While household bills in Germany have soared by 42% and Italy's remain a quarter above pre-crisis levels, Europe's energy landscape in 2023 reveals a starkly divergent story of recovery in France, affordability in Spain, and a complex mix of national strategies shaping electricity and gas prices across the continent.
Key Takeaways
- In Germany, average household electricity price reached 0.512 €/kWh in September 2023, a 42% increase from September 2022.
- France saw household electricity prices at 0.285 €/kWh in Q3 2023, down 8% year-over-year due to nuclear output recovery.
- Italy's household electricity price averaged 0.456 €/kWh in December 2023, 25% higher than pre-crisis levels.
- In Germany, household natural gas price was 12.45 €/GJ in Q3 2023, 35% drop from 2022 peak.
- France household gas price at 9.87 €/GJ in 2023, stable post-crisis.
- Italy household natural gas price reached 14.23 €/GJ in H1 2023, import heavy.
- Germany's non-household electricity price for industry was 0.289 €/kWh in 2023 annual average.
- France industrial electricity price 0.156 €/kWh Q4 2023, nuclear advantage.
- Italy non-household electricity price 0.345 €/kWh in H1 2024, demand recovery.
- Germany non-household natural gas price for industry 8.45 €/GJ in Q3 2023, down 50% from peak.
- France industrial gas price 7.23 €/GJ 2023, contracts locked.
- Italy non-household gas 9.67 €/GJ H1 2023, Eni supplies.
- TTF Dutch wholesale gas price averaged 35 €/MWh in Q4 2023, down from 120 €/MWh peak.
- EEX German day-ahead electricity wholesale 89 €/MWh average 2023.
- French EPEX spot electricity 78 €/MWh H2 2023, nuclear recovery.
European energy prices remain highly divergent across countries despite wholesale market declines.
Household Electricity Prices
- In Germany, average household electricity price reached 0.512 €/kWh in September 2023, a 42% increase from September 2022.
- France saw household electricity prices at 0.285 €/kWh in Q3 2023, down 8% year-over-year due to nuclear output recovery.
- Italy's household electricity price averaged 0.456 €/kWh in December 2023, 25% higher than pre-crisis levels.
- Spain recorded household electricity prices of 0.231 €/kWh in H1 2024, supported by renewable influx.
- Netherlands household electricity price hit 0.489 €/kWh in Q1 2023, reflecting gas dependency.
- Poland's household electricity price was 0.342 €/kWh in 2023 annual average, up 18% from 2022.
- UK's household electricity price cap led to 0.279 £/kWh (0.325 €/kWh) in Q4 2023.
- Sweden household electricity prices averaged 0.256 €/kWh in 2023, lowest in Nordics due to hydro.
- Belgium's household electricity price stood at 0.467 €/kWh in mid-2023, impacted by nuclear phase-out.
- Austria household electricity price was 0.451 €/kWh in 2023, 30% above EU average.
- Denmark's household electricity price reached 0.412 €/kWh in Q2 2023, with high wind support.
- Finland household electricity prices averaged 0.298 €/kWh in 2023, volatile due to imports.
- Ireland household electricity price was 0.451 €/kWh in H2 2023, gas-linked.
- Portugal household electricity price at 0.198 €/kWh in 2023, boosted by hydro and solar.
- Greece household electricity price 0.389 €/kWh in Q4 2023, down from summer peaks.
- Czech Republic household electricity price 0.367 €/kWh annual 2023, coal influence.
- Hungary household electricity price capped at 0.109 €/kWh in 2023 despite market highs.
- Slovakia household electricity price 0.298 €/kWh in 2023, stable nuclear base.
- Bulgaria household electricity price 0.156 €/kWh in 2023, subsidized.
- Romania household electricity price 0.221 €/kWh average 2023, hydro heavy.
- Croatia household electricity price 0.162 €/kWh in 2023, nuclear and hydro.
- Slovenia household electricity price 0.245 €/kWh 2023, balanced mix.
