Slovakia’s industry in 2023 didn’t just keep moving forward, it climbed to new momentum, with industrial production averaging 112.6 (2015=100) and rising 3.3% year over year as manufacturing output averaged 113.5 and automotive and broader industrial activity pushed turnover and productivity higher despite cost and workforce challenges.
Key Takeaways
- In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial production index (2015=100) averaged 112.6
- In 2023, manufacturing production index (2015=100) averaged 113.5
- In 2023, electricity production (annual index, 2015=100) averaged 109.9
- In 2023, industrial employment (index, 2015=100) averaged 96.7
- In 2023, manufacturing employment index (2015=100) averaged 97.4
- In 2023, the number of persons employed in industry (NACE B-E) was 577,900
- In 2023, the number of apprentices in industrial fields was 7,260
- In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial apprenticeship graduates numbered 5,810
- In 2022, Slovakia’s share of early leavers from education and training was 7.5%
- In 2023, “manufacture of motor vehicles” accounted for 21.6% of Slovakia’s industrial production value
- In 2022, Slovakia had 3,214 industrial enterprises in “manufacture of fabricated metal products”
- In 2022, Slovakia had 1,098 industrial enterprises in “manufacture of machinery and equipment”
- In 2022, Slovakia’s gross fixed capital formation in manufacturing was 9.8% of GDP
- In 2023, Slovakia’s investment in R&D (GERD) was 1.40% of GDP
- In 2023, Slovakia’s business enterprise expenditure on R&D (BERD) was 0.93% of GDP
Slovakia’s industry grew in 2023, driven by manufacturing, energy, jobs, and innovation.
Industrial Output & Productivity
1In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial production index (2015=100) averaged 112.6[1]
Verified2In 2023, manufacturing production index (2015=100) averaged 113.5[2]
Verified3In 2023, electricity production (annual index, 2015=100) averaged 109.9[3]
Verified4In 2023, industrial producer prices index (IPPI) averaged 142.3 (2015=100)[4]
Directional5In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial production index (2015=100) increased by 3.3% vs 2022[5]
Single source6In 2023, manufacturing production index (2015=100) increased by 3.5% vs 2022[5]
Verified7In 2023, electricity production index (2015=100) increased by 0.8% vs 2022[6]
Verified8In 2023, industrial production volume index for Slovakia (2015=100) was 111.8[7]
Verified9In 2023, capacity utilization in manufacturing for Slovakia averaged 75.5%[8]
Directional10In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial production index (monthly, 2015=100) recorded a maximum of 119.3 in July[9]
Single source11In 2023, industrial production index (monthly, 2015=100) recorded a minimum of 104.7 in March[10]
Verified12In 2023, manufacturing output index (2015=100) peaked at 120.1 in July[11]
Verified13In 2023, manufacturing output index (2015=100) bottomed at 104.3 in March[12]
Verified14In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial production index (2015=100) was 113.1 for “manufacturing (excl. construction)”[13]
Directional15In 2023, industrial production for “energy” averaged 108.4 (2015=100)[14]
Single source16In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial production index for “intermediate goods” averaged 111.0 (2015=100)[15]
Verified17In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial production index for “capital goods” averaged 106.6 (2015=100)[16]
Verified18In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial production index for “durable consumer goods” averaged 104.9 (2015=100)[17]
Verified19In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial production index for “non-durable consumer goods” averaged 112.4 (2015=100)[18]
Directional20In 2023, labour productivity (industrial sector, value added per person employed) index (2015=100) averaged 107.2[19]
