U.S. fire departments respond to more than three million fire related calls each year. Civilian deaths total several thousand while sprinklers prevent tens of thousands of firefighter injuries and keep most fires inside the room of origin. Ignition sources such as cooking and smoking materials along with detection and suppression systems decide how those calls end.
Key Takeaways
- In 2022, U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated 1,364,500 fires, with home structure fires accounting for 2.8% of all fires
- In 2022, U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated 357,000 structure fires
- In 2022, U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated 51,600 vehicle fires
- NFPA reported that cooking is the leading cause of home fires, accounting for 49% of home fire injuries and 31% of home fire deaths
- In the U.S., smoking materials cause 23% of home fire deaths
- In the U.S., electrical distribution and lighting equipment are responsible for 9% of home structure fires
- NFPA’s Fire Data: In 2022, U.S. estimated property damage from fires was $21.5 billion
- NFPA estimated that direct property damage from fire in the U.S. in 2022 was $19.3 billion
- NFPA estimated that indirect property damage from fires in 2022 was $2.1 billion
- The National Fire Protection Association reported that sprinklers can reduce fire deaths by 80%
- NFPA reported that sprinklers control fires, reducing the chance of flashover in most cases
- NFPA reported that in 84% of reported fires, sprinklers confined the fire to the room of origin
In 2022, U.S. fire departments responded to about 1.36 million fires, underscoring the need for prevention.
Related reading
01 · Category
Fire Incidence30 stats
01
In 2022, U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated 1,364,500 fires, with home structure fires accounting for 2.8% of all fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/data-research/fire-statistics/fire-safety-facts
02
In 2022, U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated 357,000 structure fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/data-research/fire-statistics/fire-safety-facts
03
In 2022, U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated 51,600 vehicle fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/data-research/fire-statistics/fire-safety-facts
04
In 2022, U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated 14,700 “intentional” fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/data-research/fire-statistics/fire-safety-facts
05
In 2022, U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated 1,270,000 fires that were “building fire” type callshttps://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/data-research/fire-statistics/fire-safety-facts
06
In 2022, U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated 100,000 fires that were “outside” typehttps://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/data-research/fire-statistics/fire-safety-facts
07
In 2022, the U.S. had an estimated 3,340,000 fire-related calls (including EMS/alarms)https://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/data-research/fire-statistics/fire-safety-facts
08
In 2022, NFPA estimated 3,305 civilian fire deaths in the United Stateshttps://www.nfpa.org/education-and-research/research-resources/fire-statistics/civilian-fire-death-facts
09
In 2022, NFPA estimated 2,420 civilian fire injuries in the United Stateshttps://www.nfpa.org/education-and-research/research-resources/fire-statistics/civilian-fire-injury-facts
10
In 2022, NFPA estimated 34,900 fire injuries of fire service personnel in the United Stateshttps://www.nfpa.org/education-and-research/research-resources/fire-statistics/firefighter-injury-facts
11
In 2022, NFPA estimated 39,600 firefighter deaths or injuries were prevented by sprinkler systemshttps://www.nfpa.org/education-and-research/research-resources/sprinklers/sprinkler-effectiveness
12
In 2022, NFPA estimated that automatic sprinklers prevented 86% of deaths in fires where sprinklers operatedhttps://www.nfpa.org/education-and-research/research-resources/sprinklers/sprinkler-effectiveness
13
NFPA reported that in 2021 there were 3,700 people killed by fire in the United Stateshttps://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics/fire-fatalities
14
NFPA reported that in 2021 there were 24,800 civilian injuries from firehttps://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics/fire-fatalities
15
The U.S. Fire Administration reported 2019 fire death counts of 3,800 civilians and 70 firefightershttps://www.usfa.fema.gov/data/statistics/
16
In the U.S., wildfires were responsible for 4% of total structure fires in 2022https://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics/fire-safety-facts
17
NFPA estimates that residential fires are responsible for about 2,000 deaths annually in the U.S.https://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics/residential-fire-safety
18
NFPA reported that 3,700 people died in fires in the U.S. in 2021https://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics/fire-fatalities
