Quick Overview
- 1#1: Databricks - Unified lakehouse platform for data engineering, analytics, machine learning, and AI on scalable data lakes.
- 2#2: Snowflake - Cloud data platform that separates storage and compute for data lakes, warehousing, and sharing at any scale.
- 3#3: Amazon S3 - Highly durable, scalable object storage service serving as the foundation for petabyte-scale data lakes.
- 4#4: Azure Data Lake Storage - Hyperscale storage optimized for big data analytics, machine learning, and data lake architectures.
- 5#5: Google Cloud Storage - Multi-regional object storage designed for high-performance data lakes and analytics workloads.
- 6#6: Dremio - Data lakehouse engine enabling self-service SQL analytics and data virtualization on existing lakes.
- 7#7: Starburst - Enterprise Trino-based query engine for fast analytics across distributed data lakes.
- 8#8: Delta Lake - Open-source storage layer adding ACID transactions, schema enforcement, and time travel to data lakes.
- 9#9: Apache Iceberg - Open table format for reliable, high-performance management of large analytic tables in data lakes.
- 10#10: MinIO - S3-compatible object storage delivering high-performance, Kubernetes-native data lakes on-premises or in the cloud.
Tools were chosen and ranked based on features like scalability and advanced analytics, reliability in real-world use, ease of adoption, and overall value, ensuring they suit modern data lake architectures and workloads.
Comparison Table
In modern data management, selecting the right data lake software is vital for scaling and analyzing vast datasets efficiently. This comparison table features tools like Databricks, Snowflake, Amazon S3, Azure Data Lake Storage, and Google Cloud Storage, outlining their key capabilities, integration strengths, and practical use cases. Whether evaluating storage scalability, processing power, or collaboration features, readers will gain clear insights to match tools with their specific organizational needs.
| # | Tool | Category | Overall | Features | Ease of Use | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Databricks Unified lakehouse platform for data engineering, analytics, machine learning, and AI on scalable data lakes. | enterprise | 9.7/10 | 9.9/10 | 8.7/10 | 8.5/10 |
| 2 | Snowflake Cloud data platform that separates storage and compute for data lakes, warehousing, and sharing at any scale. | enterprise | 9.3/10 | 9.6/10 | 9.1/10 | 8.7/10 |
| 3 | Amazon S3 Highly durable, scalable object storage service serving as the foundation for petabyte-scale data lakes. | enterprise | 9.1/10 | 9.5/10 | 8.2/10 | 9.3/10 |
| 4 | Azure Data Lake Storage Hyperscale storage optimized for big data analytics, machine learning, and data lake architectures. | enterprise | 8.9/10 | 9.3/10 | 8.4/10 | 9.1/10 |
| 5 | Google Cloud Storage Multi-regional object storage designed for high-performance data lakes and analytics workloads. | enterprise | 8.7/10 | 9.2/10 | 8.4/10 | 8.1/10 |
| 6 | Dremio Data lakehouse engine enabling self-service SQL analytics and data virtualization on existing lakes. | enterprise | 8.7/10 | 9.2/10 | 8.0/10 | 8.5/10 |
| 7 | Starburst Enterprise Trino-based query engine for fast analytics across distributed data lakes. | enterprise | 8.4/10 | 9.1/10 | 7.8/10 | 7.5/10 |
| 8 | Delta Lake Open-source storage layer adding ACID transactions, schema enforcement, and time travel to data lakes. | specialized | 8.7/10 | 9.2/10 | 7.8/10 | 9.5/10 |
| 9 | Apache Iceberg Open table format for reliable, high-performance management of large analytic tables in data lakes. | specialized | 8.7/10 | 9.4/10 | 7.6/10 | 9.7/10 |
| 10 | MinIO S3-compatible object storage delivering high-performance, Kubernetes-native data lakes on-premises or in the cloud. | enterprise | 8.7/10 | 9.2/10 | 8.0/10 | 9.5/10 |
Unified lakehouse platform for data engineering, analytics, machine learning, and AI on scalable data lakes.
Cloud data platform that separates storage and compute for data lakes, warehousing, and sharing at any scale.
Highly durable, scalable object storage service serving as the foundation for petabyte-scale data lakes.
Hyperscale storage optimized for big data analytics, machine learning, and data lake architectures.
Multi-regional object storage designed for high-performance data lakes and analytics workloads.
Data lakehouse engine enabling self-service SQL analytics and data virtualization on existing lakes.
Enterprise Trino-based query engine for fast analytics across distributed data lakes.
Open-source storage layer adding ACID transactions, schema enforcement, and time travel to data lakes.
