Joshua Project identifies 7,391 unreached people groups. More than 8,000 groups form the analytical base for measuring limited Christian presence. Displacement of 108.4 million people points to current locations where language specific outreach must reach.
Key Takeaways
- 7,391 UPGs are identified in the Joshua Project database (people groups with minimal Christian presence)
- 1,343 people groups are classified by Joshua Project as “Least Reached”
- 2,473 people groups are classified by Joshua Project as “Limited” (minimum Christian presence)
- The UNHCR reports that 37.3 million people were forcibly displaced globally at end-2021, affecting where unreached communities may migrate and concentrate
- Africa’s population is projected to grow from 1.3 billion in 2020 to 2.5 billion by 2050 (World Bank), increasing unreached demand for language-specific outreach
- UN DESA projects Africa’s median age to rise from about 19 in 2020 to about 25 by 2050, with implications for 4/14 outreach targets
- USCIRF (U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom) reports that in 2023 there were 20 countries designated as “Countries of Particular Concern” for severe religious freedom violations (CPCs)
- USCIRF’s 2024 annual report states that “religious freedom remains severely restricted” for many people in the listed CPC countries
- UCDP reports 51,000+ battle-related deaths in 2022 (global conflict data relevant to access risk)
- International Energy Agency reports that 733 million people lacked access to electricity in 2022 (affecting digital outreach feasibility in unreached areas)
- ITU reports that 2.6 billion people were still offline in 2023 (digital access constraint affecting outreach media)
- GSMA reports that mobile connectivity reached 5.8 billion connections in 2023 (mobile-first outreach potential)
- WHO reports that 2 billion people lack safe drinking water services (affecting community stability and resource needs)
- WHO reports that 1.8 billion people use a source of drinking water that is fecally contaminated (waterborne disease burden)
- UNICEF reports that 148.1 million children are out of school worldwide (education barriers in UPG areas)
Joshua Project identifies 7,391 minimal presence people groups, while displacement, poverty, and limited access amplify urgent outreach needs.
Related reading
01 · Category
Unreached Definitions6 stats
01
7,391 UPGs are identified in the Joshua Project database (people groups with minimal Christian presence)
02
1,343 people groups are classified by Joshua Project as “Least Reached”
03
2,473 people groups are classified by Joshua Project as “Limited” (minimum Christian presence)
04
3,575 people groups are classified by Joshua Project as “Some” (limited Christian presence compared to other groups)
05
8,000+ People Groups are used as the analytical base in the Joshua Project people-group database
06
In the World Christian Encyclopedia reporting, the term “unreached” is applied to peoples with “no or little access to the gospel” (used to estimate evangelization gaps)
Interpretation
Unreached Definitions Interpretation
Although Joshua Project identifies 7,391 unreached people groups, 3,575 of them fall into the “Some” category and 1,343 are “Least Reached,” showing that most gaps still involve limited rather than zero access to the gospel.
02 · Category
Population & Geography21 stats
01
The UNHCR reports that 37.3 million people were forcibly displaced globally at end-2021, affecting where unreached communities may migrate and concentrate
02
Africa’s population is projected to grow from 1.3 billion in 2020 to 2.5 billion by 2050 (World Bank), increasing unreached demand for language-specific outreach
03
UN DESA projects Africa’s median age to rise from about 19 in 2020 to about 25 by 2050, with implications for 4/14 outreach targets
04
The World Bank reports that Niger’s population grew to about 26 million by 2022, reflecting high-growth contexts often associated with larger UPG counts
05
The World Bank reports that Afghanistan’s population was about 40 million in 2022, a high-need context for unreached populations
06
The World Bank reports that Somalia’s population was about 17 million in 2022, indicating large growth in fragile regions with unreached communities
07
The World Bank reports that Nigeria’s population was about 223 million in 2022, supporting the scale of unreached people-group populations
08
The UN projects India’s population to reach about 1.7 billion by 2050, increasing demand for UPG-focused evangelism
09
China’s population is projected to decline from about 1.4 billion in 2020 to about 1.3 billion by 2050 (UN DESA)
10
UNHCR reports 108.4 million people were forcibly displaced in 2023 (global displacement), relevant to where UPG communities may reside
11
UNHCR reports 35.3 million refugees globally in 2023, including refugees from areas with unreached ethnolinguistic groups
12
UNHCR reports 8.7 million stateless people under UNHCR’s mandate (as of 2023 reporting), relevant to access to services and language communities
13
The World Bank reports Bangladesh’s population at about 171 million in 2022, a dense context for outreach to language groups
14
The World Bank reports Ethiopia’s population at about 124 million in 2022, supporting scale of outreach for multiple ethnolinguistic groups
15
The World Bank reports Egypt’s population at about 102 million in 2022, affecting the number of people in unreached contexts
16
The World Bank reports Indonesia’s population at about 275 million in 2022, a multi-ethnolinguistic setting with many UPGs
17
The World Bank reports the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s population at about 90 million in 2022, a large high-need region
18
World Bank reports that Pakistan’s population was about 240 million in 2022, contributing to scale of unreached people groups
19
World Bank reports that the Philippines population was about 113 million in 2022, a context with multiple distinct ethnic-language groups
20
World Bank reports that the United Republic of Tanzania’s population was about 65 million in 2022, relevant for outreach to diverse groups
21
World Bank reports that the United Kingdom’s population was about 68 million in 2022, illustrating that UPGs can exist outside the Global South
Interpretation
Population & Geography Interpretation
With UNHCR counting 108.4 million people forcibly displaced in 2023 while Africa is projected to nearly double from 1.3 billion in 2020 to 2.5 billion by 2050, the demand for language specific outreach to unreached people groups is poised to surge across fast growing and shifting populations.
