GITNUXREPORT 2026

Robotics Statistics

The robotics market is growing rapidly as robots now handle diverse tasks across every industry.

Sarah Mitchell

Sarah Mitchell

Senior Researcher specializing in consumer behavior and market trends.

First published: Feb 13, 2026

Our Commitment to Accuracy

Rigorous fact-checking · Reputable sources · Regular updatesLearn more

Key Statistics

Statistic 1

In 2022, the global industrial robotics market was valued at $16.1 billion, with a projected CAGR of 12.5% from 2023 to 2030

Statistic 2

The robotics market size is expected to grow from $45.85 billion in 2022 to $168.07 billion by 2030 at a CAGR of 17.45%

Statistic 3

North America held 38% of the global robotics market share in 2022, driven by automation in automotive and electronics sectors

Statistic 4

Asia-Pacific robotics market revenue reached $12.4 billion in 2023, accounting for 45% of global installations

Statistic 5

Service robotics market projected to reach $64.35 billion by 2025, growing at 20.5% CAGR from 2019 levels

Statistic 6

Global robot density in manufacturing reached 141 robots per 10,000 employees in 2022, up 8% from previous year

Statistic 7

China installed 290,258 industrial robots in 2022, representing 52% of global total installations

Statistic 8

The collaborative robot (cobot) market is forecasted to grow from $1.1 billion in 2022 to $14.2 billion by 2030 at 38% CAGR

Statistic 9

Healthcare robotics market valued at $13.19 billion in 2023, expected to reach $52.01 billion by 2032 at 16.5% CAGR

Statistic 10

Agricultural robotics market size was $13.5 billion in 2022, projected to hit $51.5 billion by 2029 at 21.5% CAGR

Statistic 11

Logistics robotics market estimated at $10.8 billion in 2023, growing to $25.4 billion by 2028 at 18.6% CAGR

Statistic 12

Humanoid robot market projected from $1.55 billion in 2023 to $38 billion by 2035 at 28% CAGR

Statistic 13

Swarm robotics market valued at $1.2 billion in 2022, expected to reach $4.5 billion by 2030 at 17.9% CAGR

Statistic 14

Micro-robotics market size reached $2.3 billion in 2023, forecasted to $8.1 billion by 2032 at 14.8% CAGR

Statistic 15

Soft robotics market valued at $1.8 billion in 2022, projected to $7.3 billion by 2030 at 18.9% CAGR

Statistic 16

Robot-as-a-Service (RaaS) market estimated at $0.78 billion in 2023, growing to $5.5 billion by 2030 at 32.1% CAGR

Statistic 17

Exoskeleton robotics market size was $0.42 billion in 2022, expected to reach $2.31 billion by 2030 at 23.9% CAGR

Statistic 18

Drone robotics market projected from $22.5 billion in 2023 to $95.4 billion by 2032 at 17.7% CAGR

Statistic 19

Underwater robotics market valued at $3.2 billion in 2022, forecasted to $7.9 billion by 2030 at 12.1% CAGR

Statistic 20

Cleaning robotics market reached $5.1 billion in 2023, expected to hit $18.2 billion by 2030 at 20% CAGR

Statistic 21

In 2023, ABB's robotics revenue grew 14% to $3.4 billion, driven by new orders in electronics sector

Statistic 22

Fanuc shipped 92,000 robots in fiscal 2023, achieving 15% year-over-year growth globally

Statistic 23

Yaskawa Electric's robotics segment revenue hit ¥200 billion in FY2023, up 18% from prior year

Statistic 24

KUKA Group's order intake for robotics rose 22% to €3.5 billion in 2023

Statistic 25

Universal Robots sold over 20,000 cobots in 2023, marking 25% growth worldwide

Statistic 26

Teradyne's Collaborative Robotics revenue increased 50% to $150 million in 2023

Statistic 27

Global R&D spending on robotics exceeded $15 billion in 2022, led by US and China investments

Statistic 28

Venture capital funding for robotics startups reached $2.8 billion in 2023, up 12% YoY

Statistic 29

ROI for industrial robots averages 20-30% within first year of deployment, per IFR study

Statistic 30

Cost of industrial robots dropped 50% since 2010, now averaging $40,000 per unit

Statistic 31

Automotive industry installed 126,000 robots in 2022, 23% of global total

Statistic 32

Electronics sector accounted for 32% of robot installations in 2023, focusing on SMT assembly

