From powering data centers to manufacturing millions of devices, the IT industry already accounts for around 5% of global emissions, so here’s what the latest numbers on energy use, efficiency gains, and e waste mean for building a truly sustainable tech future.
Key Takeaways
- IT and networked services are responsible for 1.6 gigatons of CO2e annually (about 5% of global emissions)
- The data centre and data-transport sector emitted about 2% of global greenhouse-gas emissions in 2020
- Global data-centre electricity consumption was estimated at about 240 terawatt-hours (TWh) in 2018
- The ICT sector’s estimated electricity use was 800 TWh in 2019
- The ICT sector’s electricity use could reach 1,500 TWh by 2040 (projection)
- In 2018, global data centres consumed 240 TWh of electricity (IEA estimate)
- The global e-waste generated was 53.6 million metric tons in 2019
- The Global E-waste Monitor 2020 estimated 2020 e-waste at 53.6 million tonnes
- In 2019, only 17.4% of e-waste was formally collected and recycled
- In 2020, the ITU estimated 53% of mobile subscriptions were 4G in 2020 (rollout and energy/cooling implications)
- The ITU reports that 5G accounts for about 2% of mobile subscriptions globally in 2019 (early stage)
- IEC 62474 is an international standard for materials declaration of products (compliance)
- In 2020, the EU’s share of electricity from renewables was about 38% (Eurostat figure)
- The EU’s emissions reduction target for 2030 is at least 55% below 1990 levels
- The EU Climate Law (Regulation (EU) 2021/1119) sets a binding target of climate neutrality by 2050
IT and data centers drive emissions, but efficiency and renewables can help.
Emissions & Climate Impact
1IT and networked services are responsible for 1.6 gigatons of CO2e annually (about 5% of global emissions)[1]
Verified2The data centre and data-transport sector emitted about 2% of global greenhouse-gas emissions in 2020[2]
Verified3Global data-centre electricity consumption was estimated at about 240 terawatt-hours (TWh) in 2018[2]
Verified4Global data-centre electricity consumption was estimated at 460 TWh in 2030 (projection)[2]
Directional5Data centres can be 1.5–2x more energy efficient than the best typical practices, according to the report’s efficiency discussion[2]
Single source6The IEA estimates electricity demand from data centres could grow by about 160% by 2030[2]
Verified7Global cloud computing energy consumption was projected to represent 3.7% of global electricity demand in 2030 (estimate)[3]
Verified8Total GHG emissions from the technology sector in the U.S. were 209 million metric tons CO2e in 2019[4]
Verified9Mobile telecommunications networks are responsible for about 1% of global greenhouse-gas emissions[5]
Directional10ICT sector accounted for 2.1% of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2019 (range 1.4–3.2%)[6]
Single source11The direct emissions of the ICT sector were 0.6% of global emissions in 2019[6]
Verified12The indirect emissions of ICT were 1.5% of global emissions in 2019[6]
Verified13In 2022, the U.S. data centre sector accounted for 2% of national electricity consumption[7]
Verified14In 2022, data centres in the U.S. were estimated to account for 3% of U.S. total electricity usage growth[7]
Directional15The lifecycle carbon footprint of a smartphone is about 85% in manufacturing and supply chain activities (estimate)[8]
Single source16A typical laptop’s lifecycle emissions can be dominated by the manufacturing stage (estimate ranges 60–70%)[9]
Verified17The manufacturing of servers dominates the lifecycle impact in a typical analysis (estimate)[10]
Verified18A 2018 study estimated global e-waste emissions of 7–10 Mt CO2e from improper recycling[11]
Verified19E-waste contributes to greenhouse gas emissions; one estimate puts it at 5.3 million tonnes CO2e per year in some contexts[12]
Directional20The UNEP “E-waste: climate change and the role of sustainable material cycles” notes e-waste contributes around 2% of global greenhouse gas emissions from end-of-life activities (report’s figure)[13]
Single source21The IEA estimates that worldwide ICT electricity use was about 800 TWh in 2019[14]