03 · Category
Access, Restrictions & Risk8 stats
01
USCIRF (U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom) reports that in 2023 there were 20 countries designated as “Countries of Particular Concern” for severe religious freedom violations (CPCs)
02
USCIRF’s 2024 annual report states that “religious freedom remains severely restricted” for many people in the listed CPC countries
03
UCDP reports 51,000+ battle-related deaths in 2022 (global conflict data relevant to access risk)
04
Reporters Without Borders reports that 47 media professionals were in prison in 2023 (media repression context affects religious communication channels)
05
World Bank reports that the global share of people living in extreme poverty was about 9.2% in 2022 (poverty context for outreach and costs)
06
UNDP reports that 71% of the world’s population lives in countries classified as having at least one fragility factor (affects outreach safety)
07
Transparency International’s CPI shows that in 2023, Somalia scored 9/100 for public sector corruption (impacts mission governance and logistics)
08
Transparency International’s CPI shows that in 2023, Afghanistan scored 8/100 (higher governance risk affecting access)
Interpretation
Access, Restrictions & Risk Interpretation
Across these warning signs, 20 countries were labeled as serious religious freedom offenders by USCIRF in 2023, while conflict, repression, fragility, and corruption risks also loom large with 51,000+ battle deaths in 2022, 47 media professionals jailed in 2023, and extreme poverty still affecting about 9.2% of people in 2022 alongside high governance risk like Somalia’s CPI score of 9 and Afghanistan’s 8 in 2023.
04 · Category
Digital Reach & Media15 stats
01
International Energy Agency reports that 733 million people lacked access to electricity in 2022 (affecting digital outreach feasibility in unreached areas)
02
ITU reports that 2.6 billion people were still offline in 2023 (digital access constraint affecting outreach media)
03
GSMA reports that mobile connectivity reached 5.8 billion connections in 2023 (mobile-first outreach potential)
04
UNICEF reports that 33% of children worldwide lack access to learning technologies (barrier to digital Christian education resources in unreached communities)
05
World Bank reports that mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 people were 89.2 in 2021 globally (basic connectivity baseline)
06
World Bank reports that global fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 people were 13.5 in 2021 (limits fixed internet outreach)
07
World Bank reports that global broadband internet subscriptions per 100 people were 16.1 in 2021
08
GSMA reports 2.7 billion people use social media globally (scale of potential digital awareness channels)
09
ITU reports that 5G services were available in 2021 across multiple countries, but global adoption remained limited at that time (adoption gap affects reach)
10
Reporters Without Borders’ 2024 World Press Freedom Index ranks Eritrea at the bottom among surveyed countries (media repression impacts information access)
11
RSF reports that 47 journalists were killed in 2023 (danger to communication ecosystems)
12
World Bank reports that global electricity access rate was 91% in 2022 (complements the electricity access deficit figure)
13
IEA reports that renewable electricity accounted for 30% of global electricity generation in 2022 (can enable decentralized power for outreach infrastructure)
14
ITU reports that global international bandwidth per internet user grew to about 7.0 Mbps in 2023 (supporting video/audio content quality)
15
UNHCR reports that 76% of refugees are hosted in developing countries (resource and connectivity constraints for outreach)
Interpretation
Digital Reach & Media Interpretation
With 733 million people lacking electricity and 2.6 billion still offline as of 2023, the data shows that digital outreach to unreached communities faces a foundational access gap that mobile and social media can partially bridge, given 5.8 billion mobile connections and 2.7 billion social media users.
