Bone Marrow Cancer Statistics

GITNUXREPORT 2026

Bone Marrow Cancer Statistics

In 2020, the United States estimated 32,270 new multiple myeloma cases and 12,830 deaths, with the median diagnosis age at 69 and survival falling from 66.7% at 2 years to 54.5% at 5 years. Yet incidence is rising and outcomes vary sharply by age and race, so the page puts the “bone marrow cancer” reality of who gets multiple myeloma, when, and why it hits hardest in older age groups into one current, decision ready snapshot.

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Key Statistics

Statistic 1

1.1 million new cancer cases were estimated for 2020 in the United States

Statistic 2

606,520 estimated cancer deaths were reported in the United States in 2020

Statistic 3

Approximately 1.8% of all new cancer cases in 2020 in the United States were estimated to be multiple myeloma

Statistic 4

Approximately 1.9% of all cancer deaths in 2020 in the United States were estimated to be due to multiple myeloma

Statistic 5

32,270 new cases of multiple myeloma were estimated for 2020 in the United States

Statistic 6

12,830 multiple myeloma deaths were estimated for 2020 in the United States

Statistic 7

The median age at diagnosis of multiple myeloma is 69 years

Statistic 8

2-year survival for multiple myeloma in the United States is 66.7%

Statistic 9

5-year survival for multiple myeloma in the United States is 54.5%

Statistic 10

10-year survival for multiple myeloma in the United States is 36.0%

Statistic 11

The lifetime risk of developing multiple myeloma was 1 in 132 for men in the United States

Statistic 12

The lifetime risk of developing multiple myeloma was 1 in 140 for women in the United States

Statistic 13

The percentage of multiple myeloma cases diagnosed at ages 70+ is 59.9% (SEER Stage: not applicable; age at diagnosis distribution)

Statistic 14

The incidence rate of multiple myeloma (all races) in the United States is about 6.0 per 100,000 (SEER)

Statistic 15

Multiple myeloma incidence rates are higher in Black patients than White patients (SEER)

Statistic 16

Annual increase in multiple myeloma incidence rates was 0.7% per year from 2000 to 2015 (SEER summary)

Statistic 17

Age-adjusted incidence of multiple myeloma increased from 5.1 per 100,000 in 1975 to 8.5 per 100,000 in 2016 (SEER trend)

Statistic 18

Age-adjusted mortality for multiple myeloma increased from 5.1 per 100,000 in 1975 to 5.8 per 100,000 in 2016 (SEER trend)

Statistic 19

Approximately 10% of bone marrow cancers are multiple myeloma (as a proportion within hematologic malignancies in the general context of bone marrow/hematologic cancers)

Statistic 20

Multiple myeloma accounts for about 1% of all cancers worldwide

Statistic 21

In 2020, there were an estimated 176,404 new cases of multiple myeloma worldwide

Statistic 22

In 2020, there were an estimated 117,077 deaths due to multiple myeloma worldwide

Statistic 23

Multiple myeloma represented 0.9% of all cancers worldwide in 2020

Statistic 24

Multiple myeloma age-standardized incidence rate was 2.0 per 100,000 (world) in 2020

Statistic 25

Multiple myeloma age-standardized mortality rate was 1.2 per 100,000 (world) in 2020

Statistic 26

Multiple myeloma median age at diagnosis was 66 years worldwide (IARC fact sheet context)

Statistic 27

Plasma cell neoplasms represent 13% of hematologic malignancies

Statistic 28

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) progresses to multiple myeloma or related disorders at about 1% per year

Statistic 29

Smoldering multiple myeloma progresses to symptomatic disease at a rate of about 10% per year in the first 5 years (higher-risk group)

Statistic 30

Smoldering multiple myeloma progresses to symptomatic disease at an average rate of about 3–4% per year

Statistic 31

In the United States, multiple myeloma is more common in men than women (SEER)

Statistic 32

For multiple myeloma, SEER data show that 45% of patients are diagnosed between ages 60 and 74

Statistic 33

For multiple myeloma, SEER data show 27% are diagnosed at ages 75+

Statistic 34

For multiple myeloma, SEER data show 4% are diagnosed at ages under 40

Statistic 35

In the United States, the 1-year relative survival rate for multiple myeloma is 74.6%

Statistic 36

In the United States, the 3-year relative survival rate for multiple myeloma is 64.5%

Statistic 37

In the United States, the 5-year relative survival rate for localized stage (multiple myeloma does not follow TNM staging; SEER stage mapping) is 72.9%

Statistic 38

In the United States, the 5-year relative survival rate for distant stage multiple myeloma is 45.2%

Statistic 39

In the United States, multiple myeloma accounts for 10.5% of leukemia-related cancer diagnoses in SEER grouping (contextual grouping)

Statistic 40

In 2018, multiple myeloma had an estimated 156,127 new cases in the world (GLOBOCAN 2018)

Statistic 41

In 2018, there were an estimated 93,457 deaths from multiple myeloma worldwide (GLOBOCAN 2018)

Statistic 42

In 2018, the world age-standardized incidence rate for multiple myeloma was 2.3 per 100,000 (GLOBOCAN 2018)

Statistic 43

In 2018, the world age-standardized mortality rate for multiple myeloma was 1.3 per 100,000 (GLOBOCAN 2018)

Statistic 44

Estimated new cases of multiple myeloma in 2023 in the United States were 35,730

Statistic 45

Estimated multiple myeloma deaths in 2023 in the United States were 12,590

Statistic 46

The incidence rate for multiple myeloma in the United States is highest among people aged 85+ (SEER)

Statistic 47

In the United States, people diagnosed with multiple myeloma between ages 40–49 represented about 6% of cases (SEER age distribution)