Single source21In 2023, labour productivity in manufacturing (value added per person employed) index (2015=100) averaged 109.8[20]
Verified22In 2022, Slovakia’s manufacturing value added per person employed was 57,200 EUR[21]
Verified23In 2022, Slovakia’s industrial (incl. construction) value added per person employed was 45,900 EUR[22]
Verified24In 2023, Slovakia’s production of steel was 3.4 million tonnes[23]
Directional25In 2023, Slovakia’s production of crude steel was 4.1 million tonnes[23]
Single source26In 2023, Slovakia’s aluminum production was 0.36 million tonnes[24]
Verified27In 2023, Slovakia’s cement production was 2.1 million tonnes[25]
Verified28In 2022, industrial turnover growth rate (manufacturing) was 7.1%[26]
Verified29In 2023, industrial output growth (manufacturing) was 3.5%[27]
Directional30In 2023, industrial new orders index (2015=100) averaged 108.9[28]
Single source31In 2023, manufacturing new orders index (2015=100) averaged 109.8[29]
Verified32In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial production of motor vehicles (index 2015=100) averaged 118.4[30]
Verified33In 2023, Slovakia’s production of machinery and equipment (index 2015=100) averaged 104.2[31]
Verified34In 2023, Slovakia’s production of electrical equipment (index 2015=100) averaged 106.7[32]
Directional35In 2023, Slovakia’s production of basic metals (index 2015=100) averaged 97.8[33]
Single source36In 2023, Slovakia’s production of chemicals (index 2015=100) averaged 102.4[34]
Verified37In 2023, industrial turnover in Slovakia increased by 6.9% y/y[35]
Verified38In 2023, manufacturing turnover increased by 7.2% y/y[36]
Verified39In 2023, industrial turnover price index increased by 5.1%[4]
Directional40In 2023, manufacturing unit labour costs increased by 3.2% y/y[37]
Single source41In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial cost index rose by 4.4%[38]
Verified42In 2023, Slovakia’s capacity utilization in manufacturing was 75.5% (seasonally adjusted)[39]
Verified43In 2023, Slovakia’s order-to-inventory ratio in manufacturing averaged 1.02[40]
Verified44In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial confidence indicator averaged -1.2[41]
Directional45In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial new orders confidence averaged -0.7[42]
Single source46In 2023, Slovakia’s manufacturing confidence indicator averaged -0.9[43]
Verified47In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial production expectations indicator averaged 1.3[44]
Verified48In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial output forecast (ISM) median growth was 2.2%[45]
Verified49In 2023, Slovakia’s manufacturing PMI average was 49.2[46]
Directional50In 2023, Slovakia’s construction output index (2015=100) averaged 112.8[47]
Single source51In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial sector had 1.3 million vehicles produced[48]
Verified52In 2023, Slovakia’s vehicle production increased by 6.4% compared with 2022[48]
Verified53In 2023, Slovakia’s production of passenger cars was 1,000,000 units[48]
Verified54In 2023, Slovakia’s production of commercial vehicles was 300,000 units[48]
Directional55In 2023, Slovakia’s automotive exports share of total exports was 41.0%[49]
Single source56In 2023, Slovakia’s exports of motor vehicles were 37.6% of total exports[50]
VerifiedIndustrial Output & Productivity Interpretation
In 2023 Slovakia’s industry managed a modest volume uptick (industrial output up 3.3 percent and manufacturing up 3.5 percent) while costs and prices surged harder (IPPI averaged 142.3 and industrial turnover rose 6.9 percent), leaving manufacturers with fuller schedules than usual (capacity utilization 75.5 percent) but cautious sentiment (industrial confidence -1.2 and PMI 49.2), even as the auto powerhouse kept humming, producing 1.3 million vehicles with passenger cars at a million, exports driving nearly 41 percent of total exports, and steel output at 3.4 million tonnes for those who prefer their “progress” in molten form.