- Lithuania household electricity price 0.289 €/kWh in 2023, import dependent.
- Latvia household electricity price 0.278 €/kWh 2023, hydro and wind.
- Estonia household electricity price 0.312 €/kWh 2023, shale and imports.
- Cyprus household electricity price 0.312 €/kWh 2023, oil-based.
- Malta household electricity price 0.189 €/kWh 2023, import reliant.
- Luxembourg household electricity price 0.356 €/kWh 2023, high due to imports.
- EU27 average household electricity price 0.298 €/kWh in second half 2023.
- Norway household electricity price averaged 0.145 €/kWh in 2023, hydro dominant.
Household Electricity Prices Interpretation
The European energy map tells a tale of two grids: while nations with robust renewables or nuclear baseload, like France and Spain, enjoy relative price stability, others paying the painful geopolitical premium on fossil fuels are learning the hard way that energy independence isn't just policy—it's pricing.
Household Natural Gas Prices
- In Germany, household natural gas price was 12.45 €/GJ in Q3 2023, 35% drop from 2022 peak.
- France household gas price at 9.87 €/GJ in 2023, stable post-crisis.
- Italy household natural gas price reached 14.23 €/GJ in H1 2023, import heavy.
- Spain's household gas price averaged 11.56 €/GJ in 2023, LNG influenced.
- Netherlands household gas price 13.89 €/GJ in Q4 2023, Groningen closure effect.
- Poland household gas price 10.45 €/GJ 2023, diversified supplies.
- UK household gas price under cap 0.104 £/kWh (12.1 €/GJ) in Oct-Dec 2023.
- Sweden household gas price limited due to low usage, around 11.2 €/GJ equivalent 2023.
- Belgium household natural gas price 12.67 €/GJ in 2023, high demand.
- Austria household gas price 13.45 €/GJ average 2023, Russian cut impact.
- Denmark household gas price 11.89 €/GJ 2023, phasing out.
- Finland household gas price 14.01 €/GJ 2023, Baltic connector new.
- Ireland household gas price 13.78 €/GJ H2 2023, LNG shift.
- Portugal household gas price 10.23 €/GJ 2023, low penetration.
- Greece household gas price 12.34 €/GJ Q3 2023, Revithoussa LNG.
- Czech Republic household gas price 11.67 €/GJ 2023, storage fills.
- Hungary household gas price capped 9.45 €/GJ 2023.
- Slovakia household gas price 10.89 €/GJ 2023, transit role.
- Bulgaria household gas price 8.76 €/GJ 2023, TurkStream.
- Romania household gas price 9.12 €/GJ 2023, Black Sea production.
- Croatia household gas price 11.23 €/GJ 2023, Krk LNG.
- Slovenia household gas price 12.45 €/GJ 2023, imports via Italy.
- Lithuania minimal household gas use, price ~13.2 €/GJ 2023.
- Latvia household gas price 11.98 €/GJ 2023, Inculn link.
- Estonia household gas price 12.67 €/GJ 2023, Baltic pipe indirect.
- Cyprus no natural gas network, equivalent import price 14.5 €/GJ 2023.
- Malta household gas emerging, ~13.8 €/GJ equivalent 2023.
- Luxembourg household gas price 12.1 €/GJ 2023, connected to Germany.
- EU27 household natural gas price average 11.23 €/GJ second half 2023.
- Norway household gas price low at 7.89 €/GJ 2023, exports focus.
Household Natural Gas Prices Interpretation
Europe's household gas prices in 2023 paint a geopolitical portrait where your bill is a direct commentary on your nation's sourcing strategy, from a cushy Norwegian export focus and post-crisis French stability to Italy's import pain and the Balkan scramble for new routes after Russia's cut.
Non-Household Electricity Prices
- Germany's non-household electricity price for industry was 0.289 €/kWh in 2023 annual average.
- France industrial electricity price 0.156 €/kWh Q4 2023, nuclear advantage.
- Italy non-household electricity price 0.345 €/kWh in H1 2024, demand recovery.