Statistic 33

Metal & machinery used 14% of industrial robots in 2022 for welding and machining

Statistic 34

Food & beverage robotics deployments grew 15% in 2023 for packaging lines

Statistic 35

Plastics & chemicals sector saw 10% robot growth in 2023 for injection molding handling

Statistic 36

In automotive welding, robots perform 95% of spot welds with 0.5mm accuracy

Statistic 37

Warehouse fulfillment centers deployed 500,000+ AMRs by 2023, boosting throughput 30%

Statistic 38

Oil & gas industry uses 5,000+ robotic inspection drones annually for pipeline checks

Statistic 39

Pharmaceutical robots handle 80% of vial filling with zero contamination risk

Statistic 40

Aerospace composite layup robots reduce material waste by 25% in production

Statistic 41

Steel mills employ 12,000 robots for continuous casting monitoring globally

Statistic 42

Textile industry cobots increased sewing productivity by 40% in 2023 factories

Statistic 43

Mining robots drill 20% faster with autonomous path planning in underground ops

Statistic 44

Shipbuilding yards use 2,500 gantry robots for panel welding worldwide

Statistic 45

Furniture manufacturing robots assemble cabinets 3x faster than manual labor

Statistic 46

Glass industry robots handle 98% fragile sheets without breakage in tempering lines

Statistic 47

Tire production lines feature 1,500 robots per major plant for bead placement

Statistic 48

Cement factories deploy 800 robotic stackers for raw material handling yearly

Statistic 49

Battery manufacturing for EVs uses 10,000 cleanroom robots globally in 2023

Statistic 50

Semiconductor fabs have robot density of 300 per 10,000 workers for wafer transport

Statistic 51

Logistics robots pick 1,000 items/hour in Amazon-like warehouses with 99% accuracy

Statistic 52

Consumer robotics market led by vacuum cleaners with 20 million units sold in 2023

Statistic 53

Professional service robots installations hit 158,000 units in 2022, up 18%

Statistic 54

Healthcare service robots grew 30% to 12,000 units in 2023 for patient assistance

Statistic 55

Agriculture robots harvested 5 million tons of crops autonomously in 2023 season

Statistic 56

Delivery robots completed 50 million urban miles in 2023 across US and Europe

Statistic 57

Elderly care robots assisted 1 million users daily in Japan by end of 2023

Statistic 58

Lawn-mowing robots sales reached 2.5 million units globally in 2023

Statistic 59

Surgical robots performed 2 million procedures worldwide in 2023

Statistic 60

Hotel service robots handled 40% of room service in 500+ Asian properties in 2023

Statistic 61

Retail shelf-stocking robots scanned 10 billion items for inventory in 2023

Statistic 62

Pool cleaning robots market saw 1.8 million units deployed in residential pools 2023

Statistic 63

Educational robots reached 15 million student users in STEM programs globally 2023

Statistic 64

Window-cleaning robots equipped 5,000 high-rises worldwide by 2023 end

Statistic 65

Disaster response robots rescued 500+ victims in 2023 global events

Statistic 66

Entertainment robots performed in 1,000+ theme parks attracting 100M visitors 2023

Statistic 67

Personal companion robots sales hit 3 million units in 2023, led by China market

Statistic 68

Security patrol robots monitored 2,000 sites covering 10,000km perimeter in 2023

Statistic 69

Barista robots served 20 million coffees in automated cafes across Asia 2023

Statistic 70

Underwater inspection robots surveyed 50,000km of subsea pipelines in 2023

Statistic 71

Domestic robots market projected 50 million units annual sales by 2025

Statistic 72

Robot density in South Korea reached 1,012 per 10,000 manufacturing workers in 2022

Statistic 73

Robotics automation displaced 1.7 million manufacturing jobs globally from 2010-2023

Statistic 74

85% of robotics experts predict net job creation by 2030 due to new roles

Statistic 75

Women represent only 20% of robotics workforce globally in 2023

Statistic 76

Robot accidents reported 40 incidents per 100,000 operating hours in industry 2022

Statistic 77

Public trust in autonomous robots stands at 55% in US surveys 2023

Statistic 78

Robotics education integrated in 40% of US high schools by 2023, reaching 5M students