Open table format for reliable, high-performance management of large analytic tables in data lakes.
S3-compatible object storage delivering high-performance, Kubernetes-native data lakes on-premises or in the cloud.
Databricks
enterpriseUnified lakehouse platform for data engineering, analytics, machine learning, and AI on scalable data lakes.
Delta Lake: open-source storage layer bringing ACID transactions, reliable data pipelines, and advanced features like schema evolution to any data lake.
Databricks is a cloud-based unified analytics platform built on Apache Spark, enabling organizations to build and manage modern data lakes through its innovative lakehouse architecture. It combines the scalability of data lakes with the reliability of data warehouses using Delta Lake for ACID transactions, optimized Spark processing, and tools for data engineering, science, and machine learning. The platform supports collaborative notebooks, auto-scaling clusters, and seamless integration with major cloud providers like AWS, Azure, and GCP.
Pros
- Lakehouse architecture delivers ACID compliance, time travel, and schema enforcement on data lakes
- Photon engine and optimized Spark provide industry-leading performance for ETL, ML, and analytics
- Unity Catalog enables centralized governance, lineage, and security across multi-cloud environments
Cons
- Steep learning curve for users new to Spark or Delta Lake
- High costs for heavy compute usage, especially All-Purpose clusters
- Potential vendor lock-in due to proprietary optimizations and formats
Best For
Large enterprises and data teams handling petabyte-scale data volumes that need integrated data engineering, analytics, ML, and governance in a collaborative environment.
Pricing
Usage-based pay-as-you-go model billed per Databricks Unit (DBU)-hour; starts at ~$0.07/DBU for Jobs Light on AWS, up to $0.55/DBU for premium All-Purpose Compute; Enterprise plans include additional support.
Snowflake
enterpriseCloud data platform that separates storage and compute for data lakes, warehousing, and sharing at any scale.
Separation of storage and compute, allowing pay-per-use scaling without data movement
Snowflake is a cloud-native data platform that excels as a data lakehouse solution, combining data lake storage for structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data with high-performance SQL analytics. It separates storage and compute resources, enabling independent scaling and cost optimization, while supporting features like external tables, Apache Iceberg integration, and Snowpark for data engineering and ML workflows. This makes it ideal for building modern data lakes that power analytics, sharing, and AI applications across multi-cloud environments.
Pros
- Separation of storage and compute for flexible scaling and cost control
- Multi-cloud support (AWS, Azure, GCP) with seamless data sharing
- Advanced features like Time Travel, zero-copy cloning, and Iceberg tables for data lake management
Cons
- High costs for heavy compute workloads compared to open-source alternatives
- Less optimized for native Spark/ML pipelines than competitors like Databricks
- Potential vendor lock-in due to proprietary optimizations
Best For
Large enterprises and analytics teams seeking a fully managed, scalable data lakehouse for multi-cloud data analytics, sharing, and governance.
Pricing
Consumption-based: storage ~$23/TB/month, compute $2-5/credit/hour (varies by edition: Standard, Enterprise, Business Critical).
Amazon S3
enterpriseHighly durable, scalable object storage service serving as the foundation for petabyte-scale data lakes.
Unrivaled scalability and 11 nines of durability, allowing reliable storage of exabytes of data without infrastructure management
Amazon S3 is a highly durable and scalable object storage service that forms the backbone of data lakes on AWS, enabling the storage of petabytes of structured and unstructured data at low cost. It supports advanced data lake capabilities through integrations with AWS Glue for metadata cataloging, Athena for serverless querying, and EMR for big data processing. S3's partitioning, lifecycle policies, and storage classes optimize data management and cost for analytics workloads.
Pros
- Exceptional scalability with virtually unlimited storage and 99.999999999% durability
- Seamless integration with AWS analytics services like Glue, Athena, and Lake Formation
- Flexible storage classes (e.g., Intelligent-Tiering, Glacier) for cost-effective data lake management
Cons
- Potential for high costs with frequent access or data transfer without optimization
- Steep learning curve for advanced data lake configurations and governance
- Vendor lock-in within the AWS ecosystem
Best For
Large enterprises and data teams building scalable, petabyte-scale data lakes within the AWS cloud environment.
Pricing
Pay-as-you-go model: Standard storage ~$0.023/GB/month; cheaper tiers like S3 Intelligent-Tiering or Glacier; plus fees for requests, transfers, and features like S3 Select.
Azure Data Lake Storage
enterpriseHyperscale storage optimized for big data analytics, machine learning, and data lake architectures.