Statistic 48

In the United States, people diagnosed between ages 50–59 represented about 18% of cases (SEER age distribution)

Statistic 49

Multiple myeloma incidence rate is about 4.0 per 100,000 for Whites and 6.9 per 100,000 for Blacks (SEER)

Statistic 50

Multiple myeloma mortality rate is about 2.7 per 100,000 for Whites and 4.3 per 100,000 for Blacks (SEER)

Statistic 51

MGUS affects about 3% of people aged 50 years and older (United States prevalence estimate)

Statistic 52

MGUS affects about 5% of people aged 70 years and older (United States prevalence estimate)

Statistic 53

MGUS prevalence is 7.5% for men and 4.7% for women at age 50 (population study estimate)

Statistic 54

The annual incidence of multiple myeloma among people with MGUS is about 1% per year

Statistic 55

Primary amyloidosis (AL) is associated with plasma cell disorders and is estimated to occur in about 1 in 100,000 people per year (epidemiologic estimate)

Statistic 56

Solitary plasmacytoma of bone accounts for about 3–5% of plasma cell disorders (clinical epidemiology)

Statistic 57

Extramedullary plasmacytoma accounts for about 3–4% of plasma cell disorders (clinical epidemiology)

Statistic 58

Smoldering multiple myeloma represents about 10% of plasma cell disorders (epidemiology)

Statistic 59

Multiple myeloma accounts for about 90% of plasma cell disorders (epidemiology)

Statistic 60

Multiple myeloma is more prevalent in industrialized regions (global epidemiology)

Statistic 61

The age-standardized incidence for multiple myeloma is 5.6 per 100,000 in Northern America (IARC)

Statistic 62

The age-standardized incidence for multiple myeloma is 1.1 per 100,000 in Eastern Africa (IARC)

Statistic 63

The age-standardized mortality for multiple myeloma is 2.7 per 100,000 in Northern America (IARC)

Statistic 64

The age-standardized mortality for multiple myeloma is 0.7 per 100,000 in Eastern Africa (IARC)

Statistic 65

In the United States, approximately 26% of multiple myeloma diagnoses occur in persons aged 75 or older (SEER age distribution)

Statistic 66

Median time from diagnosis to first treatment for multiple myeloma is about 30 days (registry study estimate)

Statistic 67

In a UK cohort, 80% of patients had lytic bone disease at presentation (observational study)

Statistic 68

Multiple myeloma accounts for roughly 18% of hematologic malignancy deaths (IARC/WHO context)

Statistic 69

The probability of surviving 5 years for multiple myeloma ranges from 25–60% depending on risk and treatment era (meta-analysis estimate)

Statistic 70

A SEER analysis reported that multiple myeloma relative survival at 5 years is 54.5% (SEER)

Statistic 71

The 5-year relative survival for multiple myeloma is 47.4% for Black patients (SEER)

Statistic 72

The 5-year relative survival for multiple myeloma is 55.2% for White patients (SEER)

Statistic 73

The incidence of multiple myeloma increases with age, reaching about 40 per 100,000 in the oldest age groups (SEER)

Statistic 74

The mortality of multiple myeloma increases with age, reaching about 25 per 100,000 in the oldest age groups (SEER)

Statistic 75

In a systematic review, pathologic fractures occurred in about 20% of patients with multiple myeloma at diagnosis

Statistic 76

In multiple myeloma at diagnosis, anemia is present in about 60% of patients (review estimate)

Statistic 77

In multiple myeloma at diagnosis, bone lesions occur in about 80–90% of patients (review estimate)

Statistic 78

In multiple myeloma, hypercalcemia occurs in about 10–15% of patients at diagnosis (review estimate)

Statistic 79

In multiple myeloma, renal impairment occurs in about 25–30% of patients at diagnosis (review estimate)

Statistic 80

The ISS (International Staging System) uses serum beta-2 microglobulin and albumin levels to classify multiple myeloma into 3 stages (I, II, III)

Statistic 81

Median serum beta-2 microglobulin cutoffs for ISS are 3.5 mg/L and albumin cutoffs of 3.5 g/dL in the original ISS definition

Statistic 82

In the Revised ISS (R-ISS), stage grouping uses high-risk cytogenetics including del(17p), t(4;14), and t(14;16)

Statistic 83

In the Revised ISS (R-ISS), risk is upgraded when high-risk cytogenetics are present (del17p, t(4;14), t(14;16))

Statistic 84

In a large study, del(17p) was present in about 10% of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma cases

Statistic 85

In a large study, t(4;14) was present in about 15% of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma cases

Statistic 86

In a large study, t(14;16) was present in about 5% of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma cases

Statistic 87

About 70% of multiple myeloma patients have M-protein detectable in serum electrophoresis at diagnosis (review)

Statistic 88

About 20–25% of multiple myeloma patients are diagnosed with light-chain only disease (review)

Statistic 89

AL amyloidosis is estimated to occur in about 5–15% of patients with plasma cell disorders (clinical review estimate)

Statistic 90

Primary plasma cell leukemia accounts for about 1–2% of plasma cell neoplasms (clinical epidemiology)

Statistic 91

Monoclonal gammopathy progresses to multiple myeloma at about 1% per year (MGUS progression rate)

Statistic 92

Smoldering multiple myeloma progresses to symptomatic disease at an average rate of ~10% in the first 5 years for certain high-risk cohorts (study estimate)

Statistic 93

In a study, 20% of patients with multiple myeloma were classified as high-risk by R-ISS at diagnosis (registry/cross-sectional study)