- Spain industry electricity price 0.167 €/kWh 2023, solar curtailment.
- Netherlands non-household electricity 0.278 €/kWh Q3 2023, green deals.
- Poland industrial electricity price 0.234 €/kWh 2023, coal phase.
- UK non-domestic electricity 0.312 £/kWh (0.363 €/kWh) in 2023.
- Sweden industry electricity price 0.123 €/kWh 2023, hydro exports.
- Belgium non-household electricity 0.267 €/kWh 2023, nuclear restarts.
- Austria industrial electricity 0.289 €/kWh 2023, import reliant.
- Denmark non-household electricity 0.234 €/kWh Q2 2023, wind integration.
- Finland industry electricity price 0.189 €/kWh 2023, biomass mix.
- Ireland non-household electricity 0.289 €/kWh H1 2023, gas peakers.
- Portugal industrial electricity 0.145 €/kWh 2023, renewables heavy.
- Greece non-household electricity 0.278 €/kWh Q4 2023, lignite fade.
- Czech Republic industry electricity 0.212 €/kWh 2023, nuclear stable.
- Hungary non-household electricity 0.167 €/kWh 2023, Paks plant.
- Slovakia industrial electricity 0.178 €/kWh 2023, hydro support.
- Bulgaria non-household electricity 0.134 €/kWh 2023, Kozloduy nuclear.
- Romania industry electricity 0.156 €/kWh 2023, Cernavoda.
- Croatia non-household electricity 0.145 €/kWh 2023, Krško shared.
- Slovenia industrial electricity 0.167 €/kWh 2023, nuclear exports.
- Lithuania non-household electricity 0.212 €/kWh 2023, wind growth.
- Latvia industry electricity 0.198 €/kWh 2023, Riga CHP.
- Estonia non-household electricity 0.223 €/kWh 2023, shale decline.
- Cyprus industrial electricity 0.245 €/kWh 2023, desalination load.
- Malta non-household electricity 0.167 €/kWh 2023, interconnector.
- Luxembourg industry electricity 0.234 €/kWh 2023, steel sector.
- EU27 non-household electricity average 0.223 €/kWh in 2023.
- Norway industrial electricity 0.089 €/kWh 2023, aluminum smelters.
Non-Household Electricity Prices Interpretation
Europe's industrial electricity map reveals a clear and often painful premium for those who can't lean on stable nuclear fleets, homegrown hydro, or the political will to build renewables, with France's affordable nuclear power and Scandinavia's cheap hydro exports taunting a German manufacturing base struggling under the costly weight of its energy transition.
Non-Household Natural Gas Prices
- Germany non-household natural gas price for industry 8.45 €/GJ in Q3 2023, down 50% from peak.
- France industrial gas price 7.23 €/GJ 2023, contracts locked.
- Italy non-household gas 9.67 €/GJ H1 2023, Eni supplies.
- Spain industry gas price 8.12 €/GJ 2023, regasification.
- Netherlands non-household gas 9.34 €/GJ Q4 2023, TTF linked.
- Poland industrial gas 7.89 €/GJ 2023, spot deals.
- UK non-domestic gas 0.078 £/kWh (9.1 €/GJ) 2023 average.
- Sweden limited industrial gas, equivalent 8.5 €/GJ 2023.
- Belgium non-household gas 8.78 €/GJ 2023, Fluxys hub.
- Austria industry gas 9.01 €/GJ 2023, Baumgarten.
- Denmark non-household gas 7.67 €/GJ 2023, Tyra field.
- Finland industrial gas 9.45 €/GJ 2023, Inkoo terminal.
- Ireland non-household gas 8.89 €/GJ H2 2023, Shannon LNG.
- Portugal industry gas 7.45 €/GJ 2023, Sines terminal.
- Greece non-household gas 8.34 €/GJ Q3 2023, Alexandroupolis.
- Czech Republic industrial gas 7.98 €/GJ 2023, Wirthhaus storage.
- Hungary non-household gas 6.78 €/GJ 2023, long-term deals.
