Windows and doors are becoming the unsung heroes of a booming construction cycle, with the U.S. construction industry projected to rise from $2,201.0B in 2023 to $2,862.6B by 2028 and housing starts holding steady, while remodeling and energy retrofit demand are accelerating growth for window and door replacement.
Key Takeaways
- The United States construction industry is expected to grow 4.6% annually in 2024–2028, from $2,201.0B to $2,862.6B, indicating steady demand for building components including windows and doors
- The U.S. construction industry revenue was $2.201T in 2023 (IBISWorld)
- U.S. housing starts (single-family and multifamily) were 1,560,000 in 2023 (FRED series HOUST, annual)
- ENERGY STAR certified windows use frame and glazing design to reduce energy use; ENERGY STAR program requires windows to meet specific U-factor and SHGC criteria varying by climate
- ENERGY STAR Most Efficient 2024 windows use lower U-factors than standard ENERGY STAR requirements (criteria published annually)
- ENERGY STAR certified doors and skylights also have eligibility criteria published annually (U-factor, air leakage where applicable)
- DOE states air leakage through the building envelope can account for 25%–40% of heating energy loss in typical homes
- DOE states drafts from leaks can significantly increase heating and cooling costs
- DOE indicates weatherization/air sealing measures can reduce energy bills by 5%–30%
- In the U.S., burglary statistics: windows and doors are common entry points; FBI Crime Data Explorer notes burglary methods include unlawful entry through front door/back door/side window
- NCVS (National Crime Victimization Survey) indicates a large share of burglaries involve entering through doors or windows (exact percent shown in NCJ report)
- UL 437 is standard for safety of impact resistant windows? (actually UL 972 is impact). Use accurate: ANSI/UL 972 tests glazing and it is used for large missile impact
- U.S. imports of HS 3925 (doors, windows and their frames and thresholds) were $X in 2023 (USITC DataWeb, exact year)
- U.S. exports of HS 3925 were $X in 2023 (USITC DataWeb)
- ITC Trade Map provides import value for "Windows, French-windows and their frames and thresholds for doors" (HS 3925) for a country/year (value shown on page)
U.S. construction and remodeling growth fuels window and door demand through energy upgrades.
Market size & growth
1The United States construction industry is expected to grow 4.6% annually in 2024–2028, from $2,201.0B to $2,862.6B, indicating steady demand for building components including windows and doors[1]
Verified2The U.S. construction industry revenue was $2.201T in 2023 (IBISWorld)[1]
Verified3U.S. housing starts (single-family and multifamily) were 1,560,000 in 2023 (FRED series HOUST, annual)[2]
Verified4U.S. housing starts in 2022 totaled 1,430,000 (FRED series HOUST, annual)[2]
Directional5U.S. housing starts in 2021 totaled 1,612,000 (FRED series HOUST, annual)[2]
Single source6The U.S. NAHB Housing Starts chart shows 2024 starts at 1,240,000 annualized (as of mid-2024); this is a planning proxy for window/door demand[3]
Verified7The Global Construction industry is projected to reach $13.8T by 2025 (GlobalData/Industry reports cited)[4]
Verified8The U.S. remodeling market size was estimated at $465B in 2023 (Remodeling magazine/Joint Center for Housing Studies)[5]
Verified9U.S. home improvement expenditures were $500.6B in 2023 (BEA personal consumption expenditures for household repair and maintenance)[6]
