In 2021, an estimated 27.6 million people were trapped in forced labour worldwide, including 3.3 million children, and the scale keeps shifting. Women and girls make up 54% of victims while 63% are exploited in the private sector, often for profits that reach US$236 billion a year. What stands out is how limited help remains, since only 0.4% of victims are identified and referred to services each year.
Key Takeaways
- Women and girls represent 54% of total forced labour victims globally
- Children under 18 make up 12% of forced labour victims
- Migrants comprise 25% of forced labour victims
- In 2021, an estimated 27.6 million people were in forced labour worldwide, including 3.3 million children
- Forced labour generates US$236 billion in illegal profits per year globally
- 63% of forced labour victims are in the private sector
- Agriculture sector employs 26% of global forced labour victims
- Domestic work accounts for 23% of forced labour globally
- Construction sector has 17% of forced labour cases
- The Asia-Pacific region accounts for 62% of global forced labour victims
- Europe and Central Asia have 3.79 million people in modern slavery
- Africa has 7 million people living in modern slavery
- Forced labour prevalence increased by 10 million people between 2016 and 2021 globally
- Illegal profits from forced labour rose by 37% to $236 billion annually
- COVID-19 increased forced labour risks by 12% in some sectors
Forced labor still traps millions worldwide, driven by private sector exploitation and rising illegal profits.
Related reading
01 · Category
Demographic Statistics23 stats
01
Women and girls represent 54% of total forced labour victims globally
02
Children under 18 make up 12% of forced labour victims
03
Migrants comprise 25% of forced labour victims
04
11.8% of children in cocoa production in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana are in forced labour
05
71% of forced labour victims are men in private sector exploitation
06
Women comprise 99% of victims in commercial sexual exploitation globally
07
28 million people in forced labour for sexual exploitation worldwide
08
Indigenous peoples 2.5 times more likely to be in forced labour
09
Refugees and asylum seekers 4 times more vulnerable
10
Debt bondage affects 17.6 million globally, mostly low-caste groups
11
Trafficking victims from South Asia 75% women and girls
12
Men 71% of forced commercial sexual exploitation victims
13
75% of stateless persons vulnerable to forced labour
14
Roma communities 63% higher risk in Europe
15
LGBTQ+ individuals 2.5 times more trafficked into labour
16
Elderly over 65 comprise 5% of victims in domestic work
17
African descent workers 3x more in forced labour in Brazil
18
Girls 25% of child forced labourers in domestic service
19
Disabled persons 4x more likely trafficked for labour
20
Rural poor 80% of agricultural forced labour victims
21
Muslim minorities 90% of China's forced labour camp victims
22
Female migrants 60% of Gulf domestic workers in forced labour
23
Debt bondage persists in 20 million Indian cases, mostly Dalits
Interpretation
Demographic Statistics Interpretation
From a demographic perspective, forced labor is not evenly distributed, with women and girls accounting for 54% of victims globally and children under 18 making up 12%, while men represent 71% of private sector exploitation and women make up 99% of victims in commercial sexual exploitation.
02 · Category
Global Statistics30 stats
01
In 2021, an estimated 27.6 million people were in forced labour worldwide, including 3.3 million children
02
Forced labour generates US$236 billion in illegal profits per year globally
03
63% of forced labour victims are in the private sector
04
86% of forced labour cases involve private actors
05
3.5% of total government expenditure worldwide is linked to forced labour costs
06
India has 11 million people in modern slavery
07
China reports 5.8 million in modern slavery
08
North Korea has 2.6 million (1 in 10 population) in forced labour
09
Pakistan has 2.3 million in modern slavery
10
Russia has 1.9 million
11
Indonesia has 1.8 million in forced labour
12
Nigeria has 1.7 million
13
Turkey has 1.5 million
14
Bangladesh has 1.5 million
15
United States has 1.1 million in modern slavery
16
Thailand has 1.1 million
17
50 million people in modern slavery as of 2023 estimate
18
Eritrea 9% of population (320,000) in state-imposed forced labour
19
Mauritania 1.9% prevalence in hereditary slavery
20
Saudi Arabia 2.3 million migrant workers in forced labour risk
21
Global forced marriage affects 22 million, part of modern slavery
22
12 million children in forced labour in hazardous work
23
Global Slavery Index vulnerability score highest in Korea DPR at 83/100
24
Madagascar 2.1% prevalence
25
Libya 1.9% post-conflict forced labour
26
Afghanistan 1.7 million under Taliban forced labour
27
Myanmar 1.6 million amid civil war
28
South Sudan 84/100 vulnerability
29
Haiti 1.4% prevalence
30
Yemen 1.3 million in conflict zones
Interpretation
Global Statistics Interpretation
Global statistics show that forced labor affects 27.6 million people worldwide in 2021 and is driven mainly by private actors, with 63% of victims in the private sector and 86% involving private companies.
