GITNUXREPORT 2026

Racial Discrimination In Education Statistics

Across all levels of education, racial discrimination creates persistent inequities in discipline, funding, and opportunity.

Sarah Mitchell

Senior Researcher specializing in consumer behavior and market trends.

First published: Feb 13, 2026

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Statistic 1

Black students scored 25 points lower on average in NAEP math 8th grade (2019) than white peers

Statistic 2

In 2022 NAEP reading, Hispanic 4th graders trailed whites by 27 points nationally

Statistic 3

Black high school seniors averaged 78 SAT points below whites in 2020

Statistic 4

Native American students 35 points behind in NAEP science grade 8 (2019)

Statistic 5

Asian students outperformed but multiracial trailed whites by 12 points in ACT (2021)

Statistic 6

In 2019 PISA, U.S. Black 15-year-olds scored 40 points lower in reading than whites

Statistic 7

Latino 12th graders 22 points below whites in NAEP history (2018)

Statistic 8

Black kindergartners entered with 0.6 standard deviation gap in literacy vs. whites (2010 ECLS)

Statistic 9

In 2022, Hispanic NAEP math gap widened to 29 points for grade 4

Statistic 10

Native Hawaiian students 28 points behind in grade 12 reading NAEP (2019)

Statistic 11

Multiracial 8th graders scored 18 points lower than whites in math NAEP 2022

Statistic 12

Black females closed gap to 23 points in NAEP reading grade 12 (2020), but still significant

Statistic 13

In urban districts, Latino math proficiency 15% vs. 35% white (2019 NAEP-TUDA)

Statistic 14

Asian-Pacific Islander gap reversed: 20 points above whites in SAT math 2021

Statistic 15

Black students' AP exam pass rate 62% vs. 77% white (2019)

Statistic 16

In 2020, Native American ACT composite 18.5 vs. white 22.1

Statistic 17

Hispanic 4th grade science NAEP gap 30 points (2019)

Statistic 18

Multiracial students NAEP writing gap 15 points grade 8 (2019)

Statistic 19

Black rural students 32-point math gap NAEP (2022)

Statistic 20

Latino English learners 45 points behind in NAEP reading (2022)

Statistic 21

In 2018, Pacific Islander NAEP math score 260 vs. white 295 grade 8

Statistic 22

Black gifted students underperform whites by 20 points on standardized tests (2020)

Statistic 23

Hispanic high-poverty schools reading proficiency 12% vs. 32% low-poverty white (2019)

Statistic 24

Native students IB diploma rate 65% vs. 85% white (2021)

Statistic 25

In 2022 NAEP, Black grade 4 math at 208 vs. white 245

Statistic 26

Asian SAT verbal gap closed to +5 points over whites (2020)

Statistic 27

Latino ACT science 18.2 vs. white 21.9 (2021)

Statistic 28

Black 12th grade civics NAEP 24-point gap (2018)

Statistic 29

In 2019, Black students were 50% less likely to be enrolled in AP courses than white peers despite similar qualifications

Statistic 30

Hispanic high school students participated in calculus at 24% rate vs. 40% for whites (2018-19 NCES)

Statistic 31

Native American enrollment in honors English 12% vs. 28% white (2020 survey)

Statistic 32

Black students offered dual enrollment courses 30% less frequently in suburban schools (2021)

Statistic 33

In California (2022), Latino AP STEM participation 15% below parity with enrollment

Statistic 34

Asian students overrepresented in AP but multiracial underrepresented by 8% (2019)

Statistic 35

Black females in gifted programs 9% vs. 15% white females (2018)

Statistic 36

Hispanic access to IB programs 5% enrollment share vs. 18% white (2021)

Statistic 37

Native Hawaiian students in physics AP 2% vs. 7% white (2020)

Statistic 38

In Texas (2021-22), Black AP Biology enrollment 10% below proportional

Statistic 39

Multiracial students gifted identification 11% vs. 14% white rate (2019)

Statistic 40

Latino dual credit courses 22% participation vs. 35% white (2020 Midwest)

Statistic 41

Black urban students honors math 18% vs. 32% white suburbs (2018)

Statistic 42

Native American AP US History 4% enrollment (2021)

Statistic 43

In Florida (2022), Hispanic Cambridge courses 12% vs. 25% white

Statistic 44

Pacific Islander advanced science 6% vs. 16% white (2019 HSLS)

Statistic 45

Black CTE advanced manufacturing underrepresented by 15% (2020)