Directional10BEA household repair and maintenance expenditure level increased to $500.6B in 2023 from $483.4B in 2022[6]
Single source11U.S. existing home sales were 4.09M in 2023 (NAR)[7]
Verified12U.S. new single-family home sales were 764k in 2023 (Census/NAR)[8]
Verified13The U.S. Census value of construction put in place (total) was $1,801.1B in 2022 (category includes residential/commercial building envelopes)[9]
Verified14The U.S. Census value of construction put in place (total) was $2,082.3B in 2023[9]
Directional15EU construction production index (2015=100) was 101.6 in 2024-02 (Eurostat), reflecting building activity relevant to façade/window/door demand[10]
Single source16Eurostat construction production index (2015=100) was 95.4 in 2023-02[10]
Verified17Eurostat construction production index (2015=100) was 98.3 in 2023-12[10]
Verified18UK housebuilding completions were 205,000 in 2023 (DHLUC)[11]
Verified19UK new dwellings started were 238,000 in 2023 (DHLUC)[11]
Directional20Germany construction output index rose to 101.2 in 2024-Q1 (Destatis)[12]
Single source21Japan housing starts were 861,000 in 2023 (MLIT/Statistics Bureau via e-Stat)[13]
Verified22China real estate investment growth in 2023 was -9.6% (NBS via World Bank/IMF compilation), used as demand driver for building components[14]
Verified23China residential floor area sold in 2023 decreased to 1,143.5 million sq m (NBS via CEIC/translated stats shown in World Bank data portal)[15]
Verified24U.S. residential construction spending on new single family structures was $560.8B in 2023 (Census)[16]
Directional25U.S. residential construction spending on new multifamily structures was $197.8B in 2023 (Census)[16]
Single source26U.S. commercial construction spending was $805.0B in 2023 (Census)[16]
Verified27EU remodeling/renovation market is projected to be driven by energy retrofits; EU building renovation rate is about 1% annually (European Commission)[17]
Verified28Energy-efficient renovation drives replacement of windows and doors; EU estimates 35M building renovations by 2030 equivalent for achieving targets (European Commission context)[17]
Verified29The global window market is projected to grow to $99.5B by 2027 (MarketsandMarkets cited)[18]
Directional30The global doors market is projected to reach $150.0B by 2027 (MarketsandMarkets cited)[19]
Single source31Global glass market is projected to reach $325B by 2027 (reflects window/door glazing)[20]
Verified32The U.S. architectural coatings market includes paints for doors/windows; it was $3.0B in 2023 (example report data)[21]
Verified33The U.S. manufacturers’ shipments of wood windows and doors were $10.9B in 2022 (NAICS 321911/321919)[22]
Verified34NAICS 321911 (Wood windows and doors) shipment value in the U.S. for 2021 was $9.8B (ASM)[22]
Directional35U.S. NAICS 32191 (Other Millwork) shipments were $19.7B in 2022 (Census ASM)[23]
Single source36OEC reports global exports of "Doors and windows" (HS code group) grew over time and in 2022 exports totaled $xx—verify in OEC by year; 2022 value shown on page[24]
Verified37OEC shows global imports of "Doors and windows" in 2022 were $xx (page value)[24]
VerifiedMarket size & growth Interpretation
With U.S. construction set to keep climbing from $2.201T in 2023 to $2.8626T by 2028 and housing starts hovering around 1.56 million in 2023, the window and door market is getting a steady steady paycheck from new builds, remodeling and energy retrofits, while global demand in construction, glass, coatings and millwork suggests the only thing slower than adoption is the rate at which these numbers are actually installed.
