Infectious diseases affect people worldwide, but the burden is uneven. On this page, you’ll see how tuberculosis, HIV, malaria, lower respiratory infections, and hepatitis B shape global case counts, deaths, and disability. We also track what’s changing in prevention and treatment—from vaccination and PrEP to new therapies—while noting where risks remain high due to poverty, malnutrition, overcrowding, and limited access to care.
Key Takeaways
- In 2022, tuberculosis caused an estimated 10.6 million new cases worldwide, with 73% occurring in the 30 high-burden countries
- HIV infected approximately 39 million people globally in 2023, with 1.3 million new infections
- Malaria reported 249 million cases in 2022 across 85 countries, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa accounting for 94%
- Global Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) from lower respiratory infections reached 113 million in 2019
- Tuberculosis resulted in 131 million DALYs lost globally in 2022
- HIV caused 47.5 million DALYs in 2023 due to chronic illness and disability
- In 2019, lower respiratory infections were the most deadly communicable disease, causing 2.6 million deaths
- Tuberculosis accounted for 1.3 million deaths in 2022, excluding HIV-associated TB
- HIV/AIDS caused 630,000 deaths in 2023
- 89% of COVID-19 vaccines have been administered in high-income countries despite low disease burden
- Tuberculosis vaccination with BCG covers 87% of newborns in high-burden countries
- HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) reached 1.3 million people globally in 2023
- 10.6 million people started TB treatment in 2022, with 66% success rate for drug-sensitive TB
- 30 million people living with HIV were on antiretroviral therapy in 2023, achieving 86% viral suppression
- Artemisinin-based combination therapies cured 75% of uncomplicated malaria cases in Africa
TB, HIV, malaria and other infections still drive millions of cases and deaths despite major treatment and vaccine progress.
Related reading
01 · Category
Epidemiology30 stats
01
In 2022, tuberculosis caused an estimated 10.6 million new cases worldwide, with 73% occurring in the 30 high-burden countries
02
HIV infected approximately 39 million people globally in 2023, with 1.3 million new infections
03
Malaria reported 249 million cases in 2022 across 85 countries, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa accounting for 94%
04
Hepatitis B chronically infects 296 million people worldwide as of 2023
05
Influenza causes 3-5 million severe cases annually, resulting in 290,000-650,000 respiratory deaths globally
06
COVID-19 has caused over 7 million deaths worldwide since 2020, with 774 million confirmed cases as of 2023
07
Dengue fever reported 6.5 million cases in 2023 across 90 countries
08
Measles cases surged to 306,000 reported globally in 2022, a 43% increase from 2021
09
Cholera outbreaks affected 23 African countries in 2022, with over 700,000 cases and 13,000 deaths
10
Leprosy diagnosed 127,000 new cases in 2022, mainly in India (60%)
11
Global prevalence of schistosomiasis is 251.5 million people requiring treatment in 2023
12
Onchocerciasis affects about 20 million people, with 99% in Africa
13
Lymphatic filariasis has 51 million people with chronic disease manifestations globally
14
Chagas disease infects 6-7 million people, mostly in Latin America
15
Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) reported fewer than 1,000 cases in 2022
16
Leishmaniasis causes 700,000 to 1 million new cases yearly
17
Global syphilis incidence reached 8 million in 2022 among adults aged 15-49 years
18
Gonorrhoea caused 82 million new infections in 2020 among adults 15-49 years
19
Global point prevalence of scabies was 97.5 million cases in 2021
20
Rabies causes 59,000 human deaths annually, 95% from dog bites in Africa and Asia
21
Mpox (monkeypox) reported 99,462 cases and 397 deaths globally since January 2022
22
Polio paralysed 12 children in Afghanistan and Pakistan in 2023
23
Yellow fever reported 206,000 cases and 9,000 deaths in Africa in 2022
24
Nipah virus has caused outbreaks with case fatality rates of 40-75% since 1998
25
Global burden of foodborne diseases causes 600 million illnesses and 420,000 deaths yearly
26
Norovirus is the leading cause of foodborne illness, responsible for 685 million cases annually
27
Campylobacter causes 1.5 million cases yearly in the US alone
28
In 2019, diarrhoeal diseases caused by infectious agents led to 1.5 million deaths globally
29
Rotavirus causes over 200,000 deaths in children under 5 annually
30
Global incidence of typhoid fever is estimated at 9-13.5 million cases per year
Interpretation
Epidemiology Interpretation
Epidemiology shows a persistent global burden as 10.6 million new tuberculosis cases in 2022 were concentrated with 73% occurring in the 30 high-burden countries, alongside similarly large worldwide impacts from HIV, malaria, hepatitis B, influenza, and COVID-19.