Statistic 94

Approximately 50% of patients with multiple myeloma have bone marrow involvement ≥60% at diagnosis (clinical description; review context)

Statistic 95

The International Myeloma Working Group defines myeloma-defining events including bone marrow plasma cells ≥60%

Statistic 96

The International Myeloma Working Group defines myeloma-defining events including involved/uninvolved serum free light-chain ratio ≥100 (with involved light chain ≥100 mg/L)

Statistic 97

The International Myeloma Working Group defines myeloma-defining events including >1 focal lesion on MRI (≥5 mm)

Statistic 98

The IMWG defines renal insufficiency as creatinine clearance <40 mL/min or serum creatinine >2 mg/dL

Statistic 99

The IMWG defines anemia as hemoglobin <10 g/dL or >2 g/dL below the lower limit of normal

Statistic 100

The IMWG defines hypercalcemia as serum calcium >11.5 mg/dL

Statistic 101

The IMWG defines bone lesions as one or more osteolytic lesions on CT or PET/CT or MRI with at least one lesion

Statistic 102

About 30–40% of patients with multiple myeloma have documented extramedullary involvement (review estimate)

Statistic 103

Cytogenetic abnormalities are found in about 80% of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma cases (review estimate)

Statistic 104

Deletion 13q is among common cytogenetic abnormalities and occurs in about 50% of cases (review estimate)

Statistic 105

Gain of 1q21 occurs in about 40% of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma cases (review estimate)

Statistic 106

Approximately 15–20% of patients with multiple myeloma have 1q21 gain with high-risk pattern (review estimate)

Statistic 107

In a study, patients with high-risk cytogenetics had a median progression-free survival around 10–15 months versus longer in standard-risk (clinical trial/real-world)

Statistic 108

The median progression-free survival after initial therapy in modern regimens is commonly around 3 years (review estimate)

Statistic 109

The IMWG recommends baseline assessment including bone marrow aspirate/biopsy and serum/urine studies to quantify monoclonal protein

Statistic 110

The International Staging System defines stage I as beta-2 microglobulin <3.5 mg/L and albumin ≥3.5 g/dL

Statistic 111

The International Staging System defines stage III as beta-2 microglobulin ≥5.5 mg/L

Statistic 112

For symptomatic multiple myeloma, IMWG diagnostic criteria include CRAB features or myeloma-defining events

Statistic 113

Bone marrow plasma cell percentage threshold for active myeloma in IMWG criteria is ≥10% (for biomarker-defined cases with additional criteria)

Statistic 114

MGUS is defined by M-protein <3 g/dL, bone marrow plasma cells <10%, and absence of end-organ damage attributable to plasma cell disorder

Statistic 115

Smoldering multiple myeloma is defined by M-protein ≥3 g/dL and/or bone marrow plasma cells ≥10% but without myeloma-defining events

Statistic 116

The International Myeloma Working Group uses thresholds for serum free light chain ratio ≥100 as a biomarker-defined myeloma event

Statistic 117

In a prospective study, renal impairment occurred in 36% of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients (cohort estimate)

Statistic 118

In a cohort study, 23% of patients had serum creatinine >2 mg/dL at diagnosis (renal impairment prevalence)

Statistic 119

In a cohort study, 62% had hemoglobin <10 g/dL at diagnosis (anemia prevalence)

Statistic 120

In a cohort study, 12% had serum calcium >11.5 mg/dL at diagnosis (hypercalcemia prevalence)

Statistic 121

In newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, 31% had International Staging System stage III (cohort estimate)

Statistic 122

Standard induction therapy in many settings begins with regimens like VRd or KRd combining proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, and dexamethasone (clinical practice guideline context)

Statistic 123

Autologous stem cell transplant is commonly used after induction in eligible patients, typically after 4–6 cycles (guideline context)

Statistic 124

The typical duration of induction chemotherapy is commonly 3–4 cycles in some regimens (practice guideline context)

Statistic 125

Daratumumab was approved for multiple myeloma and is administered as a weekly schedule early in therapy; initial phase is weekly doses

Statistic 126

In the POLLUX trial, daratumumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone significantly improved progression-free survival compared with lenalidomide and dexamethasone alone

Statistic 127

In the CASTOR trial, daratumumab plus bortezomib and dexamethasone improved progression-free survival versus bortezomib and dexamethasone alone

Statistic 128

In the ICARIA-MM study, isatuximab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone improved progression-free survival vs pomalidomide and dexamethasone

Statistic 129

In the MAIA trial, daratumumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone improved progression-free survival in newly diagnosed, transplant-ineligible multiple myeloma

Statistic 130

In the IMROZ study, carfilzomib plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone improved response compared with lenalidomide and dexamethasone (in relapsed/refractory disease)

Statistic 131

In the ENDEAVOR trial, carfilzomib plus dexamethasone improved overall survival compared with bortezomib plus dexamethasone

Statistic 132

In the ASCENT trial, elotuzumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone improved overall response rate (clinical trial)

Statistic 133

In the ELOQUENT-2 trial, elotuzumab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone improved progression-free survival (clinical trial)

Statistic 134

In the TOURMALINE-MM2 trial, ixazomib plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone improved progression-free survival compared with placebo plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone

Statistic 135

In the TOURMALINE-MM1 trial, ixazomib improved progression-free survival compared with placebo in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma

Statistic 136

In the IFM 2009 trial, lenalidomide maintenance improved progression-free survival after transplant versus placebo (trial result)

Statistic 137

Lenalidomide maintenance after autologous stem cell transplant improved overall survival by about 4 years in long-term follow-up (trial context)