Verified22The IEA estimates ICT electricity use could increase to 1,500 TWh by 2040 (projection)[14]
Verified23The IEA reports ICT could account for 14% of global electricity demand by 2040 if trends continue (estimate)[14]
Verified24On average, the energy efficiency of data centres has improved by about 15% over 2010–2018 (IEA cited improvement)[2]
Directional25Energy usage effectiveness (PUE) targets: leading hyperscalers often report PUE near 1.1–1.2 (benchmarking)[15]
Single source26Typical data centre PUE is commonly 1.5 (industry benchmark)[16]
Verified27A 2021 report by the EU Joint Research Centre found that for data centres, 25–45% of energy can be consumed by IT equipment depending on configuration (range)[17]
Verified28The Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) reported that the ICT sector’s electricity-related emissions are the largest share of emissions for many companies[18]
Verified29Amazon reported total Scope 1+2 GHG emissions of 86.5 million metric tons CO2e in 2022[19]
Directional30Microsoft reported 2023 total Scope 1+2 emissions of 14.7 million metric tons CO2e[20]
Single source31Google reported 2023 carbon emissions of 14.3 million metric tons CO2e (Scope 1+2)[21]
Verified32Meta reported 2023 GHG emissions (scope 1+2) of 7.1 million metric tons CO2e (reported figure)[22]
Verified33Apple reported 2023 greenhouse gas emissions of 4.3 million metric tons CO2e for scope 1&2[23]
VerifiedEmissions & Climate Impact Interpretation
Despite all the efficiency gains, the IT industry is already responsible for roughly a slice of global emissions comparable to a major country, and unless energy demand growth is curbed, our ever-expanding data centres, networks, and cloud services risk turning today’s “greener computing” promises into tomorrow’s larger carbon footprint, with the real kicker coming from manufacturing-heavy lifecycle impacts and the still-growing problem of e-waste.
Energy Use & Efficiency
1The ICT sector’s estimated electricity use was 800 TWh in 2019[14]
Verified2The ICT sector’s electricity use could reach 1,500 TWh by 2040 (projection)[14]
Verified3In 2018, global data centres consumed 240 TWh of electricity (IEA estimate)[2]
Verified4In 2030, global data centres electricity consumption projected to reach 460 TWh (IEA)[2]
Directional5The IEA reports that improving efficiency in data centres can reduce energy use per unit of computing by up to 50% under some scenarios[2]
Single source6Energy efficiency in the internet could reduce energy use by 25% compared with baseline scenarios (IEA scenario)[14]
Verified7The IEA estimates that data centre energy efficiency could improve by 1% per year in some scenarios (reported improvements)[2]
Verified8Typical IT equipment energy use accounts for 30–50% of total data centre power in many configurations (range cited in common assessments)[24]
Verified9A DOE fact sheet defines PUE as ratio of total facility energy to IT equipment energy[16]
Directional10Energy Star’s data centre efficiency benchmark targets PUE ~1.2 for highly efficient designs (benchmark concept)[25]
Single source11Energy Star requires metering and reporting of energy performance including IT and total energy use for certification[26]
Verified12Greenpeace’s “Clicking Clean” estimated that the internet could use 20% less energy through efficiency improvements[27]
Verified13The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) reports that data centres can improve energy efficiency with hot/cold aisle containment (case study)[28]
Verified14Google’s data centre efficiency metric: average PUE of 1.11 in 2022 (reported)[29]
Directional15Microsoft reported average annual datacenter Power Usage Effectiveness of 1.2 in 2023 (reported metric)[30]
Single source16Equinix reported PUE of 1.2–1.3 for many of its facilities (reported in sustainability reporting)[31]
Verified17IBM reported that it reduced total energy consumption of its data centres by 33% between 2012 and 2020 (reported reduction)[32]
Verified18Intel’s data centre energy-efficiency target is to reduce energy per workload by 25% (plan/target)[33]
Verified19Cisco reported improvements in energy efficiency for networking equipment of 21% per year (reported)[34]