Statistic 79

Ethical AI frameworks adopted by 70% of top robot makers for bias mitigation 2023

Statistic 80

Robot tax proposals debated in 15 countries, potentially impacting 10% of deployments

Statistic 81

Accessibility robots aid 2 million disabled individuals daily worldwide 2023

Statistic 82

Cyber-vulnerabilities in robots rose 25% with IoT integrations in 2023

Statistic 83

Rural areas lag urban by 5x in robot adoption rates, exacerbating inequality 2023

Statistic 84

Privacy concerns halt 30% of consumer robot pilots due to data collection issues

Statistic 85

Reskilling programs trained 500,000 workers for robotics jobs since 2020

Statistic 86

Liability laws updated in EU for robot accidents, covering 90% of industrial cases 2023

Statistic 87

Cultural acceptance highest in Japan at 80% for humanoid companions 2023 surveys

Statistic 88

Environmental impact: Robots reduce factory emissions by 15% via efficiency gains

Statistic 89

Military robotics budget hit $25 billion globally in 2023, raising arms race fears

Statistic 90

Inclusive design in robots benefits 25% more diverse users per ISO standards 2023

Statistic 91

Gig economy robot workers projected to replace 20% human tasks by 2030

Statistic 92

Payload capacity of industrial robots increased by 25% on average from 2018-2023, enabling heavier tasks

Statistic 93

Over 50% of new industrial robots in 2023 featured AI-enabled vision systems for adaptive grasping

Statistic 94

Precision accuracy of collaborative robots improved to ±0.03mm in 2023 models from major vendors

Statistic 95

Battery life for mobile robots extended to 24+ hours in 70% of 2023 warehouse deployments

Statistic 96

Soft grippers adoption rose 40% in 2023, handling delicate objects with 95% success rate

Statistic 97

5G integration in robots enabled latency under 1ms for real-time teleoperation in 2023 pilots

Statistic 98

Swarm robotics algorithms now coordinate up to 100 units with 99% collision avoidance

Statistic 99

Humanoid robots like Boston Dynamics' Atlas achieved 2.5m/s walking speed with dynamic balance in 2023 demos

Statistic 100

Micro-robots for medical use reduced size to 1mm diameter, navigating vessels at 5mm/s

Statistic 101

Quantum sensors in robots improved localization accuracy to 1cm in GPS-denied environments

Statistic 102

Neuromorphic computing chips cut robot AI power consumption by 90% in edge processing

Statistic 103

Haptic feedback in teleoperated robots achieved 1N resolution for surgical precision

Statistic 104

Self-healing robot materials recover 80% strength post-damage in under 1 hour

Statistic 105

Edge AI models for robots process 1000 FPS video with 2W power on embedded systems

Statistic 106

Bio-inspired flapping-wing robots fly 10km continuously at 5m/s speed

Statistic 107

Digital twin integration in robots predicts failures with 98% accuracy 24h in advance

Statistic 108

ROS 2 adoption reached 80% in academic robot projects, supporting real-time Linux kernels

Statistic 109

Laser-based SLAM in robots maps 10,000m² environments in under 5 minutes accuracy ±2cm

Statistic 110

Cobot force-torque sensors now detect 0.1N with 1kHz sampling for safe interaction

Statistic 111

GAN-trained robot vision achieves 99.5% object detection in cluttered scenes

Statistic 112

Modular robot arms reconfigure in 30 seconds for 95% task adaptability

Statistic 113

6G prototypes enable robot swarms with 0.1ms latency over 1km range

Statistic 114

Robot skin sensors detect 0.01mm deformations with tactile resolution 100x human skin

Statistic 115

Federated learning in robot fleets updates models 50% faster without data sharing

Trusted by 500+ publications
Harvard Business ReviewThe GuardianFortune+497
Picture the immense economic force of an industry set to more than triple to over $168 billion this decade, a revolution transforming everything from factory floors to surgical wards and even our homes.