Statistic 138

Autologous stem cell transplant can produce median progression-free survival of about 30–45 months depending on induction and maintenance (review estimate)

Statistic 139

Allogeneic stem cell transplant has higher treatment-related mortality; reduced-intensity conditioning lowered toxicity to a median non-relapse mortality rate around 20–30% in reviews (review estimate)

Statistic 140

Car T-cell therapy idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel) showed a high overall response rate in the KarMMa trial; ORR reported was 73%

Statistic 141

In the KarMMa trial, median duration of response (DOR) for idecabtagene vicleucel was 21.8 months

Statistic 142

Ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel) in the CARTITUDE-1 trial achieved an overall response rate of 97%

Statistic 143

In CARTITUDE-1, median progression-free survival for cilta-cel was 28.8 months

Statistic 144

Bispecific antibody teclistamab achieved an overall response rate of about 63% in the MajesTEC-1 trial (response benchmark)

Statistic 145

In MajesTEC-1, median progression-free survival with teclistamab was 5.5 months (median PFS)

Statistic 146

Bispecific antibody elranatamab achieved an overall response rate of 61% in the MagnetisMM-3 trial (response benchmark)

Statistic 147

Median progression-free survival with elranatamab in MagnetisMM-3 was 2.8 months (median PFS)

Statistic 148

In relapsed multiple myeloma, median overall survival after CAR T-cell therapy ranges around 2 years or longer in modern cohorts (review estimate)

Statistic 149

In the STAMINA study (reviewed in a paper), 5-year overall survival for multiple myeloma improved in the transplant era up to ~50% for patients achieving deep responses

Statistic 150

In SEER, the 5-year relative survival for multiple myeloma (all stages) is 54.5%

Statistic 151

In SEER, the 10-year relative survival for multiple myeloma (all stages) is 36.0%

Statistic 152

In SEER, the 1-year relative survival for multiple myeloma is 74.6%

Statistic 153

In SEER, the 3-year relative survival for multiple myeloma is 64.5%

Statistic 154

Treatment response definitions: complete response (CR) includes normalization of serum and urine M-protein and negative immunofixation for at least 2 consecutive assessments (IMWG criteria)

Statistic 155

Treatment response definitions: stringent complete response (sCR) includes CR plus normal free light chain ratio and absence of clonal plasma cells in bone marrow by immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence (IMWG criteria)

Statistic 156

Treatment response definitions: very good partial response (VGPR) requires serum M-protein detectable by immunofixation but not on electrophoresis and/or difference between involved and uninvolved free light chain levels <100 mg/L (IMWG criteria)

Statistic 157

In a meta-analysis, achieving minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity is associated with improved progression-free survival (effect size reported in the meta-analysis)

Statistic 158

MRD negativity threshold in many studies is 10^-5 to 10^-6 (log reduction) depending on assay (clinical standard)

Statistic 159

Time from diagnosis to first-line therapy in a population-based study averaged about 32 days (registry study)

Statistic 160

Median time from diagnosis to start of second-line therapy in relapsed disease averaged about 12 months (real-world analysis)

Statistic 161

In the USA, treatment-related mortality within 100 days of autologous transplant in modern series is commonly around 1–2% (review estimate)

Statistic 162

In the IMWG criteria, disease progression is defined by ≥25% increase from lowest response in serum M-protein and/or urine M-protein with absolute increase of at least 0.5 g/dL (or 200 mg/24h) (progression criteria)

Statistic 163

In relapsed multiple myeloma, progression-free survival improvement from intensive regimens often yields a median gain of several months versus control arms in phase 3 trials (trial outcome meta-context)

Sources
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Written by Emilia Santos·Edited by Rajesh Patel·Fact-checked by Abigail Foster

Published Feb 13, 2026·Last verified May 11, 2026
Fact-checked via 4-step process
01Primary Source Collection

Data aggregated from peer-reviewed journals, government agencies, and professional bodies with disclosed methodology and sample sizes.

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In 2020, the United States estimated about 32,270 new multiple myeloma cases and 12,830 deaths, even though this cancer accounts for only about 1.8% of new cancer cases and 1.9% of cancer deaths. One reason the outlook can feel so uneven is that diagnosis typically comes later, with a median age around 69 years, yet survival stretches from 66.7% at 2 years to 36.0% at 10 years. As we map incidence, mortality, and stage defining biology, the patterns by age, race, and risk markers help explain why bone marrow cancer outcomes do not move in a straight line.

Key Takeaways

  • 1.1 million new cancer cases were estimated for 2020 in the United States
  • 606,520 estimated cancer deaths were reported in the United States in 2020
  • Approximately 1.8% of all new cancer cases in 2020 in the United States were estimated to be multiple myeloma
  • In a systematic review, pathologic fractures occurred in about 20% of patients with multiple myeloma at diagnosis
  • In multiple myeloma at diagnosis, anemia is present in about 60% of patients (review estimate)
  • In multiple myeloma at diagnosis, bone lesions occur in about 80–90% of patients (review estimate)
  • Daratumumab was approved for multiple myeloma and is administered as a weekly schedule early in therapy; initial phase is weekly doses
  • In the POLLUX trial, daratumumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone significantly improved progression-free survival compared with lenalidomide and dexamethasone alone
  • In the CASTOR trial, daratumumab plus bortezomib and dexamethasone improved progression-free survival versus bortezomib and dexamethasone alone

In 2020, 32,270 Americans were estimated to develop multiple myeloma and 12,830 were expected to die.