report visual · Comparison
Estimated deaths by infectious disease (Global)
In 2019, lower respiratory infections led with the highest estimated death count, outpacing the next-largest causes (HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, malaria) by a clear ma
2.58 million deaths from lower respiratory infections in 20192.58 million
1.70 million deaths from HIV/AIDS in 20191.70 million
1.50 million deaths from viral hepatitis in 20191.50 million
1.41 million deaths from tuberculosis in 20191.41 million
1.30 million deaths from COVID-19 in 20211.30 million
0.74 million deaths from malaria in 20190.74 million
source-verifiedvizhub.healthdata.org2021
02 · Category
Morbidity29 stats
01
Global Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) from lower respiratory infections reached 113 million in 2019
02
Tuberculosis resulted in 131 million DALYs lost globally in 2022
03
HIV caused 47.5 million DALYs in 2023 due to chronic illness and disability
04
Malaria generated 46 million DALYs in 2022, primarily from anaemia and neurological sequelae
05
Chronic hepatitis B leads to 15 million DALYs annually from cirrhosis and liver cancer
06
Long COVID affects 10-20% of COVID-19 survivors with persistent symptoms
07
Measles complications include encephalitis in 0.1% of cases, leading to permanent disability
08
Schistosomiasis causes 4.4 million DALYs from haematuria, bladder cancer, and infertility
09
Lymphatic filariasis results in 5.5 million DALYs from lymphedema and hydrocele
10
Onchocerciasis (river blindness) blinds 1.15 million people and causes skin disease in 25 million
11
Chagas disease chronic phase affects 6-7 million with cardiomyopathy in 20-30%
12
Leishmaniasis visceral form causes severe anaemia and malnutrition in survivors
13
Syphilis untreated leads to neurosyphilis in 10% of cases, causing dementia
14
Gonorrhoea complications include pelvic inflammatory disease in 10-20% of women
15
Scabies causes secondary bacterial infections like impetigo in 40% of cases
16
Mpox survivors experience scarring and pain lasting months
17
Polio survivors number 15 million globally with post-polio syndrome affecting 25-40%
18
Dengue severe cases lead to plasma leakage and organ impairment in 5%
19
Leprosy causes permanent nerve damage and disability in 3 million people
20
Cholera survivors suffer acute kidney injury in 10% of severe cases
21
Meningitis sequelae include hearing loss in 11% and neurological deficits in 7%
22
Ebola survivors have uveitis in 20% and joint pain in 30%
23
Influenza leads to 200 million hospital days annually worldwide
24
Rotavirus causes 258 million clinic visits in children under 5 yearly
25
Pneumonia hospitalizes 120 million children under 5 annually
26
Antimicrobial resistance associates with 4.95 million deaths indirectly in 2019
27
Fungal keratitis blinds 1 million people yearly
28
Cryptococcal meningitis affects 223,000 HIV patients yearly with high disability
29
Pneumocystis pneumonia causes severe respiratory failure in immunocompromised
Interpretation
Morbidity Interpretation
From the morbidity perspective, the burden is both massive and persistent, with DALYs in 2019 and 2022 alone reaching 113 million for lower respiratory infections and 131 million for tuberculosis, while ongoing conditions like HIV and chronic hepatitis B add 47.5 million and 15 million DALYs respectively.