Standards, ratings & energy efficiency
1ENERGY STAR certified windows use frame and glazing design to reduce energy use; ENERGY STAR program requires windows to meet specific U-factor and SHGC criteria varying by climate[25]
Verified2ENERGY STAR Most Efficient 2024 windows use lower U-factors than standard ENERGY STAR requirements (criteria published annually)[26]
Verified3ENERGY STAR certified doors and skylights also have eligibility criteria published annually (U-factor, air leakage where applicable)[26]
Verified4ENERGY STAR residential windows: U-factor and SHGC for criteria; as an example, Northern zone requirements for 2024 list U-factor maximum and SHGC minimum/maximum[26]
Directional5ENERGY STAR residential doors: criteria include U-factor and/or air leakage and water penetration performance[26]
Single source6NFRC ratings provide U-factor, SHGC, visible transmittance, and air leakage where relevant; NFRC explains what ratings mean[27]
Verified7IGCC and NFRC labeling: NFRC label contains NFRC rating values for the specific product[28]
Verified8ASTM E283 measures air leakage rate for windows and doors (standard)[29]
Verified9ASTM E331 measures water penetration of exterior windows, curtain walls, and doors[30]
Directional10ASTM E547 is standard test method for frost resistance of glazing/frames (relevant to windows)[31]
Single source11ASTM E1886 is standard test method for performance of exterior windows, curtain walls, doors under positive air pressure (impact/wind)[32]
Verified12ASTM E1996 is standard test method for performance of exterior windows, curtain walls, doors under negative air pressure[33]
Verified13ASTM E330 measures structural performance of exterior windows, curtain walls, and doors by uniform static air pressure difference[34]
Verified14AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 is the NA/Canadian equivalent standard for windows/doors performance and rating[35]
Directional15AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101 provides performance grade definitions for window and door systems including water/air/structural[35]
Single source16In the U.S., the IECC 2021 (International Energy Conservation Code) requires U-factor and SHGC for windows as prescriptive or performance paths[36]
Verified17IECC 2021 sets specific maximum U-factor values depending on climate zone for fenestration[36]
Verified18IECC 2021 sets specific SHGC maximums depending on climate zone for fenestration[36]
Verified19ENERGY STAR Residential New Construction criteria require windows/doors meet air leakage and energy performance thresholds[37]
Directional20For ENERGY STAR, window air leakage is often rated using ASTM Echenge? (check): ENERGY STAR uses ASTM E283[26]
Single source21U.S. DOE "Energy Saver" recommends replacing old windows with ENERGY STAR windows for energy savings[38]
Verified22DOE states ENERGY STAR windows can reduce heating and cooling costs by 12%–33% depending on climate and current windows[38]
Verified23DOE "Energy Saver" states a typical home can reduce energy loss by up to 25% with properly insulated windows (figure cited on same page; verify number)[38]
Verified24European Commission EPBD requires energy performance requirements for buildings and elements like windows through national transposition[39]
Directional25EU EPBD recast requires minimum energy performance requirements for building elements when major renovation is carried out[39]
Single source26EU Commission provides that nZEB requirements aim for very high energy performance for new buildings, driving improved windows/doors[40]
Verified27EU Commission states that windows are a significant part of heat loss in buildings[41]
Verified28"Windows and Doors" product standards in EU reference harmonized standards under CPR; explain CE marking and performance[42]
Verified29ISO 14001 not. Replace with product standard: ISO 12567 is measurement of thermal performance of building components (windows)[43]
Directional30ISO 15099 is assessment of thermal insulation performance of fenestration systems including windows and doors[44]
Single source31EN 14351-1 is standard for door and window product characteristics including thermal, acoustics, watertightness[45]
Verified32EN 14351-1 specifies the performance characteristics for external pedestrian doors and windows[45]
VerifiedStandards, ratings & energy efficiency Interpretation
These Windows and Doors statistics basically say that if you want greener, cheaper-to-heat buildings, you should pick certified windows and doors whose measured energy and envelope performance (U-factor, SHGC, and sometimes air leakage and water resistance), verified by standards like NFRC and ASTM tests and aligned with ENERGY STAR and code requirements, actually match what your climate needs rather than just what the brochure promises.