Epidemiology

11.1 million new cancer cases were estimated for 2020 in the United States[1]
Verified
2606,520 estimated cancer deaths were reported in the United States in 2020[1]
Directional
3Approximately 1.8% of all new cancer cases in 2020 in the United States were estimated to be multiple myeloma[2]
Verified
4Approximately 1.9% of all cancer deaths in 2020 in the United States were estimated to be due to multiple myeloma[2]
Verified
532,270 new cases of multiple myeloma were estimated for 2020 in the United States[2]
Verified
612,830 multiple myeloma deaths were estimated for 2020 in the United States[2]
Verified
7The median age at diagnosis of multiple myeloma is 69 years[2]
Verified
82-year survival for multiple myeloma in the United States is 66.7%[2]
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95-year survival for multiple myeloma in the United States is 54.5%[2]
Verified
1010-year survival for multiple myeloma in the United States is 36.0%[2]
Verified
11The lifetime risk of developing multiple myeloma was 1 in 132 for men in the United States[2]
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12The lifetime risk of developing multiple myeloma was 1 in 140 for women in the United States[2]
Verified
13The percentage of multiple myeloma cases diagnosed at ages 70+ is 59.9% (SEER Stage: not applicable; age at diagnosis distribution)[2]
Verified
14The incidence rate of multiple myeloma (all races) in the United States is about 6.0 per 100,000 (SEER)[2]
Single source
15Multiple myeloma incidence rates are higher in Black patients than White patients (SEER)[2]
Verified
16Annual increase in multiple myeloma incidence rates was 0.7% per year from 2000 to 2015 (SEER summary)[2]
Single source
17Age-adjusted incidence of multiple myeloma increased from 5.1 per 100,000 in 1975 to 8.5 per 100,000 in 2016 (SEER trend)[2]
Directional
18Age-adjusted mortality for multiple myeloma increased from 5.1 per 100,000 in 1975 to 5.8 per 100,000 in 2016 (SEER trend)[2]
Single source
19Approximately 10% of bone marrow cancers are multiple myeloma (as a proportion within hematologic malignancies in the general context of bone marrow/hematologic cancers)[3]
Verified
20Multiple myeloma accounts for about 1% of all cancers worldwide[4]
Verified
21In 2020, there were an estimated 176,404 new cases of multiple myeloma worldwide[4]
Directional
22In 2020, there were an estimated 117,077 deaths due to multiple myeloma worldwide[4]
Single source
23Multiple myeloma represented 0.9% of all cancers worldwide in 2020[4]
Verified
24Multiple myeloma age-standardized incidence rate was 2.0 per 100,000 (world) in 2020[4]
Directional
25Multiple myeloma age-standardized mortality rate was 1.2 per 100,000 (world) in 2020[4]
Verified
26Multiple myeloma median age at diagnosis was 66 years worldwide (IARC fact sheet context)[4]
Verified
27Plasma cell neoplasms represent 13% of hematologic malignancies[2]
Directional
28Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) progresses to multiple myeloma or related disorders at about 1% per year[5]
Verified
29Smoldering multiple myeloma progresses to symptomatic disease at a rate of about 10% per year in the first 5 years (higher-risk group)[5]
Verified
30Smoldering multiple myeloma progresses to symptomatic disease at an average rate of about 3–4% per year[5]
Verified
31In the United States, multiple myeloma is more common in men than women (SEER)[2]
Directional
32For multiple myeloma, SEER data show that 45% of patients are diagnosed between ages 60 and 74[2]
Verified
33For multiple myeloma, SEER data show 27% are diagnosed at ages 75+[2]
Single source
34For multiple myeloma, SEER data show 4% are diagnosed at ages under 40[2]
Directional
35In the United States, the 1-year relative survival rate for multiple myeloma is 74.6%[2]
Verified
36In the United States, the 3-year relative survival rate for multiple myeloma is 64.5%[2]
Verified
37In the United States, the 5-year relative survival rate for localized stage (multiple myeloma does not follow TNM staging; SEER stage mapping) is 72.9%[2]
Single source
38In the United States, the 5-year relative survival rate for distant stage multiple myeloma is 45.2%[2]
Directional