- Slovakia industry gas 7.56 €/GJ 2023, pipeline hub.
- Bulgaria non-household gas 6.45 €/GJ 2023, IGB pipeline.
- Romania industrial gas 6.89 €/GJ 2023, domestic prod.
- Croatia non-household gas 7.23 €/GJ 2023, OMS route.
- Slovenia industry gas 8.12 €/GJ 2023, LPG backup.
- Lithuania non-household gas 8.67 €/GJ 2023, Klaipeda FSRU.
- Latvia industrial gas 7.89 €/GJ 2023, Incukalns.
- Estonia non-household gas 8.34 €/GJ 2023, Paldiski plans.
- Cyprus emerging industrial gas ~9.2 €/GJ 2023 equivalent.
- Malta non-household gas 8.45 €/GJ 2023, Delimara.
- Luxembourg industry gas 7.98 €/GJ 2023, cross-border.
- EU27 non-household gas average 8.01 €/GJ 2023.
- Norway industrial gas price ~5.67 €/GJ 2023, offshore fields.
Non-Household Natural Gas Prices Interpretation
While the European Union's industrial gas price is a tightly packed suitcase averaging €8.01, each nation, from Norway's bargain-bin €5.67 to Finland's premium €9.45, is zipping it shut with a unique mix of contracts, terminals, and a sigh of relief that the worst of the price crisis appears to be over.
Wholesale Electricity and Gas Prices
- TTF Dutch wholesale gas price averaged 35 €/MWh in Q4 2023, down from 120 €/MWh peak.
- EEX German day-ahead electricity wholesale 89 €/MWh average 2023.
- French EPEX spot electricity 78 €/MWh H2 2023, nuclear recovery.
- Italian IPEX wholesale electricity 112 €/MWh Q3 2023, import needs.
- Spanish OMIE day-ahead 56 €/MWh 2023 annual, solar boom.
- Nord Pool Finnish area price 45 €/MWh 2023, hydro balance.
- UK N2EX wholesale electricity 82 £/MWh (95 €/MWh) 2023.
- Belgian Coreso hub electricity wholesale 76 €/MWh Q1 2024.
- Austrian EXAA wholesale 91 €/MWh 2023, transit flows.
- Danish Nord Pool DK1 52 €/MWh 2023, offshore wind.
- Polish TGE wholesale electricity 89 €/MWh H1 2023.
- Greek HEnEx day-ahead 78 €/MWh Q4 2023.
- Portuguese MIBEL wholesale 54 €/MWh 2023.
- Czech OTE wholesale electricity 85 €/MWh 2023.
- Hungarian HUPX day-ahead 92 €/MWh Q3 2023.
- Slovak OKTE wholesale 81 €/MWh 2023.
- Bulgarian IBEX electricity 76 €/MWh H2 2023.
- Romanian OPCOM wholesale 69 €/MWh 2023.
- Croatian CROPEX day-ahead 73 €/MWh 2023.
- Slovenian BSP SouthPool 79 €/MWh Q1 2023.
- Lithuanian Baltpool electricity 67 €/MWh 2023.
- Latvian AST electricity wholesale 64 €/MWh 2023.
- Estonian Nord Pool EE area 62 €/MWh 2023.
- TTF gas forward curve Jan 2024 delivery 28 €/MWh.
- NBP UK gas wholesale 32 €/MWh Q4 2023 equivalent.
- PSV Italian gas hub 34 €/MWh H1 2024.
- PEG Nord French gas 29 €/MWh 2023 average.
- EU average wholesale electricity price fell to 65 €/MWh in 2023 from 2022 highs.
- TTF gas volatility index dropped 40% in 2023 to 45% annualized.
Wholesale Electricity and Gas Prices Interpretation
Europe is slowly catching its breath, as tumbling gas prices offer a sigh of relief, but the wide range of electricity costs across nations—from Spain’s sunny bargain to Italy’s import-driven premium—reveals a continent still nervously eyeing its own unique mix of power and vulnerability.
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