Statistic 46

Asian overrep in calc but Latino 20% gap in pre-calc (2021)

Statistic 47

Multiracial honors foreign language 13% vs. 20% white (2018)

Statistic 48

In NYC (2021), Black specialized high school admits 4% vs. 60% Asian

Statistic 49

Hispanic gifted math 10% identification rate vs. 18% white (2022)

Statistic 50

Native students dual enrollment 8% vs. 22% white rural (2020)

Statistic 51

Black AP Calc AB pass rate access limited to 9% enrollment (2019)

Statistic 52

Latino IB Math enrollment 7% vs. 19% white (2021)

Statistic 53

In 2020-21, Pacific Islander honors English 5% participation

Statistic 54

Black students comprise 14% enrollment but only 9% of National Merit semifinalists (2022)

Statistic 55

In 2019, Black applicants to selective colleges faced 20% lower admission rates than equally qualified whites

Statistic 56

Hispanic students admitted to Ivy League at 12% rate vs. 18% white peers with same credentials (2021)

Statistic 57

Native American enrollment in top public universities 0.5% vs. 1.2% population (2020)

Statistic 58

Black community college transfer to 4-year 15% vs. 25% white (2019)

Statistic 59

In 2022, Asian American applicants rejected at Harvard 2x rate of whites despite higher scores

Statistic 60

Latino graduate school acceptance 22% lower than whites with equal GPAs (2021 NSF)

Statistic 61

Black PhD completion rate 55% vs. 68% white in STEM (2018)

Statistic 62

Native Hawaiian enrollment in elite privates 0.3% (2020)

Statistic 63

Multiracial students 7% lower financial aid awards than whites (2021)

Statistic 64

In California post-Prop 209, Black UC admits dropped 50% (2020)

Statistic 65

Hispanic law school matriculants 10% vs. 15% bar passage parity gap (2019)

Statistic 66

Black faculty at R1 universities 7% vs. 13% enrollment share (2022)

Statistic 67

Asian med school admits 20% lower despite MCAT parity (2021)

Statistic 68

Native American grad retention 62% vs. 75% white (2019 IPEDS)

Statistic 69

In 2021, Black HBCU funding 25% less federal grants per student

Statistic 70

Latino business school enrollment 8% vs. 12% white proportional (2020)

Statistic 71

Multiracial PhD offers 15% fewer than whites (2022)

Statistic 72

Black study abroad participation 4% vs. 10% white (2019 IIE)

Statistic 73

Hispanic engineering enrollment gap 5% below population (2021 ASEE)

Statistic 74

In Texas top 10%, Black admits to UT Austin 4% vs. 6% eligibility (2020)

Statistic 75

Native tenured faculty 0.4% at research unis (2022)

Statistic 76

Asian affirmative action penalty 140 SAT points equivalent at elite schools (2018)

Statistic 77

Black default rates on student loans 50% higher than whites (2021)

Statistic 78

Latino completion rates at for-profits 20% vs. 35% public unis (2019)

Statistic 79

Pacific Islander enrollment in CA community colleges 1% underrepresented (2022)

Statistic 80

Black Greek life membership leads to 12% lower GPAs (2020 study)

Statistic 81

In 2019-20, predominantly Black schools received 40% less state/local funding per pupil than white-majority schools, averaging $1,500 less

Statistic 82

New Jersey districts with 90%+ minority students got $2,300 less per pupil than 90%+ white districts in 2020

Statistic 83

In California (2021-22), Latino-majority schools funded at 85% of white schools' level, $1,200 gap

Statistic 84

Southern states saw Black districts underfunded by 23% or $2,200 per student (2019)

Statistic 85

Midwest rural minority schools received 15% less Title I funds despite higher poverty (2022)

Statistic 86

In New York (2018), high-poverty Black/Latino schools got $4,000 less per pupil than affluent white ones

Statistic 87

Texas Hispanic districts funded $900 below white peers (2020-21)

Statistic 88

National gap: majority-minority schools $733 less per pupil in local revenue (2019)

Statistic 89

Illinois Black suburbs schools underfunded by 18% vs. white suburbs ($1,800 gap, 2021)

Statistic 90

In Florida (2022), Native American schools received 12% less capital funding

Statistic 91

Pennsylvania minority districts $2,000 less per pupil (2019 audit)

Statistic 92

Nationwide, high-minority high-poverty schools have 10 fewer counselors per 500 students (2020)

Statistic 93

Georgia Black-majority schools $1,100 less operational funding (2021)