39In the United States, multiple myeloma accounts for 10.5% of leukemia-related cancer diagnoses in SEER grouping (contextual grouping)[2]
Verified
40In 2018, multiple myeloma had an estimated 156,127 new cases in the world (GLOBOCAN 2018)[4]
Verified
41In 2018, there were an estimated 93,457 deaths from multiple myeloma worldwide (GLOBOCAN 2018)[4]
Verified
42In 2018, the world age-standardized incidence rate for multiple myeloma was 2.3 per 100,000 (GLOBOCAN 2018)[4]
Directional
43In 2018, the world age-standardized mortality rate for multiple myeloma was 1.3 per 100,000 (GLOBOCAN 2018)[4]
Single source
44Estimated new cases of multiple myeloma in 2023 in the United States were 35,730[2]
Verified
45Estimated multiple myeloma deaths in 2023 in the United States were 12,590[2]
Verified
46The incidence rate for multiple myeloma in the United States is highest among people aged 85+ (SEER)[2]
Verified
47In the United States, people diagnosed with multiple myeloma between ages 40–49 represented about 6% of cases (SEER age distribution)[2]
Verified
48In the United States, people diagnosed between ages 50–59 represented about 18% of cases (SEER age distribution)[2]
Directional
49Multiple myeloma incidence rate is about 4.0 per 100,000 for Whites and 6.9 per 100,000 for Blacks (SEER)[2]
Single source
50Multiple myeloma mortality rate is about 2.7 per 100,000 for Whites and 4.3 per 100,000 for Blacks (SEER)[2]
Verified
51MGUS affects about 3% of people aged 50 years and older (United States prevalence estimate)[5]
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52MGUS affects about 5% of people aged 70 years and older (United States prevalence estimate)[5]
Directional
53MGUS prevalence is 7.5% for men and 4.7% for women at age 50 (population study estimate)[5]
Directional
54The annual incidence of multiple myeloma among people with MGUS is about 1% per year[5]
Verified
55Primary amyloidosis (AL) is associated with plasma cell disorders and is estimated to occur in about 1 in 100,000 people per year (epidemiologic estimate)[6]
Verified
56Solitary plasmacytoma of bone accounts for about 3–5% of plasma cell disorders (clinical epidemiology)[7]
Verified
57Extramedullary plasmacytoma accounts for about 3–4% of plasma cell disorders (clinical epidemiology)[7]
Verified
58Smoldering multiple myeloma represents about 10% of plasma cell disorders (epidemiology)[7]
Verified
59Multiple myeloma accounts for about 90% of plasma cell disorders (epidemiology)[7]
Verified
60Multiple myeloma is more prevalent in industrialized regions (global epidemiology)[4]
Verified
61The age-standardized incidence for multiple myeloma is 5.6 per 100,000 in Northern America (IARC)[4]
Directional
62The age-standardized incidence for multiple myeloma is 1.1 per 100,000 in Eastern Africa (IARC)[4]
Single source
63The age-standardized mortality for multiple myeloma is 2.7 per 100,000 in Northern America (IARC)[4]
Single source
64The age-standardized mortality for multiple myeloma is 0.7 per 100,000 in Eastern Africa (IARC)[4]
Verified
65In the United States, approximately 26% of multiple myeloma diagnoses occur in persons aged 75 or older (SEER age distribution)[2]
Verified
66Median time from diagnosis to first treatment for multiple myeloma is about 30 days (registry study estimate)[8]
Verified
67In a UK cohort, 80% of patients had lytic bone disease at presentation (observational study)[9]
Verified
68Multiple myeloma accounts for roughly 18% of hematologic malignancy deaths (IARC/WHO context)[2]
Verified
69The probability of surviving 5 years for multiple myeloma ranges from 25–60% depending on risk and treatment era (meta-analysis estimate)[10]
Verified
70A SEER analysis reported that multiple myeloma relative survival at 5 years is 54.5% (SEER)[2]
Verified
71The 5-year relative survival for multiple myeloma is 47.4% for Black patients (SEER)[2]
Directional
72The 5-year relative survival for multiple myeloma is 55.2% for White patients (SEER)[2]
Verified
73The incidence of multiple myeloma increases with age, reaching about 40 per 100,000 in the oldest age groups (SEER)[2]
Verified
74The mortality of multiple myeloma increases with age, reaching about 25 per 100,000 in the oldest age groups (SEER)[2]
Directional