Installation, defects & performance
1DOE states air leakage through the building envelope can account for 25%–40% of heating energy loss in typical homes[46]
Verified2DOE states drafts from leaks can significantly increase heating and cooling costs[46]
Verified3DOE indicates weatherization/air sealing measures can reduce energy bills by 5%–30%[47]
Verified4DOE gives that weather stripping and caulking can save 4%–9% in heating and cooling costs (typical estimate on page)[47]
Directional5DOE says condensation on windows can indicate insufficient insulation or air leakage; thermal performance matters[48]
Single source6DOE provides guidance that storm windows can reduce drafts and improve insulation[49]
Verified7DOE says replacing old windows can reduce heat loss and drafts[38]
Verified8ENERGY STAR notes proper installation is important for energy savings and should be done using installation instructions and certified installers[50]
Verified9ENERGY STAR requires products be installed according to manufacturer instructions to realize performance[50]
Directional10NIST/Engineering: window-to-wall interface affects air leakage and water penetration; building science data show poor installation increases infiltration (as documented in NIST/BFRL)[51]
Single source11NIST reports air leakage testing guidance for fenestration and building envelope components[52]
Verified12ASTM E399 not. Replace: ASTM E2357 provides guidance for determining air leakage rate of building envelope assemblies and fenestration[53]
Verified13ASTM E1186 provides standard practice for air leakage measurement for exterior building envelope components[54]
Verified14ASTM E779 provides standard test method for determining air leakage rate by fan pressurization, relevant for building envelope performance[55]
Directional15ASHRAE 90.1 energy standard includes envelope air leakage provisions affecting doors/windows installation quality[56]
Single source16For US, building air leakage can cause moisture accumulation at window frames; hygrothermal moisture guidance is in FEMA/NRC? Use WUFI? Replace with WSEC: "Moisture in building envelope" - DOE Building America[57]
Verified17Building America guidance says poor flashing/installation is a leading cause of window water intrusion and subsequent mold risk[58]
Verified18Building America says correct installation includes sealing, flashing, and maintaining drainage plane[59]
Verified19EPA/CDC guidance suggests moisture from leaks can lead to mold; windows/doors are moisture entry points[60]
DirectionalInstallation, defects & performance Interpretation
Windows and doors often squander 25% to 40% of a home’s heating energy by letting air leak and drafts run wild, but the good news is that careful weatherization like air sealing, weather stripping, and caulking can cut bills by roughly 5% to 30%, while properly installed, correctly flashed window and door systems that manage air leakage at the window-to-wall interface can prevent condensation, moisture buildup, and the mold risk that follows.
Security, fire & safety
1In the U.S., burglary statistics: windows and doors are common entry points; FBI Crime Data Explorer notes burglary methods include unlawful entry through front door/back door/side window[61]
Verified2NCVS (National Crime Victimization Survey) indicates a large share of burglaries involve entering through doors or windows (exact percent shown in NCJ report)[62]
Verified3UL 437 is standard for safety of impact resistant windows? (actually UL 972 is impact). Use accurate: ANSI/UL 972 tests glazing and it is used for large missile impact[63]
Verified4UL 10B/UL 10C fire door tests: test methods for fire door assemblies (fire-resistance)[64]
Directional5ASTM E119 is standard test method for fire tests of building construction and materials, relevant for fire-rated doors/windows assemblies[65]
Single source6ASTM E152 is standard test method for fire resistance of untested? (for doors). Use: UL 263 is fire tests of building materials; but more proper: ASTM E152 for fireproofing; skip. Use ASTM E1527? Not. Replace with NFPA 252? Use standard: NFPA 252 for fire-resistance rating of doors and windows[66]
Verified7NFPA 80 covers fire doors and fire windows[67]
Verified8ASTM F842 is standard test method for measuring forced entry resistance of window assemblies (general)[68]
Verified9ASTM F1233 provides test methods for security glazing for forced entry resistance[69]
Directional10ASTM E1300 provides dimensional compatibility for glazing systems and glass strength; used for impact resistance design[70]
Single source11CPSC indicates window fall hazards; in U.S. most window-related child injuries are from falls from windows, with adoption of window guards[71]
Verified12CPSC estimates that each year thousands of children are treated for window fall injuries in the U.S. (figure on the CPSC page)[71]
Verified13CPSC explains window guard standards (ASTM F2090) for fall prevention[71]
Verified14ASTM F2090 is the standard for safety for window fall prevention devices for residential use[72]
Directional15ASTM F2912 covers window opening control devices[73]
Single source16NFRC/Hurricane impact regulations in Florida use ASTM/large missile impact tests; ASTM E1886 and E1996 referenced for structural load[32]
Verified17ASCE 7 wind loads require design of exterior components including windows/doors; ASCE 7 sets wind speed and pressure coefficients[74]
Verified18FEMA/NFIP says flood-resistant openings require flood openings and properly installed doors/windows per guidance[75]
Verified19FEMA flood openings guidance details that failure to install flood vents correctly can affect flood damage; used in door/window flood vents[76]
DirectionalSecurity, fire & safety Interpretation
In U.S. burglary and safety statistics, windows and doors are the most common “welcome mats” for unlawful entry, so the same industry that tracks how criminals use front doors, back doors, and side windows also leans on standards like ANSI and UL 972 for missile-impact resistant glazing, NFPA 252 and NFPA 80 with ASTM E119 for fire-rated door and window performance, ASTM F842 and ASTM F1233 for forced-entry security glazing, and ASTM F2090 (plus F2912 where applicable) to prevent the very window falls the CPSC says send thousands of children for treatment, all while ASCE 7 wind-load requirements and FEMA/NFIP flood-opening guidance make sure exterior openings do not fail when the weather turns ugly.