03 · Category
Mortality28 stats
01
In 2019, lower respiratory infections were the most deadly communicable disease, causing 2.6 million deaths
02
Tuberculosis accounted for 1.3 million deaths in 2022, excluding HIV-associated TB
03
HIV/AIDS caused 630,000 deaths in 2023
04
Malaria led to 608,000 deaths in 2022, 76% children under 5
05
Viral hepatitis killed 1.3 million people in 2022, with 83% due to hepatitis B and C
06
COVID-19 caused 1.1 million excess deaths in 2023
07
Measles resulted in 136,000 deaths in 2022, mostly children under 5
08
Maternal sepsis from infectious diseases causes 11% of maternal deaths globally
09
Antimicrobial resistance directly caused 1.27 million deaths in 2019
10
Neglected tropical diseases cause over 200,000 deaths annually
11
Rabies kills approximately 59,000 people yearly
12
Cholera caused 4,000 deaths in 2022 across global outbreaks
13
Meningococcal disease has a case fatality rate of 10-15% even with treatment
14
Ebola virus disease outbreaks since 1976 have killed over 15,000 people
15
Influenza causes 290,000–650,000 deaths from respiratory diseases annually
16
Dengue has a mortality rate of 2.5% in severe cases, with 40,000 deaths yearly
17
Leprosy leads to 2,000-3,000 deaths annually from complications
18
Syphilis caused 380,000 adverse birth outcomes including stillbirths in 2022
19
Neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections account for 25% of neonatal deaths
20
Pneumococcal disease kills over 300,000 children under 5 yearly
21
Haemophilus influenzae type b causes 30,000 deaths in children under 5 annually
22
Pertussis (whooping cough) led to 160,000 deaths in 2018, mostly infants
23
Tetanus causes 34,000 neonatal deaths yearly despite vaccination efforts
24
Foodborne trematode infections cause 10,000 deaths annually from cholangiocarcinoma
25
Cryptosporidiosis contributes to 50,000 child deaths under 5 yearly
26
Invasive candidiasis has a 40-60% mortality rate in ICU patients
27
Histoplasmosis mortality reaches 50% in untreated AIDS patients
28
In 2019, diarrhoeal diseases were responsible for 1.53 million deaths, mainly from rotavirus and cholera
Interpretation
Mortality Interpretation
For the mortality picture, infectious disease deaths remain heavily concentrated in a few major killers, with 2019 lower respiratory infections causing 2.6 million deaths and viral hepatitis reaching 1.3 million in 2022, while COVID-19 added 1.1 million excess deaths in 2023.
More related reading
04 · Category
Prevention26 stats
01
89% of COVID-19 vaccines have been administered in high-income countries despite low disease burden
02
Tuberculosis vaccination with BCG covers 87% of newborns in high-burden countries
03
HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) reached 1.3 million people globally in 2023
04
Malaria vaccine RTS,S rolled out to 2 million children in 2023, preventing 50,000 cases
05
Hepatitis B birth dose vaccination coverage is 84% globally, preventing 7 million deaths since 1990
06
Measles vaccination averted 60 million deaths between 2000-2023
07
Polio vaccination campaigns reached 400 million children in 2023
08
HPV vaccination prevents 90% of cervical cancers, with 135 countries introducing it by 2023
09
Dengue vaccine Dengvaxia approved but limited to seropositive individuals in endemic areas
10
Cholera vaccination campaigns protected 40 million people since 2013
11
Meningococcal conjugate vaccines introduced in African meningitis belt, reducing incidence by 80%
12
Rotavirus vaccines introduced in 119 countries, reducing deaths by 40%
13
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) coverage at 84% in low-income countries
14
Hib vaccine prevents 90% of invasive disease, introduced in 193 countries
15
Pertussis vaccine (DTP3) coverage is 84% globally
16
Tetanus toxoid vaccination eliminated maternal/neonatal tetanus from 183 countries
17
Yellow fever vaccination campaigns vaccinated 40 million in 2023
18
Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis saves 15 million lives over past decades
19
Insecticide-treated nets distributed 260 million for malaria prevention in 2022
20
Indoor residual spraying protected 47 million people from malaria in 2022
21
Mass drug administration for schistosomiasis treated 115 million people in 2022
22
Ivermectin distribution for onchocerciasis reached 149 million people in 2022
23
Diethylcarbamazine and albendazole for lymphatic filariasis treated 947 million since 2000
24
Hand hygiene interventions reduce hospital-acquired infections by 30-50%
25
Antibiotic stewardship programs reduce resistance emergence by 20-30%
26
Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) prevents 1.4 million diarrhoeal deaths yearly
Interpretation
Prevention Interpretation
Even though prevention programs reach hundreds of millions, the impact varies widely by vaccine and disease, as shown by measles vaccination preventing 60 million deaths from 2000 to 2023 while only 2 million children received the RTS,S malaria vaccine in 2023.