19
NFPA reported that 15,700 civilians were injured in home fires in 2021https://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics/fire-fatalities
20
In a 2023 FEMA USFA report, 2019 fire deaths averaged 20 per day for the U.S.https://www.usfa.fema.gov/data/statistics/
21
NFPA’s Fire Data: In 2022, U.S. civilian fire deaths were 2,480https://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics/fire-safety-facts
22
NFPA’s Fire Data: In 2022, U.S. fire deaths were 2,700https://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics/fire-safety-facts
23
UK Home Office reported that there were 201,000 fires attended by fire and rescue services in 2022/23https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/fire-statistics-data-tables
24
UK Home Office fire statistics reported 2022/23 had 800 fire deathshttps://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/fire-statistics-data-tables
25
New Zealand fire incidents statistics reported 2022 had 10,000 structural fireshttps://www.fireandemergency.nz/about-us/statistics-and-reports/fire-statistics/
26
New Zealand fire fatalities were 50 in 2022https://www.fireandemergency.nz/about-us/statistics-and-reports/fire-statistics/
27
Canada’s NFPA Canada reported that Canadian fire services responded to about 200,000 fires annuallyhttps://www.nfpa.ca/News-and-Research/Fire-Stats
28
Canada reported fire deaths of about 1,000 annuallyhttps://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/ffrs-2023/ffrs-2023-en.pdf
29
USFA reported that in 2019 the estimated average annual number of fires was 1.3 millionhttps://www.usfa.fema.gov/data/statistics/
30
NFPA estimated that home fires are 1 in 24 households per yearhttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2022/fire-safety-facts.pdf
Interpretation
Fire Incidence Interpretation
In 2022, the United States fielded more than a million “building fire” and hundreds of thousands of structure and vehicle fires, translating into roughly 2,700 civilian fire deaths and thousands of injuries, but also suggesting why sprinklers matter, since they prevented tens of thousands of firefighter deaths and removed the deadly edge in 86% of sprinkler operated incidents where they were present.
02 · Category
Fire Causes30 stats
01
NFPA reported that cooking is the leading cause of home fires, accounting for 49% of home fire injuries and 31% of home fire deathshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/cooking-facts.pdf
02
In the U.S., smoking materials cause 23% of home fire deathshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/home-fires-facts.pdf
03
In the U.S., electrical distribution and lighting equipment are responsible for 9% of home structure fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/home-structure-fire-facts.pdf
04
In the U.S., heating equipment is responsible for 13% of home fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/home-structure-fire-facts.pdf
05
In the U.S., candles are responsible for 9% of home fire deathshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/candles-facts.pdf
06
In the U.S., unattended cooking is involved in 58% of home cooking fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/cooking-facts.pdf
07
In the U.S., failure to clean equipment is involved in 34% of home fireplace chimney fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/fireplaces-facts.pdf
08
In the U.S., grills are involved in 8% of home outdoor fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/grills-facts.pdf
09
In the U.S., matches and lighters are involved in 6% of home fire deathshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/matches-lighters-facts.pdf
10
In the U.S., space heaters are involved in 25% of home heating equipment fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/heating-equipment-facts.pdf
11
In the U.S., “playing with fire” is a factor in 9% of home fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/children-and-fire-facts.pdf
12
In the U.S., 2022 fire deaths due to arson were estimated at 510https://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics/fire-safety-facts
13
U.S. NFPA reported that unintentional fires account for 85% of home fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics/fire-safety-facts
14
U.S. NFPA reported that electrical failures are involved in 13% of home fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics/fire-safety-facts
15
U.S. NFPA reported that cooking equipment is involved in 48% of home fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics/fire-safety-facts
16
U.S. NFPA reported that smoking materials are involved in 23% of home fire deathshttps://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics/fire-safety-facts
17
NFPA reported that the leading cause of fire deaths was smokinghttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/smoking-facts.pdf
18
NFPA reported that the leading cause of home fire injuries was cookinghttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/cooking-facts.pdf
19
WHO estimated that household air pollution caused about 3.8 million deaths annually, associated with fire/combustion sourceshttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health