Hierarchical namespace enabling directory-level operations and analytics optimization
Azure Data Lake Storage (ADLS) Gen2 is a hyperscale cloud repository designed for storing and analyzing massive volumes of structured and unstructured data. Built on Azure Blob Storage, it introduces a hierarchical namespace for improved performance in big data analytics workloads. It integrates seamlessly with Azure services like Synapse Analytics, Databricks, and Power BI, supporting ACID transactions and multi-protocol access.
Pros
- Unlimited scalability for petabyte-scale data lakes
- Deep integration with Azure analytics ecosystem
- Robust security with fine-grained ACLs and encryption
Cons
- Steeper learning curve outside Azure ecosystem
- Transaction costs can accumulate with high-frequency access
- Limited multi-cloud portability
Best For
Enterprises heavily invested in Microsoft Azure seeking a scalable, analytics-optimized data lake.
Pricing
Pay-as-you-go: Hot storage ~$0.0184/GB/month, Cool ~$0.01/GB/month; plus transaction fees (~$0.004-$0.06 per 10K operations).
Google Cloud Storage
enterpriseMulti-regional object storage designed for high-performance data lakes and analytics workloads.
Direct integration with BigQuery for federated querying of petabyte-scale data lakes without ETL or data copying
Google Cloud Storage (GCS) is a fully managed, highly scalable object storage service designed for storing and serving large amounts of unstructured data, making it a foundational component for data lakes on Google Cloud Platform. It supports exabyte-scale storage with 99.999999999% (11 9's) annual durability and offers features like lifecycle management, versioning, and encryption. GCS integrates seamlessly with GCP services such as BigQuery for direct querying, Dataflow for processing, and Dataproc for analytics, enabling efficient data lake operations without upfront infrastructure management.
Pros
- Infinite scalability with multi-regional replication for high availability
- Native integration with BigQuery and other GCP tools for analytics without data movement
- Flexible storage classes (Standard, Nearline, Coldline, Archive) for cost-optimized data lake tiering
Cons
- Operational costs (e.g., Class A/B operations, egress) can accumulate in high-throughput data lake workloads
- Requires additional GCP services for full data governance, cataloging, and lakehouse capabilities
- Potential vendor lock-in for teams heavily invested in Google Cloud ecosystem
Best For
Organizations already using Google Cloud Platform that need massively scalable, durable object storage as the foundation for a data lake integrated with analytics services.
Pricing
Pay-as-you-go model starting at ~$0.020/GB/month for Standard storage (varies by region/class); additional fees for operations (~$0.005/10K Class A), network egress, and retrieval from colder classes.
Dremio
enterpriseData lakehouse engine enabling self-service SQL analytics and data virtualization on existing lakes.
Reflections: Intelligent materialized views that automatically accelerate queries by pre-computing results on data lakes
Dremio is a data lakehouse platform that delivers a high-performance SQL query engine for querying data directly in storage layers like S3, ADLS, or HDFS without ETL processes. It supports open table formats such as Apache Iceberg, Delta Lake, and Hudi, enabling data virtualization, governance, and acceleration through materialized reflections. The platform provides a unified catalog for semantic layers and self-service analytics, bridging data lakes with BI and ML tools.
Pros
- Exceptional query performance on petabyte-scale data lakes via Apache Arrow engine
- Automatic reflections for query acceleration without data duplication
- Robust data governance, lineage, and multi-cloud support
Cons
- Steep learning curve for advanced configurations and optimizations
- Enterprise edition pricing can escalate with scale and features
- Limited native integrations for some niche data science workflows
Best For
Enterprises with massive data lakes needing fast SQL analytics and governance without building data warehouses.
Pricing
Free open-source Community Edition; Enterprise subscription starts at ~$20/core/month or custom; Cloud SaaS with pay-per-query or capacity-based pricing.
Starburst
enterpriseEnterprise Trino-based query engine for fast analytics across distributed data lakes.
Federated querying that unifies disparate data silos with ANSI SQL, eliminating ETL overhead.
Starburst is a high-performance distributed SQL query engine based on open-source Trino, designed specifically for analytics on modern data lakes stored in object storage like S3 or ADLS. It enables federated querying across heterogeneous data sources and formats such as Iceberg, Delta Lake, and Hive without requiring data movement or ETL processes. With enterprise-grade features like fault tolerance, security integrations, and cost optimization tools, it supports petabyte-scale workloads in cloud environments.