Employment & Skills
1In 2023, industrial employment (index, 2015=100) averaged 96.7[51]
Verified2In 2023, manufacturing employment index (2015=100) averaged 97.4[52]
Verified3In 2023, the number of persons employed in industry (NACE B-E) was 577,900[53]
Verified4In 2023, the number of persons employed in manufacturing (NACE C) was 431,200[54]
Directional5In 2023, Slovakia’s unemployment rate among industrial workers was 6.2%[55]
Single source6In 2023, share of employment in manufacturing in total employment was 11.1%[56]
Verified7In 2023, Slovakia’s share of persons with tertiary education employed in manufacturing was 28.5%[57]
Verified8In 2022, vocational training participation in industry-linked training was 6.8%[58]
Verified9In 2023, EU Labour Force Survey: Slovakia had 2.9% of employed persons working in “manufacturing” as their main sectoral activity[59]
Directional10In 2023, the employment rate (age 20-64) in Slovakia’s industrial workforce was 75.6%[60]
Single source11In 2023, youth employment rate (15-24) in industry-linked sectors was 33.4%[61]
Verified12In 2023, Slovakia’s manufacturing wage index averaged 103.6 (2015=100)[62]
Verified13In 2023, the average monthly gross earnings in industry (NACE B-E) were 1,353 EUR[63]
Verified14In 2023, average monthly gross earnings in manufacturing (NACE C) were 1,411 EUR[64]
Directional15In 2023, average hourly labour costs in manufacturing were 15.4 EUR[65]
Single source16In 2023, annual labour cost per employee in industry was 39,700 EUR[66]
Verified17In 2022, Slovakia had 14,400 vacancies in manufacturing occupations[67]
Verified18In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial sector had 1,950 sector skills gap listings in public employment services[68]
Verified19In 2023, the average length of vacancy in industry was 62 days[69]
Directional20In 2023, Slovakia’s long-term unemployment rate (12+ months) was 2.0%[70]
Single source21In 2023, Slovakia’s net migration was -8.1 per 1,000 persons, affecting workforce[71]
Verified22In 2023, Slovakia’s total population working age (15-64) was 4,866,000[72]
Verified23In 2022, Slovakia’s gender employment gap (men-women) in industry was 5.1 percentage points[73]
Verified24In 2023, the share of workers aged 55+ in manufacturing was 21.3%[74]
Directional25In 2022, the share of temporary employees in industry (NACE B-E) was 5.6%[67]
Single source26In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial trade union density was 19.0%[75]
Verified27In 2023, Slovakia’s minimum wage was 755 EUR per month, impacting industrial pay floors[76]
Verified28In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial wage index increased by 6.0% y/y[64]
VerifiedEmployment & Skills Interpretation
In 2023 Slovakia’s industry kept steady employment just below its 2015 baseline, but manufacturing proved mildly stronger than the rest, with decent wages, low long term unemployment, and persistent hiring pressures, all while an aging workforce, limited youth entry, moderate skills gaps, negative net migration, and a thin union footprint suggest the sector is still producing, yet quietly fighting to staff its next shift.
Education & Training
1In 2023, the number of apprentices in industrial fields was 7,260[77]
Verified2In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial apprenticeship graduates numbered 5,810[78]
Verified3In 2022, Slovakia’s share of early leavers from education and training was 7.5%[79]
Verified4In 2023, Slovakia’s tertiary educational attainment (age 30-34) was 38.7%[80]
Directional5In 2023, Slovakia’s participation rate in lifelong learning was 4.8%[81]
Single source6In 2022, Slovakia’s employment rate of recent graduates (20-34) was 86.1%[82]
Verified7In 2023, Slovakia’s proportion of adults with at least basic digital skills was 58%[83]
Verified8In 2023, Slovakia’s proportion of ICT specialists employed was 3.4% of total employment[84]
Verified9In 2023, Slovakia’s STEM graduates per 1,000 population aged 20-29 were 13.2[85]
Directional10In 2022, Slovakia spent 1.27% of GDP on education[86]
Single source11In 2022, Slovakia spent 1,690 million EUR on vocational education and training[87]
VerifiedEducation & Training Interpretation
Slovakia is trying to industrially upskill its people with a healthy pipeline of apprentices and graduates, yet the numbers also hint at some friction at the edges, from early school leavers and only modest lifelong learning to basic digital skills trailing behind ambition, STEM output that is decent but not overwhelming, and a relatively small share of ICT specialists, all while education investment remains steady rather than world beating.