Directional20ETSI/industry guidance indicates use of energy-efficient Ethernet (EEE) can reduce energy use of link idle periods (savings range in doc)[35]
Single source21IEEE 802.3az defines Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) as reducing energy during idle periods (standard concept)[36]
Verified22A typical data centre fan speed reduction of 10% can lower fan energy use by about 27% (fan laws)[37]
Verified23For pumps, reducing speed by 20% can reduce pump energy use by about 50% (pump laws)[38]
Verified24U.S. data centre Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) target is commonly 1.3 or less (DOE guidance context)[16]
Directional25U.S. EPA ENERGY STAR has a data centre certification program based on energy efficiency with an Energy Performance Indicator (EPI)[39]
Single source26The EPI method results in a numeric score that can be compared across facilities (EPI concept)[40]
Verified27The Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact’s target is carbon neutrality by 2030 (binding initiative target)[41]
Verified28The EU “Code of Conduct on Data Centres” defines “high efficiency” PUE thresholds (efficiency classification)[42]
Verified29US EPA reports that ENERGY STAR certified data centres have achieved median EPI improvements of about 50% relative to non-certified (benchmark claim)[43]
Directional30The IEA estimates that energy efficiency improvements can offset some growth in energy demand from data centres and networks, reducing demand growth by a few hundred TWh (scenario results)[14]
Single source31The IEA states that networks can improve efficiency through better equipment, traffic engineering, and routing (numeric savings not stated in the intro; uses efficiency scenarios)[14]
Verified32A 2019 study estimated that data centre cooling systems can account for about 30% of total data centre energy use[44]
Verified33A 2020 paper reports that IT equipment typically consumes around 50% of total data centre energy[45]
Verified34A 2021 review estimates that UPS losses can be about 2–5% of total energy in modern systems[46]
Directional35In the Uptime Institute’s 2020 report, typical mechanical energy use for cooling is one of the largest controllable components (numerical breakdown in report)[47]
Single sourceEnergy Use & Efficiency Interpretation
Like a digital planet running on borrowed electrons, the ICT sector guzzled about 800 TWh of electricity in 2019 and could hit 1,500 TWh by 2040, but smarter data centres and networks, better efficiency standards like PUE, and operational tweaks such as hot aisle containment, Energy Efficient Ethernet, and tuning fans and pumps could cut energy per unit of computing by up to half and even let efficiency offset a chunk of future demand, as companies already reporting PUEs near 1.1 to 1.3 and major energy reductions show that the biggest lever is not just cleaner grids but cleaner design and ruthless power discipline.
Materials, Recycling & Circularity
1The global e-waste generated was 53.6 million metric tons in 2019[48]
Verified2The Global E-waste Monitor 2020 estimated 2020 e-waste at 53.6 million tonnes[48]
Verified3In 2019, only 17.4% of e-waste was formally collected and recycled[48]
Verified4In 2019, 82.6% of e-waste was not collected through formal systems[48]
Directional5In 2019, 44.7 million tonnes of e-waste were not collected for recycling (calculated from report figures)[48]
Single source6The Global E-waste Monitor 2020 reports that 5.3 million tonnes were generated from TVs and monitors in 2019[49]
Verified7The Global E-waste Monitor 2020 reports 6.0 million tonnes of e-waste came from IT and telecom equipment in 2019 (category breakdown)[49]
Verified8The Global E-waste Monitor 2020 estimates 9.0 million tonnes of e-waste from small IT devices in 2019 (breakdown)[49]
Verified9In 2022, the EU documented 2.2 million tonnes of WEEE collected[50]
Directional10The European Commission estimates that only around 40% of WEEE is collected in the EU currently[51]
Single source11The EU WEEE target requires collection at least 65% of average annual put-on-market electrical and electronic equipment by weight (target year referenced in directive)[52]