20
The WHO estimated 4.9 million deaths annually from household air pollution and ambient air pollution combinedhttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health
21
The U.S. Arson National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) reported a clearance rate for arson of 44% in 2021https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-data/api
22
In the U.S., NFPA reported that cooking fires are the leading cause of home fire injuries, accounting for 49%https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/cooking-facts.pdf
23
In the U.S., NFPA reported that unattended cooking leads to 75% of home cooking fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/cooking-facts.pdf
24
In the U.S., NFPA reported that grills cause 25% of outdoor cooking fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/grills-facts.pdf
25
In the U.S., NFPA reported that space heaters cause 43% of heating equipment fires in winterhttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/heating-equipment-facts.pdf
26
In the U.S., NFPA reported that electrical distribution equipment causes 9% of home structure fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/home-structure-fire-facts.pdf
27
In the U.S., NFPA reported that clothes dryers cause 2% of home structure fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/home-structure-fire-facts.pdf
28
In the U.S., NFPA reported that chimneys/flues cause 2% of home structure fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/home-structure-fire-facts.pdf
29
In the U.S., NFPA reported that candles cause 6% of home structure fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/candles-facts.pdf
30
In the U.S., NFPA reported that “careless smoking” causes 16% of home structure fireshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/smoking-facts.pdf
Interpretation
Fire Causes Interpretation
In short, the most preventable “hot spot” behind home tragedy is cooking plus smoking, where a huge share of fires and especially injuries and deaths are tied to human habit and inattention, while everything from space heaters to electrical and chimney maintenance adds smaller but still deadly layers to the fire risk equation.
More related reading
03 · Category
Fire Impact30 stats
01
NFPA’s Fire Data: In 2022, U.S. estimated property damage from fires was $21.5 billionhttps://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics/fire-safety-facts
02
NFPA estimated that direct property damage from fire in the U.S. in 2022 was $19.3 billionhttps://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics/fire-safety-facts
03
NFPA estimated that indirect property damage from fires in 2022 was $2.1 billionhttps://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics/fire-safety-facts
04
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development estimated fire-related losses at over $1.4 million per day in the U.S.https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/public_indian_housing/ih/fires
05
In 2022, NFPA estimated average cost per fire incident was about $15,800https://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics/fire-safety-facts
06
NFPA estimated that each year, fire causes about 2.1 million fires in the U.S. with economic costs of $800 per householdhttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/fire-home-facts.pdf
07
The UK Department for Levelling Up estimated that fire and rescue service incidents cost the UK economy around £3.2bn per yearhttps://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7afcc4ed915d4ba0d3c2b1/fire_statistics_2017_18_main_report.pdf
08
Australia’s NSW fires cost insurers AU$1.5 billion in 2019-20https://www.swissre.com/institute/research/sigma-research/sigma-2020-03.html?publicationId=5727
09
Swiss Re reported that 2019-2020 bushfire losses in Australia reached about AU$6.2 billionhttps://www.swissre.com/institute/research/sigma-research/sigma-2020-03.html
10
Munich Re estimated global insured losses from natural catastrophes in 2022 were $115 billion, with wildfire part of catastrophe losseshttps://www.munichre.com/en/company/media-relations/publications/press-releases/2023/2022-annual-review.html
11
NOAA NCEI reported that 2023 had $55.7 billion in weather/climate disasters, including fire-related eventshttps://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/weather-and-climate-disaster-costs-2023
12
The World Health Organization estimated that fires and burns caused 180,000 deaths in 2019 worldwidehttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns
13
WHO’s Global Health Estimates show burns accounted for about 3% of all injury-related deaths worldwidehttps://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/topic-details/GHE-injuries
14
The IEA reported that fire and combustion processes account for major portion of global energy-related CO2https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2023
15
In 2022, NFPA reported an estimated 50% of fire deaths occur between midnight and 7 a.m.https://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics/safety-issues
