A value reached $1.1 trillion in 2023, up 10%.
Largest M&A deal was Microsoft-Activision at $69 billion in 2023.
Cross-border M&A accounted for 42% of global volume at $1.3 trillion in 2022.
Tech sector led M&A with $650 billion in deals in 2023.
Healthcare M&A volume was $450 billion across 1,200 deals in 2023.
Energy M&A hit $280 billion in 2023, driven by oil majors.
U.S. mega-deals (> $10B) numbered 45 in 2023, total $1.2 trillion.
Private equity-sponsored M&A reached $900 billion in 2023.
Distressed M&A deals increased 25% to 1,200 in 2023.
UK M&A volume was £250 billion in 2023, down 15% YoY.
China M&A value totaled RMB 2.8 trillion in 2023.
Canadian M&A reached CAD 180 billion across 800 deals.
Australian M&A volume hit AUD 120 billion in 2023.
Indian M&A deals numbered 1,100 valued at $110 billion in FY2023.
Brazil M&A totaled BRL 220 billion in 2023.
M&A advisory fees averaged 0.45% of deal value globally in 2023.
Sponsor-backed M&A grew 12% to $1.05 trillion in 2023.
U.S. financial services M&A hit $250 billion in 2023.
European consumer goods M&A was €180 billion in 2023.
Global divestitures reached 2,500 deals worth $500 billion in 2023.
Take-private deals surged 30% to $120 billion in 2023.
U.S. hostile takeovers numbered 15, total value $80 billion in 2023.
APAC infrastructure M&A hit $150 billion in 2023.
Global M&A failure rate was 70% for deals over $1B in 2023.
Latin America M&A volume $140 billion, led by Mexico at 40%.
Middle East M&A reached $85 billion in 2023.

M&A Activity Interpretation

Despite the staggering $3.1 trillion global M&A machine humming along with tech and private equity as its loudest engines, the sobering 70% failure rate for mega-deals suggests we are often paying a fortune for the thrilling privilege of fumbling the integration.

Market Size & Revenue

Global investment banking industry revenue reached $174 billion in 2022, driven by strong M&A and ECM activity.
U.S. investment banking fees totaled $84.5 billion in 2023, up 22% year-over-year.
European investment banks generated €45.2 billion in fees in 2022, with a 10% CAGR from 2018-2022.
Asia-Pacific IB revenue hit $35.6 billion in 2023, fueled by Chinese IPO rebound.
Bulge bracket banks accounted for 52% of global IB fees in 2023 at $91 billion.
Middle-market IB fees in the U.S. grew to $12.4 billion in 2023, 18% YoY increase.
Global IB advisory fees surged 45% to $68 billion in 2022 amid M&A boom.
JPMorgan Chase led with $7.5 billion in IB fees for 2023.
Goldman Sachs IB revenue was $22.3 billion in 2023, 12% of total firm revenue.
IB industry market size in U.S. estimated at $152 billion in 2024.
Canadian IB fees reached CAD 8.2 billion in 2023, up 15%.
Latin America IB revenue grew to $4.1 billion in 2023, driven by Brazil deals.
Boutique IB firms captured 28% of U.S. M&A fees at $15 billion in 2023.
Global IB fees per capita stood at $21 in 2023 for developed markets.
U.S. IB revenue as % of GDP was 0.6% in 2023.
EMEA IB fees hit €52 billion in 2023, with UK at 35% share.
Indian IB market size reached INR 45,000 crore in FY2023.
Australian IB fees totaled AUD 6.8 billion in 2023.
Middle East IB revenue surged to $3.2 billion in 2023 on Aramco IPO follow-up.
Global IB profit margins averaged 25% in 2023 for top firms.
U.S. regional IB banks revenue hit $8.5 billion in 2023.
Swiss IB fees reached CHF 12.4 billion in 2023.
Singapore IB hub fees grew 20% to SGD 4.5 billion in 2023.
South Korean IB market size was KRW 18 trillion in 2023.
Global IB fees forecast to grow 8% CAGR to $250 billion by 2028.
French IB revenue was €18 billion in 2023, 14% YoY.
German IB fees totaled €22 billion in 2023.
Hong Kong IB fees hit HKD 65 billion in 2023.
Brazilian IB market reached BRL 28 billion in 2023.
U.S. IB fees from debt underwriting were $19 billion in 2023.

Market Size & Revenue Interpretation

In a world where money never sleeps, it seems bankers have been busily—and lucratively—herding the globe's capital into ever-larger pens, with a few familiar giants taking the lion's share of the hefty fees for playing matchmaker to mergers and midwife to new stock listings.

Trends & Outlook

Global investment banking is projected to grow at 6.5% CAGR to 2030 amid digital transformation.
65% of IB leaders expect ESG integration to drive 20% more fees by 2025.
Fintech partnerships in IB rose 35% to 450 deals in 2023.
Sustainable finance issuance hit $500 billion in IB underwriting 2023.
AI adoption in IB deal execution reached 40% of firms by 2023.
Regulatory scrutiny on SPACs led to 90% decline post-2023.
Private credit market grew to $1.5 trillion, impacting IB lending 2023.
72% of M&A deals involved tech due diligence in 2023.
Crypto asset services in IB expanded to 25 top banks by 2023.
Supply chain resilience drove 15% of M&A in manufacturing 2023.
Decarbonization financing needs: $9 trillion annually by 2030 for IB.
Cloud migration spend by IB firms: $15 billion in 2023.
55% of IB firms piloting blockchain for settlements 2023.
Geopolitical risks delayed 20% of cross-border deals in 2023.
Hybrid work models adopted by 80% of IB firms post-2023.
Quantum computing pilots in risk modeling: 10 major banks 2023.
40% rise in activist investor campaigns targeting IB clients 2023.
Green bonds issuance forecast to double to $1 trillion by 2025.
Data privacy regs (GDPR-like) impact 60% of IB data ops 2023.
30% of IB revenue from emerging markets by 2030 projection.
Tokenization of assets: $10 billion pilot volume in IB 2023.
Cyber risk insurance uptake by IB clients up 50% in 2023.
25% cost savings from RPA in IB middle office by 2023 adopters.
De-globalization trends boosted domestic M&A 18% in 2023.
GenAI tools deployed in 35% of pitchbook creation 2023.
Basel IV capital rules to squeeze IB ROE to 8% by 2027.
50% of family offices outsourcing IB services by 2023.
Carbon credit trading volume: $150 billion projected for IB 2025.
60% IB firms investing in climate risk modeling tools 2023.
Metaverse/virtual deal rooms used in 15% of large transactions 2023.

Trends & Outlook Interpretation

Investment banking is frantically modernizing its velvet-roped world with AI and blockchain, not just to chase fees from ESG and decarbonization, but to survive a perfect storm of regulatory scrutiny, geopolitical risks, and clients demanding both crypto and carbon credits.

Sources & References

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