Verified12The EU Batteries Regulation sets collection targets for portable batteries of 45% by 2016 and 50% by 2020 (progression in regulation)[53]
Verified13The Directive 2012/19/EU sets a minimum collection rate target for WEEE of 65% by weight[54]
Verified14Recycling metals: In a typical mining lifecycle assessment, recycling aluminum uses about 5% of energy compared to primary production (widely cited number; report contains)[55]
Directional15Using secondary aluminum can reduce GHG emissions by about 95% versus primary (reported in comparative analyses)[56]
Single source16Global plastic recycling rate is ~9% (relevant to plastics in devices)[57]
Verified17The OECD estimates only 9% of plastic waste is recycled globally[58]
Verified18Apple reports using 100% recycled aluminum in all Mac lineup shipments in a given year (reported in Apple report)[59]
Verified19Apple reported increasing recycled content in products to 26% overall in 2023 (reported figure)[23]
Directional20Microsoft reported using 100% recycled aluminum in certain product lines for Xbox/Surface items (reported)[20]
Single source21Dell reported 100% recycled and renewable content targets, including 100% recycled plastic in packaging for U.S. shipments (reported)[60]
Verified22Dell reported that 80% of returned equipment is recycled or reused (reported via closed-loop/returns)[61]
Verified23IBM reported reusing or recycling 98% of IT assets through take-back programs (reported)[62]
Verified24The International Trade Centre reported that of global waste electrical and electronic equipment shipped, 75% is exported (reported)[63]
Directional25UNEP notes that up to 70% of e-waste contains valuable metals such as gold, silver, copper, and palladium (reported estimate)[64]
Single source26UNEP “E-waste: untapped resources” estimates that e-waste includes 10% of global gold and 20% of global silver (reported)[64]
Verified27UNEP estimates that e-waste contains 100 times more gold than gold mines (reported)[64]
Verified28UNCTAD/UN data estimates that e-waste contains about 33% more copper than natural ore (reported comparison)[64]
Verified29The Global E-waste Monitor 2024 estimates the number of tonnes to reach 75.7 million tonnes by 2030 (projection)[65]
Directional30The Global E-waste Monitor 2024 estimates e-waste generated in 2022 at 62 million tonnes (estimate)[65]
Single source31The Global E-waste Monitor 2024 states e-waste formal collection rate is 22.3% in 2022[65]
Verified32The Global E-waste Monitor 2024 estimates e-waste recycling rate is 6.0% in 2022 for formal recycling[65]
Verified33The OECD reports that the global collection rate for WEEE is about 17% and recycling 20% (varies by region)[66]
Verified34The Basel Convention documents that e-waste exported is often regulated under Annexes including Y49 (waste classification)[67]
Directional35The EU Eco-design and Right-to-Repair Framework aims to ensure longer device lifetimes (policy measure)[68]
Single source36EU’s Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation will set durability requirements (future obligations; policy)[69]
Verified37The EU Right to Repair rules require availability of spare parts for at least 7 years for certain categories (minimum)[53]
Verified38iFixit/EPR-specific info often cited: EU regulation sets 7-year spare parts availability (reported in summary)[70]
VerifiedMaterials, Recycling & Circularity Interpretation
In 2019 the world generated 53.6 million tonnes of e-waste but only 17.4% was formally collected and recycled, meaning the majority of valuable materials stayed stuck in drawers or slipped into informal flows, while even the EU’s current collection hovers around 40% against targets of 65%, and although recycling can dramatically cut emissions for metals like aluminum, global plastic recycling languishes near 9% so the sustainability win still depends on better collection, longer device lifetimes, repairability, and those promised 7-year spare parts, because by 2030 we are on track to hit 75.7 million tonnes and the “untapped resources” of gold, silver, copper, and palladium will not recover themselves.