Key Takeaways

  • In 2022, the global industrial robotics market was valued at $16.1 billion, with a projected CAGR of 12.5% from 2023 to 2030
  • The robotics market size is expected to grow from $45.85 billion in 2022 to $168.07 billion by 2030 at a CAGR of 17.45%
  • North America held 38% of the global robotics market share in 2022, driven by automation in automotive and electronics sectors
  • Payload capacity of industrial robots increased by 25% on average from 2018-2023, enabling heavier tasks
  • Over 50% of new industrial robots in 2023 featured AI-enabled vision systems for adaptive grasping
  • Precision accuracy of collaborative robots improved to ±0.03mm in 2023 models from major vendors
  • Automotive industry installed 126,000 robots in 2022, 23% of global total
  • Electronics sector accounted for 32% of robot installations in 2023, focusing on SMT assembly
  • Metal & machinery used 14% of industrial robots in 2022 for welding and machining
  • Consumer robotics market led by vacuum cleaners with 20 million units sold in 2023
  • Professional service robots installations hit 158,000 units in 2022, up 18%
  • Healthcare service robots grew 30% to 12,000 units in 2023 for patient assistance
  • Robot density in South Korea reached 1,012 per 10,000 manufacturing workers in 2022
  • Robotics automation displaced 1.7 million manufacturing jobs globally from 2010-2023
  • 85% of robotics experts predict net job creation by 2030 due to new roles

The robotics market is growing rapidly as robots now handle diverse tasks across every industry.

Economic and Market Statistics

  • In 2022, the global industrial robotics market was valued at $16.1 billion, with a projected CAGR of 12.5% from 2023 to 2030
  • The robotics market size is expected to grow from $45.85 billion in 2022 to $168.07 billion by 2030 at a CAGR of 17.45%
  • North America held 38% of the global robotics market share in 2022, driven by automation in automotive and electronics sectors
  • Asia-Pacific robotics market revenue reached $12.4 billion in 2023, accounting for 45% of global installations
  • Service robotics market projected to reach $64.35 billion by 2025, growing at 20.5% CAGR from 2019 levels
  • Global robot density in manufacturing reached 141 robots per 10,000 employees in 2022, up 8% from previous year
  • China installed 290,258 industrial robots in 2022, representing 52% of global total installations
  • The collaborative robot (cobot) market is forecasted to grow from $1.1 billion in 2022 to $14.2 billion by 2030 at 38% CAGR
  • Healthcare robotics market valued at $13.19 billion in 2023, expected to reach $52.01 billion by 2032 at 16.5% CAGR
  • Agricultural robotics market size was $13.5 billion in 2022, projected to hit $51.5 billion by 2029 at 21.5% CAGR
  • Logistics robotics market estimated at $10.8 billion in 2023, growing to $25.4 billion by 2028 at 18.6% CAGR
  • Humanoid robot market projected from $1.55 billion in 2023 to $38 billion by 2035 at 28% CAGR
  • Swarm robotics market valued at $1.2 billion in 2022, expected to reach $4.5 billion by 2030 at 17.9% CAGR
  • Micro-robotics market size reached $2.3 billion in 2023, forecasted to $8.1 billion by 2032 at 14.8% CAGR
  • Soft robotics market valued at $1.8 billion in 2022, projected to $7.3 billion by 2030 at 18.9% CAGR
  • Robot-as-a-Service (RaaS) market estimated at $0.78 billion in 2023, growing to $5.5 billion by 2030 at 32.1% CAGR
  • Exoskeleton robotics market size was $0.42 billion in 2022, expected to reach $2.31 billion by 2030 at 23.9% CAGR
  • Drone robotics market projected from $22.5 billion in 2023 to $95.4 billion by 2032 at 17.7% CAGR
  • Underwater robotics market valued at $3.2 billion in 2022, forecasted to $7.9 billion by 2030 at 12.1% CAGR
  • Cleaning robotics market reached $5.1 billion in 2023, expected to hit $18.2 billion by 2030 at 20% CAGR
  • In 2023, ABB's robotics revenue grew 14% to $3.4 billion, driven by new orders in electronics sector
  • Fanuc shipped 92,000 robots in fiscal 2023, achieving 15% year-over-year growth globally
  • Yaskawa Electric's robotics segment revenue hit ¥200 billion in FY2023, up 18% from prior year
  • KUKA Group's order intake for robotics rose 22% to €3.5 billion in 2023
  • Universal Robots sold over 20,000 cobots in 2023, marking 25% growth worldwide
  • Teradyne's Collaborative Robotics revenue increased 50% to $150 million in 2023
  • Global R&D spending on robotics exceeded $15 billion in 2022, led by US and China investments
  • Venture capital funding for robotics startups reached $2.8 billion in 2023, up 12% YoY
  • ROI for industrial robots averages 20-30% within first year of deployment, per IFR study
  • Cost of industrial robots dropped 50% since 2010, now averaging $40,000 per unit

Economic and Market Statistics Interpretation

The robots are coming for every sector, wallet, and possibly your job, with the growth charts looking less like a business forecast and more like a launch trajectory.