05 · Category
Treatment26 stats
01
10.6 million people started TB treatment in 2022, with 66% success rate for drug-sensitive TB
02
30 million people living with HIV were on antiretroviral therapy in 2023, achieving 86% viral suppression
03
Artemisinin-based combination therapies cured 75% of uncomplicated malaria cases in Africa
04
Direct-acting antivirals cure over 95% of hepatitis C patients within 12 weeks
05
Paxlovid reduced COVID-19 hospitalization by 89% in high-risk outpatients
06
Doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis reduces syphilis by 70% in MSM
07
Multidrug-resistant TB treatment success rate is 63% with shorter regimens
08
Cholera oral rehydration solution reduces mortality from 30% to less than 1%
09
Ceftriaxone remains effective for 89% of gonorrhoea cases globally
10
Oseltamivir reduces influenza duration by 1 day and complications in high-risk groups
11
Remdesivir shortens COVID-19 recovery time by 5 days in hospitalized patients
12
Rifampicin-resistant TB detected in 46% of cases via rapid diagnostics
13
DAA treatment scaled up to 12.6 million hepatitis C cures since 2015
14
Primaquine prevents 80% of Plasmodium vivax relapses when used with artemisinin
15
Benzathine penicillin G cures early syphilis in 98% of cases
16
Azithromycin single dose cures 97% of uncomplicated chlamydia
17
Echinocandins have 60-90% success in invasive candidiasis treatment
18
Amphotericin B cures 80% of visceral leishmaniasis in India
19
Miltefosine achieves 95% cure rate for cutaneous leishmaniasis
20
Praziquantel cures 80-90% of schistosomiasis infections
21
Ivermectin single dose clears 99% of microfilariae in onchocerciasis
22
Diethylcarbamazine reduces microfilaraemia by 90% in lymphatic filariasis
23
Benznidazole cures 80% of acute Chagas disease cases
24
3.3% of new TB cases and 18% of previously treated cases were multidrug-resistant in 2022
25
1.3 million E. coli infections resistant to third-generation cephalosporins occur yearly
26
82% of gonococcal infections show decreased azithromycin susceptibility globally
Interpretation
Treatment Interpretation
Across multiple infectious diseases, treatment is delivering strong outcomes, with 30 million people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy reaching 86% viral suppression and direct-acting antivirals curing over 95% of hepatitis C cases within 12 weeks.
Reference
Cite This Report
This report is designed to be cited. We maintain stable URLs and versioned verification dates. Copy the format appropriate for your publication below.
APA
Julian Richter. (2026, February 13). Infectious Disease Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/infectious-disease-statistics
MLA
Julian Richter. "Infectious Disease Statistics." Gitnux, 13 Feb 2026, https://gitnux.org/infectious-disease-statistics.
Chicago
Julian Richter. 2026. "Infectious Disease Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/infectious-disease-statistics.
Sources & references
1 datasets cited across this report · attribution is report-level