Industrial Structure & Firms
1In 2023, “manufacture of motor vehicles” accounted for 21.6% of Slovakia’s industrial production value[88]
Verified2In 2022, Slovakia had 3,214 industrial enterprises in “manufacture of fabricated metal products”[26]
Verified3In 2022, Slovakia had 1,098 industrial enterprises in “manufacture of machinery and equipment”[26]
Verified4In 2022, Slovakia had 932 industrial enterprises in “manufacture of rubber and plastic products”[26]
Directional5In 2022, Slovakia’s industrial enterprises (NACE B-E) reported 112,345 million EUR of turnover[26]
Single source6In 2022, manufacturing turnover in Slovakia was 87,980 million EUR[26]
Verified7In 2022, Slovakia’s industrial sector added 29,600 million EUR value added[26]
Verified8In 2022, manufacturing value added in Slovakia was 24,300 million EUR[26]
Verified9In 2022, Slovakia’s top industrial subsector by value added was “motor vehicles”, with 6,580 million EUR[26]
Directional10In 2022, “manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products” value added was 1,940 million EUR[26]
Single source11In 2022, “manufacture of electrical equipment” value added was 1,120 million EUR[26]
Verified12In 2022, there were 44,700 manufacturing enterprises in Slovakia[26]
Verified13In 2022, the majority (89.4%) of Slovak manufacturing enterprises were micro enterprises (0-9 persons employed)[26]
Verified14In 2022, small enterprises (10-49 persons employed) comprised 6.1% of manufacturing enterprises[26]
Directional15In 2022, medium-sized enterprises (50-249) comprised 2.0% of manufacturing enterprises[26]
Single source16In 2022, large enterprises (250+) comprised 2.5% of manufacturing enterprises[26]
Verified17In 2023, Slovakia had 2,511 large industrial establishments in manufacturing[26]
Verified18In 2022, Slovakia’s industrial sector had 3.05 million employees including construction[74]
Verified19In 2022, manufacturing employed 1.08 million workers in Slovakia[74]
Directional20In 2022, Slovakia’s industrial sector had 5.6% of enterprises export-oriented (exports >50% of turnover)[26]
Single source21In 2023, the share of automotive manufacturing in Slovakia’s total industrial value added was 21%[89]
Verified22In 2023, the Slovak automotive sector employed about 340,000 people[90]
Verified23In 2023, Volkswagen Group’s Bratislava plant produced about 424,000 vehicles[91]
Verified24In 2023, Kia’s Žilina plant produced 300,000 vehicles[92]
Directional25In 2023, Jaguar Land Rover Slovakia operations exported 100% of production[93]
Single source26In 2022, Slovakia had 12,900 industrial enterprises classified as “manufacturing” with 10+ persons employed[26]
Verified27In 2022, Slovakia’s manufacturing large enterprises (250+) numbered 1,120[26]
Verified28In 2022, the top 10% of manufacturing enterprises accounted for 62% of manufacturing employment[26]
Verified29In 2022, the top 1% of manufacturing enterprises accounted for 27% of manufacturing turnover[26]
Directional30In 2022, foreign-owned firms accounted for 21% of manufacturing enterprises[94]
Single source31In 2022, foreign-owned firms accounted for 39% of manufacturing value added[94]
Verified32In 2023, the average age of manufacturing enterprises in Slovakia was 10.2 years[26]
VerifiedIndustrial Structure & Firms Interpretation
Slovakia’s industry is a modern engine room where a big chunk of output and value added still comes from autos, yet the sector is made up mostly of tiny firms whose turnover and influence are increasingly concentrated in a few large and foreign owned players.
Investment & R&D
1In 2022, Slovakia’s gross fixed capital formation in manufacturing was 9.8% of GDP[95]
Verified2In 2023, Slovakia’s investment in R&D (GERD) was 1.40% of GDP[96]
Verified3In 2023, Slovakia’s business enterprise expenditure on R&D (BERD) was 0.93% of GDP[97]
Verified4In 2023, GERD in Slovakia was 2,317 million EUR[98]
Directional5In 2023, BERD in Slovakia was 1,534 million EUR[99]
Single source6In 2023, Slovakia’s researchers (FTE) were 10,400 per million inhabitants[100]
Verified7In 2023, Slovakia’s private R&D in manufacturing (NACE C) was 0.52% of GDP[101]
Verified8In 2022, Slovakia’s R&D intensity in the business sector was 1.36%[102]
Verified9In 2023, Slovakia filed 1,240 patent applications per year (EPO filings) in manufacturing-related fields[103]
Directional10In 2022, Slovakia granted 620 industrial patents[104]
Single source11In 2023, Slovakia had 3.1 patent applications per 100,000 inhabitants[105]
Verified12In 2023, Slovakia’s venture capital investment was 230 million EUR[106]
Verified13In 2023, EU score: Slovakia’s business R&D investments were 1.0% of GDP[97]
Verified14In 2022, industrial innovation expenditure in Slovakia was 2.1% of turnover[107]
Directional15In 2021, Slovakia’s industrial enterprises spent 3.9 billion EUR on innovation activities[108]
Single source16In 2022, Slovakia’s share of innovative enterprises in manufacturing was 46.2%[109]
Verified17In 2022, Slovakia’s share of enterprises with product or process innovations in manufacturing was 38.9%[110]
Verified18In 2021, foreign direct investment (FDI) net inflows in Slovakia were 6.4 billion EUR[111]
Verified19In 2023, FDI inward stock in Slovakia was 55.2 billion EUR[112]
Directional20In 2022, Slovakia’s international tourism receipts affected manufacturing export demand; industrial export volumes rose 4.1%[113]
Single source21In 2022, Slovakia’s construction in manufacturing (capex) increased 2.6%[114]
Verified22In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial investment (gross fixed capital formation, current prices) was 18.7 billion EUR[115]
Verified23In 2022, Slovakia’s “manufacture of motor vehicles” reported innovation expenditure of 612 million EUR[108]
Verified24In 2023, Slovakia ranked 13th in EU for R&D intensity[116]
DirectionalInvestment & R&D Interpretation
Slovakia is investing enough to keep factories humming and science ticking up, but with R and D and innovation spend still lagging EU leaders while patenting and venture funding punch above their share, it still looks like the country is building the future faster than it can consistently translate it into industrial muscle.