Industrial Applications

  • Automotive industry installed 126,000 robots in 2022, 23% of global total
  • Electronics sector accounted for 32% of robot installations in 2023, focusing on SMT assembly
  • Metal & machinery used 14% of industrial robots in 2022 for welding and machining
  • Food & beverage robotics deployments grew 15% in 2023 for packaging lines
  • Plastics & chemicals sector saw 10% robot growth in 2023 for injection molding handling
  • In automotive welding, robots perform 95% of spot welds with 0.5mm accuracy
  • Warehouse fulfillment centers deployed 500,000+ AMRs by 2023, boosting throughput 30%
  • Oil & gas industry uses 5,000+ robotic inspection drones annually for pipeline checks
  • Pharmaceutical robots handle 80% of vial filling with zero contamination risk
  • Aerospace composite layup robots reduce material waste by 25% in production
  • Steel mills employ 12,000 robots for continuous casting monitoring globally
  • Textile industry cobots increased sewing productivity by 40% in 2023 factories
  • Mining robots drill 20% faster with autonomous path planning in underground ops
  • Shipbuilding yards use 2,500 gantry robots for panel welding worldwide
  • Furniture manufacturing robots assemble cabinets 3x faster than manual labor
  • Glass industry robots handle 98% fragile sheets without breakage in tempering lines
  • Tire production lines feature 1,500 robots per major plant for bead placement
  • Cement factories deploy 800 robotic stackers for raw material handling yearly
  • Battery manufacturing for EVs uses 10,000 cleanroom robots globally in 2023
  • Semiconductor fabs have robot density of 300 per 10,000 workers for wafer transport
  • Logistics robots pick 1,000 items/hour in Amazon-like warehouses with 99% accuracy

Industrial Applications Interpretation

While humanity’s greatest hits now include robots perfectly welding cars, filling vials without a sneeze, and gently cradling sheets of glass, it turns out the most fragile thing left for us to handle might just be our own job security.

Service and Consumer Robotics

  • Consumer robotics market led by vacuum cleaners with 20 million units sold in 2023
  • Professional service robots installations hit 158,000 units in 2022, up 18%
  • Healthcare service robots grew 30% to 12,000 units in 2023 for patient assistance
  • Agriculture robots harvested 5 million tons of crops autonomously in 2023 season
  • Delivery robots completed 50 million urban miles in 2023 across US and Europe
  • Elderly care robots assisted 1 million users daily in Japan by end of 2023
  • Lawn-mowing robots sales reached 2.5 million units globally in 2023
  • Surgical robots performed 2 million procedures worldwide in 2023
  • Hotel service robots handled 40% of room service in 500+ Asian properties in 2023
  • Retail shelf-stocking robots scanned 10 billion items for inventory in 2023
  • Pool cleaning robots market saw 1.8 million units deployed in residential pools 2023
  • Educational robots reached 15 million student users in STEM programs globally 2023
  • Window-cleaning robots equipped 5,000 high-rises worldwide by 2023 end
  • Disaster response robots rescued 500+ victims in 2023 global events
  • Entertainment robots performed in 1,000+ theme parks attracting 100M visitors 2023
  • Personal companion robots sales hit 3 million units in 2023, led by China market
  • Security patrol robots monitored 2,000 sites covering 10,000km perimeter in 2023
  • Barista robots served 20 million coffees in automated cafes across Asia 2023
  • Underwater inspection robots surveyed 50,000km of subsea pipelines in 2023
  • Domestic robots market projected 50 million units annual sales by 2025

Service and Consumer Robotics Interpretation

The future is here and it’s shockingly practical, from robots harvesting millions of tons of our food, scrubbing our floors, and serving our coffee to them quietly but profoundly saving lives in hospitals and disaster zones.