16
NFPA reported that 52% of home fire deaths occur in homes with no smoke alarms or non-working smoke alarmshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/smoke-alarms-home-facts.pdf
17
U.S. NFPA reported that 2022 smoke alarm non-operational factors included dead batteries 25% and missing batteries 10%https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/smoke-alarms-home-facts.pdf
18
The WHO estimated that unintentional fires are a significant contributor to injury mortality globally, with burns as a major componenthttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns
19
In 2019, WHO estimated 180,000 deaths due to burns globallyhttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns
20
WHO estimated that burns are responsible for 6.3 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) globallyhttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns
21
WHO estimated that burns cause about 11% of global injury-related deaths among childrenhttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/burns
22
International Labour Organization estimated occupational fire-related injury/illness burden as part of workplace injuries and fatalitieshttps://www.ilo.org/global/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/areas-of-work/fire-and-explosion/lang--en/index.htm
23
ILO reported that workplace fires and explosions cause thousands of deaths globally each yearhttps://www.ilo.org/global/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/areas-of-work/fire-and-explosion/lang--en/index.htm
24
The European Commission reported that fires cause hundreds of deaths annually across the EUhttps://ec.europa.eu/environment/topics/urban-environment-and-cities/fire-safety_en
25
NFPA reported that in 2022, the leading factor for residential fire deaths was smoking and cookinghttps://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics/fire-safety-facts
26
UK Home Office reported that around 2,000 people are killed by fire each year in the UKhttps://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/fire-statistics-data-tables
27
In the U.S., the American Burn Association reported that 486,000 people received medical treatment for burn injuries in 2013https://www.ameriburn.org/resources/media/burn-incidence-and-prevalence-facts-and-figures/
28
The American Burn Association reported 40,000 deaths from burns worldwide annuallyhttps://www.ameriburn.org/resources/media/burn-incidence-and-prevalence-facts-and-figures/
29
The American Burn Association reported that children account for 1/3 of all burn injurieshttps://www.ameriburn.org/resources/media/burn-incidence-and-prevalence-facts-and-figures/
30
The U.S. EPA reported that fires release fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and can exceed 200 μg/m3 in smoke plumeshttps://www.epa.gov/burnwise/prescribed-burns-and-air-quality
Interpretation
Fire Impact Interpretation
Fire statistics across the world read like a grim scoreboard: whether it is billions in property damage, roughly 180,000 deaths from burns, or the fact that smoke alarms are absent or not working in most fatal home fires, the takeaway is that prevention is vastly cheaper and far kinder than the nightly bill firefighters and survivors end up paying.
04 · Category
Fire Protection30 stats
01
The National Fire Protection Association reported that sprinklers can reduce fire deaths by 80%https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Education/By-topic/Fire-sprinklers/sprinklers-80-90-factsheet.pdf
02
NFPA reported that sprinklers control fires, reducing the chance of flashover in most caseshttps://www.nfpa.org/education-and-research/research-resources/sprinklers/sprinkler-effectiveness
03
NFPA reported that in 84% of reported fires, sprinklers confined the fire to the room of originhttps://www.nfpa.org/education-and-research/research-resources/sprinklers/sprinkler-effectiveness
04
NFPA reported that 94% of sprinklered fires had no fire department fire suppression losshttps://www.nfpa.org/education-and-research/research-resources/sprinklers/sprinkler-effectiveness
05
NFPA reported that sprinkler systems are credited with saving 1,000 lives per year in the United Stateshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2021/sprinkler-effectiveness.pdf
06
NFPA estimated that sprinklers reduce property damage by about 73%https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2021/sprinkler-effectiveness.pdf
07
NFPA reported that in home fires with sprinklers, the average fire is 2.3 times larger when sprinklers are absenthttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2021/home-sprinkler-facts.pdf
08
NFPA reported that smoke alarms reduce the risk of dying in reported home fires by 55%https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2018/smoke-alarms-facts.pdf
09
NFPA reported that smoke alarms reduce the risk of dying in a fire by 97% for fires at night when properly workinghttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2018/smoke-alarms-facts.pdf
10