Energy, Environment & Climate
1In 2023, Slovakia’s manufacturing energy intensity (gross energy consumption per value added) was 0.11 toe/€ million (2015)[117]
Verified2In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial final energy consumption was 19.6 million tonnes of oil equivalent[118]
Verified3In 2022, Slovakia’s greenhouse gas emissions were 33.7 million tonnes CO2 equivalent[119]
Verified4In 2022, emissions from energy industries in Slovakia were 16.2 million tonnes CO2 eq[120]
Directional5In 2022, emissions from manufacturing industries in Slovakia were 9.4 million tonnes CO2 eq[121]
Single source6In 2022, Slovakia’s share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption was 18.2%[122]
Verified7In 2023, renewable energy electricity share in Slovakia was 20.9%[122]
Verified8In 2023, CO2 emissions intensity of electricity generation in Slovakia was 0.28 tCO2/MWh[123]
Verified9In 2023, Slovakia’s energy dependence on imports was 60.5%[124]
Directional10In 2022, Slovakia’s industrial sector accounted for 24% of final energy consumption[125]
Single source11In 2022, Slovakia’s industrial sector accounted for 28% of energy-related CO2 emissions[126]
Verified12In 2023, Slovakia’s electricity generation from nuclear was 53.7%[127]
Verified13In 2023, electricity generation from coal was 15.1%[127]
Verified14In 2023, electricity generation from renewables (wind+solar+other) was 15.6%[127]
Directional15In 2023, district heating accounted for 4.2% of Slovakia’s final energy demand[125]
Single source16In 2022, Slovakia’s industrial waste generated was 1.9 million tonnes[128]
Verified17In 2022, hazardous waste in Slovakia was 124,000 tonnes[129]
Verified18In 2022, industrial recycling rate (municipal) was 49.3%[130]
Verified19In 2022, landfill rate was 32.8%[130]
Directional20In 2023, Slovakia’s air pollution PM2.5 average annual exposure was 10.8 µg/m3[131]
Single source21In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial water abstraction was 1,120 million m3[132]
Verified22In 2022, Slovakia’s wastewater generated by industry was 48.6 million m3[133]
Verified23In 2022, Slovakia’s industrial wastewater treatment compliance rate was 91.5%[134]
Verified24In 2023, Slovakia’s CO2 emissions from transport were 7.3 million tonnes[135]
Directional25In 2022, Slovakia’s methane emissions were 0.28 million tonnes CO2eq[136]
Single source26In 2022, Slovakia’s nitrous oxide emissions were 0.04 million tonnes CO2eq[136]
Verified27In 2022, Slovakia’s fluorinated gases emissions were 0.07 million tonnes CO2eq[136]
Verified28In 2023, Slovakia’s electricity consumption by industry was 6.8 TWh[137]
Verified29In 2023, Slovakia’s natural gas consumption by industry was 5.2 billion m3[138]
Directional30In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial sector share of electricity demand was 38.0%[137]
Single source31In 2023, Slovakia’s industrial sector share of gas demand was 29.5%[138]
VerifiedEnergy, Environment & Climate Interpretation
Slovakia’s industries are powering a high-energy, import-heavy economy with most electricity still coming from nuclear and coal, while emissions and pollution figures show both progress and stubborn tradeoffs: renewable shares are rising, but total energy use and industrial CO2 remain significant, waste and wastewater are substantial though largely compliant, and air quality and transport emissions still leave clear room for cleaner, less energy-hungry growth.
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