Societal and Ethical Impacts

  • Robot density in South Korea reached 1,012 per 10,000 manufacturing workers in 2022
  • Robotics automation displaced 1.7 million manufacturing jobs globally from 2010-2023
  • 85% of robotics experts predict net job creation by 2030 due to new roles
  • Women represent only 20% of robotics workforce globally in 2023
  • Robot accidents reported 40 incidents per 100,000 operating hours in industry 2022
  • Public trust in autonomous robots stands at 55% in US surveys 2023
  • Robotics education integrated in 40% of US high schools by 2023, reaching 5M students
  • Ethical AI frameworks adopted by 70% of top robot makers for bias mitigation 2023
  • Robot tax proposals debated in 15 countries, potentially impacting 10% of deployments
  • Accessibility robots aid 2 million disabled individuals daily worldwide 2023
  • Cyber-vulnerabilities in robots rose 25% with IoT integrations in 2023
  • Rural areas lag urban by 5x in robot adoption rates, exacerbating inequality 2023
  • Privacy concerns halt 30% of consumer robot pilots due to data collection issues
  • Reskilling programs trained 500,000 workers for robotics jobs since 2020
  • Liability laws updated in EU for robot accidents, covering 90% of industrial cases 2023
  • Cultural acceptance highest in Japan at 80% for humanoid companions 2023 surveys
  • Environmental impact: Robots reduce factory emissions by 15% via efficiency gains
  • Military robotics budget hit $25 billion globally in 2023, raising arms race fears
  • Inclusive design in robots benefits 25% more diverse users per ISO standards 2023
  • Gig economy robot workers projected to replace 20% human tasks by 2030

Societal and Ethical Impacts Interpretation

The statistics paint a picture where robots are rapidly becoming our indispensable, yet ethically fraught, coworkers—driving South Korean factories with staggering density, displacing jobs even as experts predict a net gain, aiding millions while sparking privacy debates, and proving that our greatest challenge isn't the technology itself, but ensuring its rise is equitable, secure, and guided by human values.

Technological Advancements

  • Payload capacity of industrial robots increased by 25% on average from 2018-2023, enabling heavier tasks
  • Over 50% of new industrial robots in 2023 featured AI-enabled vision systems for adaptive grasping
  • Precision accuracy of collaborative robots improved to ±0.03mm in 2023 models from major vendors
  • Battery life for mobile robots extended to 24+ hours in 70% of 2023 warehouse deployments
  • Soft grippers adoption rose 40% in 2023, handling delicate objects with 95% success rate
  • 5G integration in robots enabled latency under 1ms for real-time teleoperation in 2023 pilots
  • Swarm robotics algorithms now coordinate up to 100 units with 99% collision avoidance
  • Humanoid robots like Boston Dynamics' Atlas achieved 2.5m/s walking speed with dynamic balance in 2023 demos
  • Micro-robots for medical use reduced size to 1mm diameter, navigating vessels at 5mm/s
  • Quantum sensors in robots improved localization accuracy to 1cm in GPS-denied environments
  • Neuromorphic computing chips cut robot AI power consumption by 90% in edge processing
  • Haptic feedback in teleoperated robots achieved 1N resolution for surgical precision
  • Self-healing robot materials recover 80% strength post-damage in under 1 hour
  • Edge AI models for robots process 1000 FPS video with 2W power on embedded systems
  • Bio-inspired flapping-wing robots fly 10km continuously at 5m/s speed
  • Digital twin integration in robots predicts failures with 98% accuracy 24h in advance
  • ROS 2 adoption reached 80% in academic robot projects, supporting real-time Linux kernels
  • Laser-based SLAM in robots maps 10,000m² environments in under 5 minutes accuracy ±2cm
  • Cobot force-torque sensors now detect 0.1N with 1kHz sampling for safe interaction
  • GAN-trained robot vision achieves 99.5% object detection in cluttered scenes
  • Modular robot arms reconfigure in 30 seconds for 95% task adaptability
  • 6G prototypes enable robot swarms with 0.1ms latency over 1km range
  • Robot skin sensors detect 0.01mm deformations with tactile resolution 100x human skin
  • Federated learning in robot fleets updates models 50% faster without data sharing

Technological Advancements Interpretation

Robots are steadily evolving from blunt tools into graceful, intelligent partners that can lift heavier loads with a delicate touch, think on the fly with stunning efficiency, and even heal their own wounds, marking a quiet but profound industrial renaissance.

Sources & References