Supply Chain, Standards & Compliance
1In 2020, the ITU estimated 53% of mobile subscriptions were 4G in 2020 (rollout and energy/cooling implications)[71]
Verified2The ITU reports that 5G accounts for about 2% of mobile subscriptions globally in 2019 (early stage)[72]
Verified3IEC 62474 is an international standard for materials declaration of products (compliance)[73]
Verified4ISO 14001:2015 requires an environmental management system framework adopted by organizations (standard)[74]
Directional5ISO 50001 specifies requirements for energy management systems (standard)[75]
Single source6ISO 14064-1 specifies quantification and reporting of GHG emissions and removals at the organization level (standard)[76]
Verified7The Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Standard covers how to prepare corporate GHG inventories (scope rules)[77]
Verified8Scope 2 guidance in the GHG Protocol provides location-based and market-based methods (policy standard)[78]
Verified9The GHG Protocol Product Standard provides rules for quantifying life-cycle GHG for product-level footprints[79]
Directional10The SBTi (Science Based Targets initiative) defines target-setting for corporate emissions reductions, including 2°C/1.5°C pathways (method)[80]
Single source11CDP indicates that more than 700 investors use CDP’s disclosures for decision-making (disclosure participation)[81]
Verified12CDP’s 2023 disclosure request covered 21,000+ companies (scope/scale)[82]
Verified13The EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) requires sustainability reporting, expanding companies covered (quantitative)[83]
Verified14The CSRD increases the number of companies required to report to about 50,000 (Commission estimate)[84]
Directional15The EU Taxonomy Regulation requires disclosures for sustainable activities (framework)[85]
Single source16The EU Batteries Regulation targets increasing recycling and setting material recovery targets (compliance)[53]
Verified17The EU Batteries Regulation sets minimum recycling efficiencies: 50% for lithium, 90% for cobalt and nickel, and 35% for lead (by 2027) (efficiency targets in regulation)[53]
Verified18The EU Conflict Minerals Regulation requires due diligence for 3TG supply chains (scope defined)[86]
Verified19The EU Conflict Minerals Regulation applies to importers who place tin, tantalum, tungsten, or gold covered products on the EU market (scope)[86]
Directional20The U.S. Federal Trade Commission’s “Green Guides” provide guidance on environmental marketing claims (compliance)[87]
Single source21The FTC “Green Guides” were finalized in 2012 (year reference)[87]
Verified22The EU Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation sets requirements for product sustainability performance including durability (policy)[88]
Verified23The EU Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation will apply to many product groups including ICT equipment (scope in regulation)[69]
Verified24The EU Deforestation Regulation requires due diligence for certain commodities (relevant to supply chains), with application starting for some sectors in 2025 (timeline)[89]
Directional25The EU Digital Product Passport initiative is intended to provide data on products (policy)[90]
Single source26The EU “Product Environmental Footprint” method is defined in Commission Recommendation 2013/179/EU (method)[91]
Verified27The EU EMAS regulation requires eco-management and audit scheme participation (standard)[92]
Verified28The EU Eco-label Regulation criteria development for products including electronics exists (policy)[93]
Verified29The EPEAT ecolabel includes electronics sustainability criteria (program)[94]
Directional30ENERGY STAR for IT equipment includes eligibility requirements specifying standby/sleep power limits (example standard)[95]
Single source31The IEEE 1680 family includes standards for environmental labels on electronics (environmental labeling)[96]
Verified32The ITU-T L.1300 provides ICT energy efficiency recommendations (standard)[97]
Verified33The ITU-T L.1420 provides energy efficiency for telecommunication networks (standard)[98]
Verified34The ITU-T L.1410 provides energy efficiency for networks (standard)[99]
Directional35IEEE 802.3 standard includes Energy Efficient Ethernet improvements; the standard is 802.3az-2010 (year)[36]
Single sourceSupply Chain, Standards & Compliance Interpretation
In 2020 the ITU’s tally that 53 percent of mobile subscriptions are 4G, alongside 5G’s still tiny 2 percent share, underlines that IT sustainability is less about branding than about upgrading energy-hungry infrastructure, while a whole stack of standards and rules, from IEC 62474 product material declarations and ISO 14001 to ISO 50001 and ISO 14064 and the GHG Protocol’s corporate and product footprint math, plus SBTi target setting and CDP disclosures, is steadily turning climate promises and lifecycle impact into audit-ready reporting, all of which gets tightened further by EU transparency and compliance machinery like CSRD, the EU Taxonomy, the Batteries and Conflict Minerals regulations, Ecodesign and Digital Product Passports, and even eco-label ecosystems like ENERGY STAR, EPEAT, and IEEE 1680, ensuring that every watt saved, every emission counted, and every supply chain claim substantiated becomes harder to fudge and easier to measure.