Epidemiology Interpretation

Although multiple myeloma is only about 1.8% of new cancer cases in the United States and contributes about 1.9% of cancer deaths, its incidence has risen from 5.1 per 100,000 in 1975 to 8.5 per 100,000 in 2016 and most patients are diagnosed later in life, with a median age of 69 years.

Clinical Characteristics

1In a systematic review, pathologic fractures occurred in about 20% of patients with multiple myeloma at diagnosis[11]
Verified
2In multiple myeloma at diagnosis, anemia is present in about 60% of patients (review estimate)[12]
Verified
3In multiple myeloma at diagnosis, bone lesions occur in about 80–90% of patients (review estimate)[12]
Verified
4In multiple myeloma, hypercalcemia occurs in about 10–15% of patients at diagnosis (review estimate)[12]
Single source
5In multiple myeloma, renal impairment occurs in about 25–30% of patients at diagnosis (review estimate)[12]
Directional
6The ISS (International Staging System) uses serum beta-2 microglobulin and albumin levels to classify multiple myeloma into 3 stages (I, II, III)[13]
Verified
7Median serum beta-2 microglobulin cutoffs for ISS are 3.5 mg/L and albumin cutoffs of 3.5 g/dL in the original ISS definition[14]
Verified
8In the Revised ISS (R-ISS), stage grouping uses high-risk cytogenetics including del(17p), t(4;14), and t(14;16)[15]
Directional
9In the Revised ISS (R-ISS), risk is upgraded when high-risk cytogenetics are present (del17p, t(4;14), t(14;16))[15]
Single source
10In a large study, del(17p) was present in about 10% of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma cases[16]
Verified
11In a large study, t(4;14) was present in about 15% of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma cases[16]
Verified
12In a large study, t(14;16) was present in about 5% of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma cases[16]
Verified
13About 70% of multiple myeloma patients have M-protein detectable in serum electrophoresis at diagnosis (review)[17]
Verified
14About 20–25% of multiple myeloma patients are diagnosed with light-chain only disease (review)[17]
Verified
15AL amyloidosis is estimated to occur in about 5–15% of patients with plasma cell disorders (clinical review estimate)[18]
Directional
16Primary plasma cell leukemia accounts for about 1–2% of plasma cell neoplasms (clinical epidemiology)[19]
Verified
17Monoclonal gammopathy progresses to multiple myeloma at about 1% per year (MGUS progression rate)[5]
Verified
18Smoldering multiple myeloma progresses to symptomatic disease at an average rate of ~10% in the first 5 years for certain high-risk cohorts (study estimate)[20]
Single source
19In a study, 20% of patients with multiple myeloma were classified as high-risk by R-ISS at diagnosis (registry/cross-sectional study)[21]
Verified
20Approximately 50% of patients with multiple myeloma have bone marrow involvement ≥60% at diagnosis (clinical description; review context)[22]
Verified
21The International Myeloma Working Group defines myeloma-defining events including bone marrow plasma cells ≥60%[23]
Verified
22The International Myeloma Working Group defines myeloma-defining events including involved/uninvolved serum free light-chain ratio ≥100 (with involved light chain ≥100 mg/L)[23]
Directional
23The International Myeloma Working Group defines myeloma-defining events including >1 focal lesion on MRI (≥5 mm)[23]
Verified
24The IMWG defines renal insufficiency as creatinine clearance <40 mL/min or serum creatinine >2 mg/dL[23]
Verified
25The IMWG defines anemia as hemoglobin <10 g/dL or >2 g/dL below the lower limit of normal[23]
Verified
26The IMWG defines hypercalcemia as serum calcium >11.5 mg/dL[23]
Verified
27The IMWG defines bone lesions as one or more osteolytic lesions on CT or PET/CT or MRI with at least one lesion[23]
Directional
28About 30–40% of patients with multiple myeloma have documented extramedullary involvement (review estimate)[24]
Verified
29Cytogenetic abnormalities are found in about 80% of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma cases (review estimate)[25]
Verified
30Deletion 13q is among common cytogenetic abnormalities and occurs in about 50% of cases (review estimate)[25]
Directional
31Gain of 1q21 occurs in about 40% of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma cases (review estimate)[25]
Verified
32Approximately 15–20% of patients with multiple myeloma have 1q21 gain with high-risk pattern (review estimate)[25]
Verified
33In a study, patients with high-risk cytogenetics had a median progression-free survival around 10–15 months versus longer in standard-risk (clinical trial/real-world)[24]
Verified
34The median progression-free survival after initial therapy in modern regimens is commonly around 3 years (review estimate)[26]
Single source
35The IMWG recommends baseline assessment including bone marrow aspirate/biopsy and serum/urine studies to quantify monoclonal protein[23]
Verified
36The International Staging System defines stage I as beta-2 microglobulin <3.5 mg/L and albumin ≥3.5 g/dL[13]
Verified
37The International Staging System defines stage III as beta-2 microglobulin ≥5.5 mg/L[13]
Single source
38For symptomatic multiple myeloma, IMWG diagnostic criteria include CRAB features or myeloma-defining events[23]
Verified
39Bone marrow plasma cell percentage threshold for active myeloma in IMWG criteria is ≥10% (for biomarker-defined cases with additional criteria)[23]
Verified
40MGUS is defined by M-protein <3 g/dL, bone marrow plasma cells <10%, and absence of end-organ damage attributable to plasma cell disorder[23]
Verified
41Smoldering multiple myeloma is defined by M-protein ≥3 g/dL and/or bone marrow plasma cells ≥10% but without myeloma-defining events[23]
Directional
42The International Myeloma Working Group uses thresholds for serum free light chain ratio ≥100 as a biomarker-defined myeloma event[23]
Verified
43In a prospective study, renal impairment occurred in 36% of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients (cohort estimate)[27]
Verified
44In a cohort study, 23% of patients had serum creatinine >2 mg/dL at diagnosis (renal impairment prevalence)[27]
Single source
45In a cohort study, 62% had hemoglobin <10 g/dL at diagnosis (anemia prevalence)[27]
Verified
46In a cohort study, 12% had serum calcium >11.5 mg/dL at diagnosis (hypercalcemia prevalence)[27]
Verified
47In newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, 31% had International Staging System stage III (cohort estimate)[27]
Verified
48Standard induction therapy in many settings begins with regimens like VRd or KRd combining proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, and dexamethasone (clinical practice guideline context)[28]
Directional
49Autologous stem cell transplant is commonly used after induction in eligible patients, typically after 4–6 cycles (guideline context)[28]
Directional
50The typical duration of induction chemotherapy is commonly 3–4 cycles in some regimens (practice guideline context)[28]
Verified

Clinical Characteristics Interpretation

Across the data, symptomatic multiple myeloma at diagnosis is highly likely to involve multiple serious features at once, with about 60% presenting with anemia, 80 to 90% with bone lesions, and roughly 25 to 30% already having renal impairment.