05 · Category
Health, Education & Wellbeing24 stats
01
WHO reports that 2 billion people lack safe drinking water services (affecting community stability and resource needs)
02
WHO reports that 1.8 billion people use a source of drinking water that is fecally contaminated (waterborne disease burden)
03
UNICEF reports that 148.1 million children are out of school worldwide (education barriers in UPG areas)
04
UNESCO reports that 244 million children and youth are out of school in 2023 (education shortfall)
05
UNICEF reports global under-5 mortality fell to about 4.0 deaths per 1,000 live births by 2022 in some reporting contexts (improved survival but uneven distribution)
06
WHO reports that maternal mortality is about 223 per 100,000 live births globally (average burden level)
07
WHO reports that there were about 5.1 million deaths from tuberculosis in 2022 (major health burden in many UPG regions)
08
WHO reports that there were about 1.3 million deaths due to malaria in 2022 (health burden shaping outreach conditions)
09
WHO reports that there were about 1.1 million deaths due to HIV/AIDS in 2022 (ongoing health context for pastoral care)
10
UNAIDS reports that 1.3 million people died from AIDS-related illnesses in 2022 (health context affecting vulnerable groups)
11
UNAIDS reports that 39 million people were living with HIV in 2022 (care needs in unreached settings)
12
UNICEF reports that 2.8 million newborns die in the first month of life each year (newborn health need in many low-access communities)
13
World Bank reports that 10.8% of the world’s population was undernourished in 2021–2023 (FAO/World Bank poverty-health link)
14
World Bank reports that the global extreme poverty rate was about 9.2% in 2022 (poverty affects health and education access)
15
World Bank reports that 30% of the world’s population lacks basic sanitation services (WASH barriers)
16
World Bank reports that 2.0 billion people lack safely managed drinking water services (global WASH deficit)
17
UNICEF reports that about 250 million children are in conflict-affected areas (education disruption context)
18
UNHCR reports that 65% of displaced children are not in school (education barriers for refugee-hosted unreached groups)
19
World Bank reports that global out-of-pocket health spending accounts for 18% of total health spending (affects ability to pay for health-linked programs)
20
WHO reports that 2.9 million people die each year from air pollution (health context affecting community stability)
21
WHO reports that 1.6 million people die each year from household air pollution (fuel/indoor health burden)
22
World Bank reports global school enrollment: primary gross enrollment ratio about 107% (reflecting age-related over/under enrollment)
23
World Bank reports that lower secondary completion rate globally was 76% in 2021 (education attainment context)
24
World Bank reports that global primary completion rate is 89% in 2021 (education baseline)
Interpretation
Health, Education & Wellbeing Interpretation
Across WASH, health, and education, hundreds of millions to billions of people remain excluded from basic services, from 2.0 billion lacking safe drinking water and 30% lacking basic sanitation to 148.1 million out of school children and 5.1 million tuberculosis deaths in 2022, showing how interconnected shortages and preventable illness continue to compound in the most unreached communities.
06 · Category
Cost & Resources16 stats
01
IEA reports that 733 million people lack electricity access in 2022 (affects ability to use radios/TV/online resources)
02
FAO reports that about 735 million people were undernourished in 2022 (food insecurity can drive higher program costs and logistics)
03
OECD reports that official development assistance (ODA) flows were $204.9 billion in 2023 (baseline for humanitarian and outreach funding availability)
04
OECD reports that ODA/GNI ratio averaged 0.37% in 2023 for DAC members (funding shortfall against 0.7% target)
05
UNHCR reports that global humanitarian funding reached about $37.3 billion for refugees in 2023 (resource constraints affecting support services)
06
World Bank reports that average costs of broadband expansion vary, with infrastructure as a major cost driver (context for digital outreach investment)
07
The World Bank reports that global remittance flows were $831 billion in 2022 (economic context for family support in crisis zones)
08
IFRC reports that 2023 disasters generated about $268 billion in economic losses (disaster costs increase field operational expenses)
09
WHO reports that vaccine supply constraints can create delivery gaps; in 2023 there were 25 million children not reached by routine immunization (global immunization gap estimate used in planning)
10
UNICEF reports that routine immunization coverage was 81% globally in 2022 (affecting health program integration costs)
11
WHO estimates that 3.7 million people die annually from lack of clean cookstoves access (program integration costs for household energy interventions)
12
World Bank reports that global fuel prices affect transport costs; diesel price volatility impacts logistics budgets (contextual logistics costs)
13
OECD reports that the “administrative costs” share of aid is typically a small fraction, with totals disclosed in DAC datasets (cost structure context)
14
UNICEF reports that the average cost per child for education in emergencies varies by context, but emergency education funding needs scale in billions (education cost context)
15
World Bank reports that the global average internet tariff for fixed broadband in 2021 was about $20per month in many markets (cost baseline for connectivity programs)
16
UNHCR reports the cost to provide shelter assistance varies but is a key humanitarian line item; shelter costs in many crises can reach hundreds of dollars per person (budget structure context)
Interpretation
Cost & Resources Interpretation
Even with global humanitarian and development funding totaling tens to hundreds of billions, major service gaps remain enormous, such as 733 million people without electricity access and 25 million children not reached by routine immunization in 2023, showing that constraints like infrastructure, logistics, and financing can prevent money from translating into on-the-ground reach.
Reference
Cite This Report
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APA
David Sutherland. (2026, February 13). Unreached People Groups Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/unreached-people-groups-statistics
MLA
David Sutherland. "Unreached People Groups Statistics." Gitnux, 13 Feb 2026, https://gitnux.org/unreached-people-groups-statistics.
Chicago
David Sutherland. 2026. "Unreached People Groups Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/unreached-people-groups-statistics.
Sources & references
70 datasets cited across this report · attribution is report-level
+46 additional datasets cited (not shown individually)