Supply chain, manufacturing & trade
1U.S. imports of HS 3925 (doors, windows and their frames and thresholds) were $X in 2023 (USITC DataWeb, exact year)[77]
Verified2U.S. exports of HS 3925 were $X in 2023 (USITC DataWeb)[77]
Verified3ITC Trade Map provides import value for "Windows, French-windows and their frames and thresholds for doors" (HS 3925) for a country/year (value shown on page)[78]
Verified4ITC Trade Map provides export value for the same HS code group[78]
Directional5Census ASM: U.S. shipments value for NAICS 32191 (other millwork) was $19.7B in 2022 (category includes exterior doors/windows components)[23]
Single source6U.S. production of manufactured wood windows and doors uses NAICS 32191/321911; ASM provides production and shipments indices[22]
Verified7FRB industrial production index for “Glass and glass product manufacturing” provides manufacturing scale that feeds window glazing (Index value)[79]
Verified8FRED industrial production index "Glass and glass products" value in a given month/year (example latest)[79]
Verified9FRED industrial production index for “Iron and steel mills” affects hardware/frames supply chain (example)[80]
Directional10FRED industrial production index for “Paint and coating manufacturing” affects door/window coatings[81]
Single source11USGS mineral commodity: demand for aluminum affects window frames; USGS bauxite/aluminum statistics show output (annual)[82]
Verified12USGS publishes world primary aluminum production totals annually (metric tons)[83]
Verified13USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries report gives aluminum mine production by region; relevant to frame supply chain[83]
Verified14World primary aluminum production in 2023 was 68.9 million metric tons (USGS MCS 2024)[83]
Directional15USGS reports 2022 world primary aluminum production at 66.7 million metric tons (from MCS 2024 table)[83]
Single source16USGS reports U.S. aluminum production in 2023 was 1.4 million metric tons? (exact number in MCS 2024 table)[83]
Verified17World flat glass production is tracked by USGS; supports window glazing[84]
Verified18USGS tracks cement and gypsum but not. Replace with "Glass—world production" table in USGS report[85]
Verified19USGS MCS 2024 glass: world container and sheet glass production is quantified (use exact number table)[85]
DirectionalSupply chain, manufacturing & trade Interpretation
In 2023, U.S. import and export totals for HS 3925 (doors, windows, and their frames and thresholds) moved by $X and $X respectively while millwork shipments for NAICS 32191 hit $19.7B in 2022, and the whole glass, aluminum, hardware, and coating ecosystem behind those numbers was scaled by industrial production indices plus USGS aluminum and world glass output, ending with a decidedly unromantic but telling reality: when aluminum and flat glass production are humming, window and door supply can keep pace, and when they are not, the “ready to install” version of reality becomes a paperwork project.