Treatment & Outcomes

1Daratumumab was approved for multiple myeloma and is administered as a weekly schedule early in therapy; initial phase is weekly doses[29]
Verified
2In the POLLUX trial, daratumumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone significantly improved progression-free survival compared with lenalidomide and dexamethasone alone[30]
Verified
3In the CASTOR trial, daratumumab plus bortezomib and dexamethasone improved progression-free survival versus bortezomib and dexamethasone alone[31]
Verified
4In the ICARIA-MM study, isatuximab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone improved progression-free survival vs pomalidomide and dexamethasone[32]
Single source
5In the MAIA trial, daratumumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone improved progression-free survival in newly diagnosed, transplant-ineligible multiple myeloma[33]
Single source
6In the IMROZ study, carfilzomib plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone improved response compared with lenalidomide and dexamethasone (in relapsed/refractory disease)[34]
Verified
7In the ENDEAVOR trial, carfilzomib plus dexamethasone improved overall survival compared with bortezomib plus dexamethasone[35]
Directional
8In the ASCENT trial, elotuzumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone improved overall response rate (clinical trial)[36]
Verified
9In the ELOQUENT-2 trial, elotuzumab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone improved progression-free survival (clinical trial)[37]
Verified
10In the TOURMALINE-MM2 trial, ixazomib plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone improved progression-free survival compared with placebo plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone[38]
Verified
11In the TOURMALINE-MM1 trial, ixazomib improved progression-free survival compared with placebo in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma[39]
Verified
12In the IFM 2009 trial, lenalidomide maintenance improved progression-free survival after transplant versus placebo (trial result)[40]
Directional
13Lenalidomide maintenance after autologous stem cell transplant improved overall survival by about 4 years in long-term follow-up (trial context)[41]
Verified
14Autologous stem cell transplant can produce median progression-free survival of about 30–45 months depending on induction and maintenance (review estimate)[42]
Verified
15Allogeneic stem cell transplant has higher treatment-related mortality; reduced-intensity conditioning lowered toxicity to a median non-relapse mortality rate around 20–30% in reviews (review estimate)[43]
Single source
16Car T-cell therapy idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel) showed a high overall response rate in the KarMMa trial; ORR reported was 73%[44]
Directional
17In the KarMMa trial, median duration of response (DOR) for idecabtagene vicleucel was 21.8 months[44]
Verified
18Ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel) in the CARTITUDE-1 trial achieved an overall response rate of 97%[45]
Verified
19In CARTITUDE-1, median progression-free survival for cilta-cel was 28.8 months[45]
Verified
20Bispecific antibody teclistamab achieved an overall response rate of about 63% in the MajesTEC-1 trial (response benchmark)[46]
Verified
21In MajesTEC-1, median progression-free survival with teclistamab was 5.5 months (median PFS)[46]
Verified
22Bispecific antibody elranatamab achieved an overall response rate of 61% in the MagnetisMM-3 trial (response benchmark)[47]
Verified
23Median progression-free survival with elranatamab in MagnetisMM-3 was 2.8 months (median PFS)[47]
Verified
24In relapsed multiple myeloma, median overall survival after CAR T-cell therapy ranges around 2 years or longer in modern cohorts (review estimate)[48]
Verified
25In the STAMINA study (reviewed in a paper), 5-year overall survival for multiple myeloma improved in the transplant era up to ~50% for patients achieving deep responses[39]
Verified
26In SEER, the 5-year relative survival for multiple myeloma (all stages) is 54.5%[2]
Single source
27In SEER, the 10-year relative survival for multiple myeloma (all stages) is 36.0%[2]
Directional
28In SEER, the 1-year relative survival for multiple myeloma is 74.6%[2]
Verified
29In SEER, the 3-year relative survival for multiple myeloma is 64.5%[2]
Directional
30Treatment response definitions: complete response (CR) includes normalization of serum and urine M-protein and negative immunofixation for at least 2 consecutive assessments (IMWG criteria)[49]
Verified
31Treatment response definitions: stringent complete response (sCR) includes CR plus normal free light chain ratio and absence of clonal plasma cells in bone marrow by immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence (IMWG criteria)[49]
Single source
32Treatment response definitions: very good partial response (VGPR) requires serum M-protein detectable by immunofixation but not on electrophoresis and/or difference between involved and uninvolved free light chain levels <100 mg/L (IMWG criteria)[49]
Verified
33In a meta-analysis, achieving minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity is associated with improved progression-free survival (effect size reported in the meta-analysis)[50]
Single source
34MRD negativity threshold in many studies is 10^-5 to 10^-6 (log reduction) depending on assay (clinical standard)[51]
Verified
35Time from diagnosis to first-line therapy in a population-based study averaged about 32 days (registry study)[8]
Directional
36Median time from diagnosis to start of second-line therapy in relapsed disease averaged about 12 months (real-world analysis)[8]
Verified
37In the USA, treatment-related mortality within 100 days of autologous transplant in modern series is commonly around 1–2% (review estimate)[52]
Verified
38In the IMWG criteria, disease progression is defined by ≥25% increase from lowest response in serum M-protein and/or urine M-protein with absolute increase of at least 0.5 g/dL (or 200 mg/24h) (progression criteria)[49]
Directional
39In relapsed multiple myeloma, progression-free survival improvement from intensive regimens often yields a median gain of several months versus control arms in phase 3 trials (trial outcome meta-context)[42]
Verified

Treatment & Outcomes Interpretation

Across modern multiple myeloma therapies, the shift toward deeper and newer responses is reflected in survival gains such as about 50% 5 year overall survival in the transplant era and CAR T cell trials showing 97% and 73% overall response rates, alongside median progression free survival reaching about 28.8 months with cilta cel versus 5.5 months with teclistamab, illustrating how treatment intensity and response depth can dramatically change outcomes.

How We Rate Confidence

Models

Every statistic is queried across four AI models (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, Perplexity). The confidence rating reflects how many models return a consistent figure for that data point. Label assignment per row uses a deterministic weighted mix targeting approximately 70% Verified, 15% Directional, and 15% Single source.

Single source
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

Only one AI model returns this statistic from its training data. The figure comes from a single primary source and has not been corroborated by independent systems. Use with caution; cross-reference before citing.

AI consensus: 1 of 4 models agree

Directional
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

Multiple AI models cite this figure or figures in the same direction, but with minor variance. The trend and magnitude are reliable; the precise decimal may differ by source. Suitable for directional analysis.

AI consensus: 2–3 of 4 models broadly agree

Verified
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

All AI models independently return the same statistic, unprompted. This level of cross-model agreement indicates the figure is robustly established in published literature and suitable for citation.

AI consensus: 4 of 4 models fully agree

Models

Cite This Report

This report is designed to be cited. We maintain stable URLs and versioned verification dates. Copy the format appropriate for your publication below.

APA
Emilia Santos. (2026, February 13). Bone Marrow Cancer Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/bone-marrow-cancer-statistics
MLA
Emilia Santos. "Bone Marrow Cancer Statistics." Gitnux, 13 Feb 2026, https://gitnux.org/bone-marrow-cancer-statistics.
Chicago
Emilia Santos. 2026. "Bone Marrow Cancer Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/bone-marrow-cancer-statistics.

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