Pros
- Blazing-fast query performance on massive datasets
- Federated access to diverse data sources and formats
- Robust security, governance, and multi-cloud support
Cons
- Complex optimization requires expertise
- Enterprise pricing can be costly at scale
- Limited native ML/AI tooling compared to lakehouse platforms
Best For
Large enterprises needing high-speed SQL analytics on distributed data lakes without data ingestion or movement.
Pricing
Custom enterprise licensing (quote-based); Starburst Galaxy SaaS is pay-as-you-go starting at ~$0.30 per processing unit/hour.
Delta Lake
specializedOpen-source storage layer adding ACID transactions, schema enforcement, and time travel to data lakes.
ACID transactions with time travel on open object storage
Delta Lake is an open-source storage layer that brings ACID transactions, scalable metadata handling, and unified streaming and batch processing to data lakes built on Parquet files. It enables reliable data management with features like time travel for versioning, schema enforcement, and efficient MERGE operations for upserts and deletes. Compatible with Apache Spark, Presto, Hive, and cloud object stores like S3, ADLS, and GCS, it transforms unreliable data lakes into 'data lakehouses'.
Pros
- ACID transactions ensure data reliability in data lakes
- Time travel and versioning for auditing and recovery
- Open-source with broad ecosystem integration (Spark, Trino, etc.)
Cons
- Primarily optimized for Spark, limiting standalone use
- Metadata overhead can impact small-scale performance
- Requires familiarity with Spark or similar frameworks
Best For
Data engineering teams using Apache Spark who need transactional guarantees and advanced features in cloud data lakes.
Pricing
Fully open-source and free; managed services and enterprise support via Databricks start at custom pricing.
Apache Iceberg
specializedOpen table format for reliable, high-performance management of large analytic tables in data lakes.
ACID transactions with time travel on object storage data lakes
Apache Iceberg is an open-source table format designed for managing massive analytic datasets in data lakes, providing database-like reliability without proprietary lock-in. It separates metadata from data files to enable features like ACID transactions, schema evolution, time travel, and hidden partitioning. Iceberg integrates with major query engines including Spark, Trino, Flink, Hive, and Impala, making it ideal for petabyte-scale data lakes.
Pros
- ACID transactions and snapshot isolation for reliable data lake operations
- Time travel and rollback capabilities for auditing and recovery
- Schema evolution and hidden partitioning without data rewrites
Cons
- Requires integration with compatible engines like Spark or Trino
- Steep learning curve for metadata management at extreme scale
- Limited built-in tooling compared to fully managed services
Best For
Large-scale data engineering teams building transactional data lakes with Spark or Trino who need advanced features like time travel.
Pricing
Free and open-source under Apache 2.0 license; no licensing costs.
MinIO
enterpriseS3-compatible object storage delivering high-performance, Kubernetes-native data lakes on-premises or in the cloud.
High-performance S3-compatible storage that outperforms many cloud providers on commodity hardware while supporting erasure coding for 100% data durability.
MinIO is a high-performance, open-source object storage system that is fully compatible with the Amazon S3 API, making it ideal for building scalable data lakes on-premises, in the cloud, or at the edge. It supports massive unstructured data storage with features like erasure coding for high durability, multi-site active-active replication, and seamless integration with big data ecosystems such as Apache Spark, Hadoop, and Presto. Designed for cloud-native environments, MinIO excels in handling petabyte-scale workloads with low-latency access and Kubernetes-native deployment options.
Pros
- Exceptional S3 API compatibility enabling easy migration and integration with existing tools
- Blazing-fast performance and infinite scalability on commodity hardware
- Fully open-source core with Kubernetes operator for simple, automated deployments
Cons
- Lacks built-in data governance, cataloging, or querying capabilities (requires third-party tools)
- Web console is basic and lacks advanced management features out-of-the-box
- Enterprise-grade support and extras like ILM require paid subscriptions
Best For
DevOps and data engineering teams building cost-effective, high-performance object storage foundations for cloud-native data lakes.
Pricing
Open-source edition is free; enterprise SUBNET subscriptions offer support and advanced features with custom pricing based on usage and needs.
Conclusion
Evaluating the 10 tools reveals Databricks as the top choice, offering a unified lakehouse platform that excels across data engineering, analytics, machine learning, and AI. Snowflake and Amazon S3, meanwhile, stand out for cloud-native flexibility and foundational scalability, respectively, making them strong alternatives for diverse needs. Together, these tools showcase the breadth of innovation in modern data lake solutions.
Dive into Databricks to experience its seamless integration, powerful analytics, and end-to-end AI capabilities—an ideal starting point for maximizing your data lake's potential.
Tools Reviewed
All tools were independently evaluated for this comparison