03 · Category
Industry Statistics23 stats
01
Agriculture sector employs 26% of global forced labour victims
02
Domestic work accounts for 23% of forced labour globally
03
Construction sector has 17% of forced labour cases
04
Manufacturing represents 12% of forced labour victims
05
Sex exploitation is 12% of forced labour
06
Fishing industry in Asia has 150,000 forced labourers
07
Garment sector in Bangladesh employs 400,000 in forced conditions
08
Palm oil plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia have 100,000+ forced workers
09
Brazilian cattle ranching linked to 20,000 forced labourers annually
10
Shrimp farming in Thailand involves 50,000 in forced labour
11
Mining in DRC has 40,000 children in forced labour
12
Southeast Asia fishing fleets detain 100,000+ seafarers in forced labour
13
Italian tomato fields exploit 400,000 migrant workers annually in forced conditions
14
Uyghur forced labour in Xinjiang cotton affects 500,000+
15
Qatar World Cup construction used 6,500 migrant deaths linked to forced labour
16
US agriculture has 1,000 cases of forced labour yearly
17
Child sex trafficking in US affects 100,000 minors annually
18
India brick kilns employ 10 million bonded labourers
19
Chinese solar panel production uses 45,000 Uyghur forced labour
20
Mexican avocado farms have 10,000 forced indigenous workers
21
South African wine farms exploit 60,000 in forced labour
22
Cambodian brick factories hold 100,000 bonded families
23
Lebanese construction 250,000 migrant workers in kafala forced labour
Interpretation
Industry Statistics Interpretation
Industry statistics show that forced labor is heavily concentrated in a few sectors, with agriculture leading at 26% and domestic work close behind at 23%, while construction and manufacturing account for 17% and 12% respectively.
More related reading
04 · Category
Regional Statistics17 stats
01
The Asia-Pacific region accounts for 62% of global forced labour victims
02
Europe and Central Asia have 3.79 million people in modern slavery
03
Africa has 7 million people living in modern slavery
04
The Americas report 5 million in modern slavery
05
Arab States have 1.1 million in forced labour
06
Sub-Saharan Africa has prevalence of 7.6 per 1,000 people
07
Central Asia highest prevalence at 8.5 per 1,000
08
Eastern Europe 4.1 per 1,000 in modern slavery
09
Latin America 2.4 per 1,000 prevalence
10
Middle East/North Africa 5.3 per 1,000
11
South Asia 5.2 per 1,000 people in modern slavery
12
Southeast Asia 4.7 per 1,000
13
Western Europe lowest at 1.73 per 1,000
14
Qatar has highest prevalence at 18.4 per 1,000 in forced labour
15
UAE 7.5 per 1,000
16
OECD countries have 1.64 million in forced labour
17
Gulf Cooperation Council states host 2.4 million vulnerable migrants
Interpretation
Regional Statistics Interpretation
Under the Regional Statistics lens, Asia-Pacific is responsible for 62% of the world’s forced labor victims, far outpacing other regions while Africa also stands out with 7 million people in modern slavery and Sub-Saharan Africa reaching 7.6 per 1,000 people.
05 · Category
Trends And Impacts22 stats
01
Forced labour prevalence increased by 10 million people between 2016 and 2021 globally
02
Illegal profits from forced labour rose by 37% to $236 billion annually
03
COVID-19 increased forced labour risks by 12% in some sectors
04
Only 0.4% of victims are identified and referred to services annually
05
Governments convict only 1 in 1,000 forced labour perpetrators
06
Forced labour cases rose 11% from 2016-2021 due to conflicts
07
Climate change projected to increase forced labour by 25% by 2050
08
Digital platforms facilitate 20% more forced labour recruitment
09
Economic losses from forced labour estimated at $150 billion GDP annually
10
Only 37 countries have comprehensive forced labour laws
11
Convictions for forced labour increased 20% in 2020-2022
12
Forced labour profits equal 10% of world trade volume
13
25 million new victims expected from climate migration by 2030
14
Tech supply chains have 80% undetected forced labour
15
Pandemic increased child forced labour by 8.9 million
16
Corporate due diligence laws cover only 15% of global firms
17
AI-driven recruitment scams tripled forced labour entries 2020-2023
18
Supply chain audits detect only 1% of forced labour instances
19
War in Ukraine displaced 6 million into labour trafficking risk
20
Fashion industry $150 billion annual from forced labour cotton
21
89 countries lack victim identification mechanisms
22
Modern slavery legislation adopted by 62 countries since 2018
Interpretation
Trends And Impacts Interpretation
Across the Trens And Impacts landscape, forced labour is worsening despite awareness, with global prevalence rising by 10 million people from 2016 to 2021 and illegal profits jumping 37% to $236 billion annually while only 0.4% of victims are identified and referred to services each year.
report visual · Key figures
Forced labor is expanding and profits keep rising
The scale of forced labor has grown in recent years, while illegal profits from forced labor remain substantial.
2021
In 2021, an estimated 27.6 million people were in forced labour worldwide, including 3.3 million children
10
Forced labour prevalence increased by 10 million people between 2016 and 2021 globally
37%
Illegal profits from forced labour rose by 37% to $236 billion annually
0.4%
Only 0.4% of victims are identified and referred to services annually
1,000
Governments convict only 1 in 1,000 forced labour perpetrators
Reference
Cite This Report
This report is designed to be cited. We maintain stable URLs and versioned verification dates. Copy the format appropriate for your publication below.
APA
Kevin O'Brien. (2026, February 13). Forced Labor Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/forced-labor-statistics
MLA
Kevin O'Brien. "Forced Labor Statistics." Gitnux, 13 Feb 2026, https://gitnux.org/forced-labor-statistics.
Chicago
Kevin O'Brien. 2026. "Forced Labor Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/forced-labor-statistics.
Sources & references
21 datasets cited across this report · attribution is report-level