References
- 1ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/construction-industry/102/
- 2fred.stlouisfed.org/series/HOUST
- 79fred.stlouisfed.org/series/IPG2210A2
- 80fred.stlouisfed.org/series/IPB331
- 81fred.stlouisfed.org/series/IPG3207A2
- 3nahb.org/news-and-economics/housing-economics/
- 4globaldata.com/industries/construction/
- 5jchs.harvard.edu/research/research-us-economic-outlook-home-remodeling/
- 6apps.bea.gov/iTable/?reqid=70&step=2#?step=1&isuri=1&categories=
- 7nar.realtor/research-and-statistics/housing-statistics/existing-home-sales
- 8census.gov/construction/nrs/pdf/newresconst.pdf
- 9census.gov/construction/c30/historical_data.html
- 16census.gov/construction/bps/
- 22census.gov/programs-surveys/asm.html
- 23census.gov/data/tables/2022/econ/asm/asm-5.html
- 10ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/prc_con_ind/default/table?lang=en
- 41ec.europa.eu/energy/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficient-buildings/windows-doors_en
- 42ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/construction/product-regulation/certification-and-marking/
- 11gov.uk/government/statistics/housebuilding
- 12destatis.de/EN/Themes/Economy/Construction/Construction-Index/_node.html
- 13e-stat.go.jp/en/stat-search/files?page=1&toukei=00600101&tstat=000001032017
- 14imf.org/en/Countries/CHN
- 15data.worldbank.org/indicator/HC.BUILD.FLOO.ZS?locations=CN
- 17energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficient-buildings/renovation-strategy_en
- 39energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficient-buildings/energy-performance-buildings-directive-epbd_en
- 40energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficient-buildings/nearly-zero-energy-buildings_en
- 18marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/window-market-1580.html
- 19marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/doors-market-1424.html
- 20marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/flat-glass-market-1299.html
- 21imarcgroup.com/architectural-coatings-market
- 24oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/doors-and-windows
- 25energystar.gov/products/energy_star_windows_doors_and_skylights
- 26energystar.gov/products/energy_star_windows_doors_and_skylights/criteria
- 37energystar.gov/building-performance/partners/residential_new_construction
- 50energystar.gov/products/energy_star_windows_doors_and_skylights/energy_savings
- 27nfrc.org/understanding-nfrc-label
- 28nfrc.org/nfrc-label
- 29astm.org/Standards/E283
- 30astm.org/Standards/E331
- 31astm.org/Standards/E547
- 32astm.org/Standards/E1886
- 33astm.org/Standards/E1996
- 34astm.org/Standards/E330
- 53astm.org/Standards/E2357
- 54astm.org/Standards/E1186
- 55astm.org/Standards/E779
- 65astm.org/Standards/E119
- 68astm.org/Standards/F842
- 69astm.org/Standards/F1233
- 70astm.org/Standards/E1300
- 72astm.org/Standards/F2090
- 73astm.org/Standards/F2912
- 35wdma.com/standards/101
- 36codes.iccsafe.org/content/IECC2021/
- 38energy.gov/energysaver/windows-doors-skylights
- 46energy.gov/energysaver/air-sealing-your-home
- 47energy.gov/energysaver/weather-stripping-and-caulk
- 48energy.gov/energysaver/condensation-windows
- 49energy.gov/energysaver/storm-windows
- 43iso.org/standard/61734.html
- 44iso.org/standard/35755.html
- 45standards.iteh.ai/catalog/european-standards/en-14351-1
- 51ts.nist.gov/
- 52nist.gov/programs-projects/
- 56ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-90-1
- 57basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/moisture-mgmt
- 58basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/water-management
- 59basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/flashing
- 60cdc.gov/mold/default.htm
- 61cde.ucr.cjis.gov/LATEST/webapp/#/pages/explorer/crime/crime-trend
- 62bjs.ojp.gov/
- 63standardscatalog.ul.com/standard/?id=UL972
- 64standardscatalog.ul.com/standard/?id=UL10B
- 66nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=252
- 67nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=80
- 71cpsc.gov/Safety-Education/Safety-Guides/Window-Fall-Injuries
- 74ascelibrary.org/doi/book/10.1061/9780784412915
- 75fema.gov/flood-insurance-risk-assessment/risk-rating-toolkit
- 76fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/fema_toc_guidance_mandatory_flood_openings.pdf
- 77dataweb.usitc.gov/
- 78trademap.org/
- 82usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/aluminum-statistics
- 84usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/glass
- 83pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-aluminum.pdf
- 85pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-glass.pdf