Statistic 94

In Michigan (2019-20), Latino schools 8% underfunded, $600 gap

Statistic 95

Ohio urban minority districts 20% less facilities funding (2022)

Statistic 96

Nevada high-Black schools $1,400 less per pupil (2021)

Statistic 97

In 2020, multiracial district schools had 14% fewer AP course offerings funded

Statistic 98

Alabama Native schools underfunded by 25% ($2,500 gap, 2019)

Statistic 99

In 2022, Hispanic-majority schools nationwide had 22% fewer STEM lab investments

Statistic 100

Black districts in South Carolina $900 less per pupil (2021)

Statistic 101

In Arizona (2020), minority schools 16% less tech funding

Statistic 102

Kansas urban Black schools $1,200 funding gap (2019)

Statistic 103

In 2018-19, Pacific Islander schools had 11% fewer buses funded per student

Statistic 104

North Carolina minority districts 19% under local property tax revenue (2022)

Statistic 105

In 2021, high-Latino schools had $800 less textbook funding

Statistic 106

In the 2017-18 school year, Black students represented 15.5% of public school enrollment but accounted for 27.4% of students referred to law enforcement and 25.3% of students involved in a school-related arrest

Statistic 107

During the 2015-16 school year, American Indian/Alaska Native students were suspended at a rate of 3.4%, compared to 1.9% for white students, highlighting persistent racial gaps in punitive measures

Statistic 108

Hispanic students experienced out-of-school suspensions at a rate 1.5 times higher than white students in elementary schools in 2013-14

Statistic 109

In California public schools (2018-19), Black students were expelled at a rate of 0.12%, over 4 times the state average of 0.03%

Statistic 110

Nationally, in 2011-12, Pacific Islander students had a suspension rate of 5.0%, 2.2 times that of white students at 2.3%

Statistic 111

Black girls in U.S. public schools were suspended at rates 5.5 times higher than white girls in 2013-14

Statistic 112

In Texas (2019-20), Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander students faced removal to alternative education at 1.8%, compared to 0.7% for white students

Statistic 113

Asian students in New York City schools (2021-22) had the lowest chronic absenteeism referrals, while Black students had rates 2.3 times higher leading to disciplinary actions

Statistic 114

In 2018, multiracial students were 1.8 times more likely to receive an in-school suspension than white peers in Midwest districts

Statistic 115

Black boys in pre-K were expelled at a rate 4.6 times higher than white boys in 2014

Statistic 116

Latino students in Florida (2020-21) faced corporal punishment at rates 2.1 times white students

Statistic 117

In Illinois public schools (2019), Black students comprised 17% enrollment but 42% of expulsions

Statistic 118

Native American students suspended 2.9 times more than white students in rural districts (2016)

Statistic 119

In 2020, Black students in urban schools had truancy citations 3.2 times higher than whites

Statistic 120

Hispanic males suspended 1.7x white males in high schools (2017-18)

Statistic 121

In Georgia (2021), Asian students had 0.5% restraint/seclusion rate vs. 1.2% for Black students

Statistic 122

Multiracial girls expelled at 1.4x rate of white girls in Southern states (2019)

Statistic 123

Pacific Islander students in Hawaii schools disciplined 2.5x more for minor infractions (2022)

Statistic 124

Black students in charter schools suspended 3.1x whites (2015 study)

Statistic 125

In Michigan (2018-19), Latino students 22% of referrals despite 8% enrollment

Statistic 126

Native Hawaiian students in West Coast districts had 2.8x detention rates (2020)

Statistic 127

In 2019, Black females received 12% of corporal punishment despite 7% enrollment nationally

Statistic 128

Asian/Pacific Islander suspensions dropped 15% post-reform, but still 1.6x whites in some areas (2021)

Statistic 129

In Ohio (2020-21), multiracial students 10% enrollment, 18% suspensions

Statistic 130

Black pre-K expulsion rate 6x national average (2016 update)

Statistic 131

Hispanic students in Southwest schools had 2.4x referral rates for dress code violations (2019)

Statistic 132

In 2022 NYC data, Black students 24% enrollment but 50% of removals

Statistic 133

Native American girls suspended 3x white girls in Midwest (2018)

Statistic 134

Latino boys in California expelled 2.9x whites (2021)

Statistic 135

Multiracial students faced 1.9x higher seclusion in special ed (2020)

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Beyond the numbers revealing stark racial disparities in suspensions, funding, and advanced course access lies a profound truth: our education system is not an equalizer, but a mirror reflecting and perpetuating the deep-seated inequities of our society.