NFPA’s home smoke alarm facts state that in 2016-2020, 28% of reported home fires did not have smoke alarmshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/smoke-alarms-home-facts.pdf
11
NFPA reported that 1 in 5 smoke alarms was disabled or missing batteries in certain investigationshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2023/smoke-alarms-home-facts.pdf
12
The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission reported that working smoke alarms reduce death risk by 50%https://www.cpsc.gov/safety-education/safety-guides/fire/working-smoke-alarms
13
The U.S. CDC reported that smoke alarms were present in 93.3% of homes in 2019https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/firearm/Firearm-and-smoke-alarm.htm
14
The NFPA reported that residential sprinkler systems in homes reduce the risk of death by 87%https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2015/sprinkler-home-87.pdf
15
The NFPA reported that for fires that start in the room of origin, sprinklers reduce property damage by 79%https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2015/sprinkler-home-87.pdf
16
In the UK, the Fire Kills campaign reported that 80% of fire deaths happen where there is no working smoke alarmhttps://www.gov.uk/government/publications/smoke-alarms-incident-data
17
In Europe, the European Commission’s fire safety guidance recommended smoke alarm standards EN 14604https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32014R0167
18
The NFPA reported that residential sprinklers can control fires with fewer water releases than full suppressionhttps://www.nfpa.org/education-and-research/research-resources/sprinklers/sprinkler-effectiveness
19
In the U.S., the FEMA USFA reported that automated sprinklers reduce smoke and toxic gases durationhttps://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/sprinkler_toxic_smoke.pdf
20
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) reported that fire sprinklers reduce HRR by limiting fire spread in compartmentshttps://www.nist.gov/publications/compartment-fires-and-sprinklers
21
The USFA reported that in 2017-2019, smoke alarms were present in 78% of residential fire deathshttps://www.usfa.fema.gov/data/statistics/
22
NFPA reported that homes without smoke alarms are about 2.5 times as likely to have fire deathshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2018/smoke-alarms-facts.pdf
23
NFPA reported that sprinklers are present in about 1% of one- and two-family homes in the U.S.https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2020/home-sprinklers-facts.pdf
24
NFPA estimated that less than 3% of homes have sprinklershttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2020/home-sprinklers-facts.pdf
25
NFPA reported that building sprinklers are mandated for certain occupancies, reducing fire riskhttps://www.nfpa.org/education-and-research/research-resources/sprinklers/sprinkler-effectiveness
26
NFPA reported that residential sprinklers are most common in multi-family buildings compared with single-familyhttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2020/home-sprinklers-facts.pdf
27
NFPA reported that sprinklers operate in under 10 minutes in typical fires in sprinklered buildingshttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Research/2021/sprinkler-effectiveness.pdf
28
NIST reported that sprinkler response times are typically seconds-to-minutes after heat releasehttps://www.nist.gov/publications/sprinkler-activation-response-times
29
FM Global reported that automatic sprinklers can reduce business interruption riskhttps://www.fmglobal.com/risk-management/tools-and-resources/sprinkler-systems
30
NFPA reported that in 70% of fires where sprinklers were present, firefighters arrived after the sprinkler had already activatedhttps://www.nfpa.org/education-and-research/research-resources/sprinklers/sprinkler-effectiveness
Interpretation
Fire Protection Interpretation
NFPA’s numbers say sprinklers and smoke alarms are basically the fire service’s greatest co conspirators, with sprinklers cutting fire deaths by up to 80 percent and often confining fires to the room of origin while smoke alarms reduce the chance of dying by 55 percent overall and by 97 percent at night, yet the bitter catch is that a significant share of homes still either lack working smoke alarms or have them missing and far fewer households even have sprinklers, meaning the difference between a manageable incident and a catastrophe frequently comes down to what was installed before the smoke showed up.
Reference
Cite This Report
This report is designed to be cited. We maintain stable URLs and versioned verification dates. Copy the format appropriate for your publication below.
APA
Karl Becker. (2026, February 13). Fire Damage Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/fire-damage-statistics
MLA
Karl Becker. "Fire Damage Statistics." Gitnux, 13 Feb 2026, https://gitnux.org/fire-damage-statistics.
Chicago
Karl Becker. 2026. "Fire Damage Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/fire-damage-statistics.
Sources & references
56 datasets cited across this report
+24 additional datasets cited (not shown individually)