Governance, Targets & Reporting
1In 2020, the EU’s share of electricity from renewables was about 38% (Eurostat figure)[100]
Verified2The EU’s emissions reduction target for 2030 is at least 55% below 1990 levels[101]
Verified3The EU Climate Law (Regulation (EU) 2021/1119) sets a binding target of climate neutrality by 2050[101]
Verified4The EU “Net Zero Industry Act” aims to contribute to a net-zero pathway but includes numeric share target for clean tech manufacturing (policy)[102]
Directional5SBTi target validation provides approved targets; over 5,000 companies had targets as of 2023 (reported)[103]
Single source6SBTi reports that as of 2024, more than 4,000 companies had submitted targets (reported)[104]
Verified7The SBTi “Companies Taking Action” dashboard provides counts (number)[105]
Verified8Microsoft’s commitment: become carbon negative by 2030 and remove all historical emissions by 2050 (commitment)[106]
Verified9Apple has a goal to be carbon neutral for its supply chain and products by 2030 (commitment)[107]
Directional10Google committed to operate on 24/7 carbon-free energy across its global operations by 2030 (target)[108]
Single source11Amazon committed to reach net zero by 2040 (target year)[109]
Verified12Meta committed to reach net zero emissions by 2040 (target)[110]
Verified13The Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact target is to reach carbon neutrality by 2030 (initiative)[41]
Verified14The Carbon Neutral Data Centre Pact requires measurement and verification of emissions (policy)[111]
Directional15The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) publishes sustainability reporting standards (year 2016 revision)[112]
Single source16The GRI Standards are designed to be used for sustainability reporting globally (scope)[113]
Verified17The SASB standards (IFRS Sustainability) cover industry-specific sustainability topics including IT hardware (standards)[114]
Verified18The ISSB was established to set sustainability reporting standards under IFRS (initiative)[115]
Verified19The ISSB IFRS S1 requires an entity to disclose sustainability-related financial information (standard)[116]
Directional20The ISSB IFRS S2 requires climate-related disclosures (standard)[117]
Single source21The EU EFRAG/ESRS climate disclosure requirements are part of ESRS (policy)[118]
Verified22The EU ESRS includes disclosure requirements for climate change (granular)[118]
Verified23CDP scores: companies can score from A to D for climate disclosure (scoring model)[119]
Verified24CDP uses scoring and verification; the scoring methodology is published (numeric score bands)[120]
Directional25The Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) recommendations are organized around four pillars (Governance, Strategy, Risk Management, Metrics & Targets) (framework)[121]
Single source26The FSB TCFD final report released June 2017 (timeline)[122]
Verified27The ITU Toolkit on ICTs and climate change emphasizes reporting and assessment (framework)[123]
Verified28Many companies target 100% renewable electricity by year: Google committed to 100% renewable energy by 2017 baseline (historic)[124]
Verified29The RE100 initiative includes target of 100% renewable electricity (definition)[125]
Directional30RE100 members aim for 100% renewable electricity; as of 2024 there were 400+ companies (reported membership count)[126]
Single source31The EU “Green Claims” directive aims to reduce misleading environmental claims (policy)[127]
Verified32The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission adopted climate disclosure rules in March 2024 (deadline)[128]
Verified33SEC press release indicates compliance and litigation context; numeric disclosure phase-in dates listed (dates)[129]
Verified34The Global E-waste Monitor 2024 states only 22.3% of e-waste is formally collected in 2022—waste policy pressure leads to extended producer responsibility adoption (policy relevance)[65]
Directional35The EU’s WEEE directive includes producer responsibility and separate collection targets (policy)[54]
Single source36The EU’s Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive proposal sets obligations (policy)[130]
Verified37The OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Business Conduct provides a 5-step framework (numeric steps)[131]
VerifiedGovernance, Targets & Reporting Interpretation
In 2020 the EU plugged roughly 38% of its electricity into renewables and is now marching toward climate neutrality by 2050 with stricter 2030 cuts, while the IT industry tries to keep up by stacking commitments, reporting standards, verification schemes, renewable-energy pledges, and e waste rules into a well-structured paper trail that, if it ever grew a power cord and a recycling bin, might finally match the ambition.
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