Key Takeaways

In the 2017-18 school year, Black students represented 15.5% of public school enrollment but accounted for 27.4% of students referred to law enforcement and 25.3% of students involved in a school-related arrest
During the 2015-16 school year, American Indian/Alaska Native students were suspended at a rate of 3.4%, compared to 1.9% for white students, highlighting persistent racial gaps in punitive measures
Hispanic students experienced out-of-school suspensions at a rate 1.5 times higher than white students in elementary schools in 2013-14
In 2019-20, predominantly Black schools received 40% less state/local funding per pupil than white-majority schools, averaging $1,500 less
New Jersey districts with 90%+ minority students got $2,300 less per pupil than 90%+ white districts in 2020
In California (2021-22), Latino-majority schools funded at 85% of white schools' level, $1,200 gap
Black students scored 25 points lower on average in NAEP math 8th grade (2019) than white peers
In 2022 NAEP reading, Hispanic 4th graders trailed whites by 27 points nationally
Black high school seniors averaged 78 SAT points below whites in 2020
In 2019, Black students were 50% less likely to be enrolled in AP courses than white peers despite similar qualifications
Hispanic high school students participated in calculus at 24% rate vs. 40% for whites (2018-19 NCES)
Native American enrollment in honors English 12% vs. 28% white (2020 survey)
In 2019, Black applicants to selective colleges faced 20% lower admission rates than equally qualified whites
Hispanic students admitted to Ivy League at 12% rate vs. 18% white peers with same credentials (2021)
Native American enrollment in top public universities 0.5% vs. 1.2% population (2020)

Across all levels of education, racial discrimination creates persistent inequities in discipline, funding, and opportunity.

Academic Achievement Gaps

Black students scored 25 points lower on average in NAEP math 8th grade (2019) than white peers
In 2022 NAEP reading, Hispanic 4th graders trailed whites by 27 points nationally
Black high school seniors averaged 78 SAT points below whites in 2020
Native American students 35 points behind in NAEP science grade 8 (2019)
Asian students outperformed but multiracial trailed whites by 12 points in ACT (2021)
In 2019 PISA, U.S. Black 15-year-olds scored 40 points lower in reading than whites
Latino 12th graders 22 points below whites in NAEP history (2018)
Black kindergartners entered with 0.6 standard deviation gap in literacy vs. whites (2010 ECLS)
In 2022, Hispanic NAEP math gap widened to 29 points for grade 4
Native Hawaiian students 28 points behind in grade 12 reading NAEP (2019)
Multiracial 8th graders scored 18 points lower than whites in math NAEP 2022
Black females closed gap to 23 points in NAEP reading grade 12 (2020), but still significant
In urban districts, Latino math proficiency 15% vs. 35% white (2019 NAEP-TUDA)
Asian-Pacific Islander gap reversed: 20 points above whites in SAT math 2021
Black students' AP exam pass rate 62% vs. 77% white (2019)
In 2020, Native American ACT composite 18.5 vs. white 22.1
Hispanic 4th grade science NAEP gap 30 points (2019)
Multiracial students NAEP writing gap 15 points grade 8 (2019)
Black rural students 32-point math gap NAEP (2022)
Latino English learners 45 points behind in NAEP reading (2022)
In 2018, Pacific Islander NAEP math score 260 vs. white 295 grade 8
Black gifted students underperform whites by 20 points on standardized tests (2020)
Hispanic high-poverty schools reading proficiency 12% vs. 32% low-poverty white (2019)
Native students IB diploma rate 65% vs. 85% white (2021)
In 2022 NAEP, Black grade 4 math at 208 vs. white 245
Asian SAT verbal gap closed to +5 points over whites (2020)
Latino ACT science 18.2 vs. white 21.9 (2021)
Black 12th grade civics NAEP 24-point gap (2018)

Academic Achievement Gaps Interpretation

These statistics are not merely a report card on student performance, but a damning indictment of an educational system that remains, by its outcomes, separate and unequal.

Access to Advanced Courses

In 2019, Black students were 50% less likely to be enrolled in AP courses than white peers despite similar qualifications
Hispanic high school students participated in calculus at 24% rate vs. 40% for whites (2018-19 NCES)
Native American enrollment in honors English 12% vs. 28% white (2020 survey)
Black students offered dual enrollment courses 30% less frequently in suburban schools (2021)
In California (2022), Latino AP STEM participation 15% below parity with enrollment
Asian students overrepresented in AP but multiracial underrepresented by 8% (2019)
Black females in gifted programs 9% vs. 15% white females (2018)
Hispanic access to IB programs 5% enrollment share vs. 18% white (2021)
Native Hawaiian students in physics AP 2% vs. 7% white (2020)
In Texas (2021-22), Black AP Biology enrollment 10% below proportional
Multiracial students gifted identification 11% vs. 14% white rate (2019)
Latino dual credit courses 22% participation vs. 35% white (2020 Midwest)
Black urban students honors math 18% vs. 32% white suburbs (2018)
Native American AP US History 4% enrollment (2021)
In Florida (2022), Hispanic Cambridge courses 12% vs. 25% white
Pacific Islander advanced science 6% vs. 16% white (2019 HSLS)
Black CTE advanced manufacturing underrepresented by 15% (2020)
Asian overrep in calc but Latino 20% gap in pre-calc (2021)
Multiracial honors foreign language 13% vs. 20% white (2018)
In NYC (2021), Black specialized high school admits 4% vs. 60% Asian
Hispanic gifted math 10% identification rate vs. 18% white (2022)
Native students dual enrollment 8% vs. 22% white rural (2020)
Black AP Calc AB pass rate access limited to 9% enrollment (2019)
Latino IB Math enrollment 7% vs. 19% white (2021)
In 2020-21, Pacific Islander honors English 5% participation
Black students comprise 14% enrollment but only 9% of National Merit semifinalists (2022)

Access to Advanced Courses Interpretation

Despite boasting the myth of equal opportunity, our education system remains a meticulously sorted playing field where a student's race is still a distressingly accurate predictor of their access to advanced learning.

Higher Education Inequities

In 2019, Black applicants to selective colleges faced 20% lower admission rates than equally qualified whites
Hispanic students admitted to Ivy League at 12% rate vs. 18% white peers with same credentials (2021)
Native American enrollment in top public universities 0.5% vs. 1.2% population (2020)
Black community college transfer to 4-year 15% vs. 25% white (2019)
In 2022, Asian American applicants rejected at Harvard 2x rate of whites despite higher scores
Latino graduate school acceptance 22% lower than whites with equal GPAs (2021 NSF)
Black PhD completion rate 55% vs. 68% white in STEM (2018)
Native Hawaiian enrollment in elite privates 0.3% (2020)
Multiracial students 7% lower financial aid awards than whites (2021)
In California post-Prop 209, Black UC admits dropped 50% (2020)
Hispanic law school matriculants 10% vs. 15% bar passage parity gap (2019)
Black faculty at R1 universities 7% vs. 13% enrollment share (2022)
Asian med school admits 20% lower despite MCAT parity (2021)
Native American grad retention 62% vs. 75% white (2019 IPEDS)
In 2021, Black HBCU funding 25% less federal grants per student
Latino business school enrollment 8% vs. 12% white proportional (2020)
Multiracial PhD offers 15% fewer than whites (2022)
Black study abroad participation 4% vs. 10% white (2019 IIE)
Hispanic engineering enrollment gap 5% below population (2021 ASEE)
In Texas top 10%, Black admits to UT Austin 4% vs. 6% eligibility (2020)
Native tenured faculty 0.4% at research unis (2022)
Asian affirmative action penalty 140 SAT points equivalent at elite schools (2018)
Black default rates on student loans 50% higher than whites (2021)
Latino completion rates at for-profits 20% vs. 35% public unis (2019)
Pacific Islander enrollment in CA community colleges 1% underrepresented (2022)
Black Greek life membership leads to 12% lower GPAs (2020 study)

Higher Education Inequities Interpretation

The statistics paint a depressingly consistent portrait of an education system that, while adept at producing diversity brochures, remains remarkably proficient at replicating inequality from community college to the tenure track.

Resource and Funding Gaps

In 2019-20, predominantly Black schools received 40% less state/local funding per pupil than white-majority schools, averaging $1,500 less
New Jersey districts with 90%+ minority students got $2,300 less per pupil than 90%+ white districts in 2020
In California (2021-22), Latino-majority schools funded at 85% of white schools' level, $1,200 gap
Southern states saw Black districts underfunded by 23% or $2,200 per student (2019)
Midwest rural minority schools received 15% less Title I funds despite higher poverty (2022)
In New York (2018), high-poverty Black/Latino schools got $4,000 less per pupil than affluent white ones
Texas Hispanic districts funded $900 below white peers (2020-21)
National gap: majority-minority schools $733 less per pupil in local revenue (2019)
Illinois Black suburbs schools underfunded by 18% vs. white suburbs ($1,800 gap, 2021)
In Florida (2022), Native American schools received 12% less capital funding
Pennsylvania minority districts $2,000 less per pupil (2019 audit)
Nationwide, high-minority high-poverty schools have 10 fewer counselors per 500 students (2020)
Georgia Black-majority schools $1,100 less operational funding (2021)
In Michigan (2019-20), Latino schools 8% underfunded, $600 gap
Ohio urban minority districts 20% less facilities funding (2022)
Nevada high-Black schools $1,400 less per pupil (2021)
In 2020, multiracial district schools had 14% fewer AP course offerings funded
Alabama Native schools underfunded by 25% ($2,500 gap, 2019)
In 2022, Hispanic-majority schools nationwide had 22% fewer STEM lab investments
Black districts in South Carolina $900 less per pupil (2021)
In Arizona (2020), minority schools 16% less tech funding
Kansas urban Black schools $1,200 funding gap (2019)
In 2018-19, Pacific Islander schools had 11% fewer buses funded per student
North Carolina minority districts 19% under local property tax revenue (2022)
In 2021, high-Latino schools had $800 less textbook funding

Resource and Funding Gaps Interpretation

The statistics present a painful and consistent ledger, proving that in American education, the color of a child's skin remains a disturbingly accurate predictor of how many dollars will be invested in their future.

School Discipline Disparities

In the 2017-18 school year, Black students represented 15.5% of public school enrollment but accounted for 27.4% of students referred to law enforcement and 25.3% of students involved in a school-related arrest
During the 2015-16 school year, American Indian/Alaska Native students were suspended at a rate of 3.4%, compared to 1.9% for white students, highlighting persistent racial gaps in punitive measures
Hispanic students experienced out-of-school suspensions at a rate 1.5 times higher than white students in elementary schools in 2013-14
In California public schools (2018-19), Black students were expelled at a rate of 0.12%, over 4 times the state average of 0.03%
Nationally, in 2011-12, Pacific Islander students had a suspension rate of 5.0%, 2.2 times that of white students at 2.3%
Black girls in U.S. public schools were suspended at rates 5.5 times higher than white girls in 2013-14
In Texas (2019-20), Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander students faced removal to alternative education at 1.8%, compared to 0.7% for white students
Asian students in New York City schools (2021-22) had the lowest chronic absenteeism referrals, while Black students had rates 2.3 times higher leading to disciplinary actions
In 2018, multiracial students were 1.8 times more likely to receive an in-school suspension than white peers in Midwest districts
Black boys in pre-K were expelled at a rate 4.6 times higher than white boys in 2014
Latino students in Florida (2020-21) faced corporal punishment at rates 2.1 times white students
In Illinois public schools (2019), Black students comprised 17% enrollment but 42% of expulsions
Native American students suspended 2.9 times more than white students in rural districts (2016)
In 2020, Black students in urban schools had truancy citations 3.2 times higher than whites
Hispanic males suspended 1.7x white males in high schools (2017-18)
In Georgia (2021), Asian students had 0.5% restraint/seclusion rate vs. 1.2% for Black students
Multiracial girls expelled at 1.4x rate of white girls in Southern states (2019)
Pacific Islander students in Hawaii schools disciplined 2.5x more for minor infractions (2022)
Black students in charter schools suspended 3.1x whites (2015 study)
In Michigan (2018-19), Latino students 22% of referrals despite 8% enrollment
Native Hawaiian students in West Coast districts had 2.8x detention rates (2020)
In 2019, Black females received 12% of corporal punishment despite 7% enrollment nationally
Asian/Pacific Islander suspensions dropped 15% post-reform, but still 1.6x whites in some areas (2021)
In Ohio (2020-21), multiracial students 10% enrollment, 18% suspensions
Black pre-K expulsion rate 6x national average (2016 update)
Hispanic students in Southwest schools had 2.4x referral rates for dress code violations (2019)
In 2022 NYC data, Black students 24% enrollment but 50% of removals
Native American girls suspended 3x white girls in Midwest (2018)
Latino boys in California expelled 2.9x whites (2021)
Multiracial students faced 1.9x higher seclusion in special ed (2020)

School Discipline Disparities Interpretation

These statistics paint a clear and damning portrait of an education system where the school-to-prison pipeline is not merely a metaphor but a measurable reality, disproportionately channeling students of color toward punitive discipline from their very first days in a classroom.

Sources & References

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