GITNUXREPORT 2026

Prison Labor Statistics

Forced prison labor pays pennies while generating billions of dollars annually.

Jannik Lindner

Co-Founder of Gitnux, specialized in content and tech since 2016.

First published: Feb 13, 2026

Our Commitment to Accuracy

Rigorous fact-checking · Reputable sources · Regular updatesLearn more

Statistic 1

Prison labor linked to 20% higher injury rates than free labor.

Statistic 2

Inmates fighting CA wildfires suffer 7x higher death rate than civilians.

Statistic 3

2016 GAO report: prison workers face toxic exposure without PPE.

Statistic 4

Angola prison farm inmates endure heat exhaustion at 10x civilian rate.

Statistic 5

Prison labor causes chronic injuries; 30% report permanent disability.

Statistic 6

COVID-19: inmate workers 3x more likely to contract in facilities.

Statistic 7

Mental health deteriorates for 40% due to forced labor stress.

Statistic 8

No workers' comp for 90% of inmate laborers across states.

Statistic 9

Child labor in prisons: kids as young as 14 forced to work.

Statistic 10

Recidivism drops 24% for work program participants, per RAND.

Statistic 11

Families suffer: 60% of inmates can't support dependents due to low pay.

Statistic 12

Violence increases 15% in understaffed prisons reliant on inmate labor.

Statistic 13

TB rates 100x higher in prisons with heavy labor programs.

Statistic 14

Ergonomic injuries from repetitive tasks affect 25% of workers.

Statistic 15

Post-release: 50% of ex-inmates have labor-related health barriers to employment.

Statistic 16

Sexual harassment in labor programs reported by 12% of female inmates.

Statistic 17

Malnutrition common: laborers get same poor diet as non-workers.

Statistic 18

Suicide rates 2x higher among forced laborers.

Statistic 19

Economic loss to society: $80B/year from underpaid prison labor.

Statistic 20

Rehabilitation: only 13% of programs provide skills transferable to free jobs.

Statistic 21

Heat-related illnesses: 40 cases/1000 laborers in southern prisons.

Statistic 22

Pesticide exposure in ag labor causes cancer clusters.

Statistic 23

Elderly inmates (50+) forced to work despite health risks.

Statistic 24

Disabled inmates coerced into labor violating ADA in 30% cases.

Statistic 25

Community impact: prison goods undercut local wages by 37%.

Statistic 26

Opioid addiction worsens with labor stress, 20% higher relapse.

Statistic 27

Maternal labor: pregnant inmates work until delivery in some states.

Statistic 28

Long-term: prison labor linked to 15% higher homelessness post-release.

Statistic 29

U.S. prisons produce furniture, clothing, and vehicles for government use.

Statistic 30

UNICOR manufactures office furniture sold to federal agencies worth $500M+ annually.

Statistic 31

California inmates fight wildfires, saving state $100M/year in firefighting costs.

Statistic 32

Prison labor produces 98% of military uniforms in the U.S., per 2021 reports.

Statistic 33

Texas prisons grow 25% of state's agricultural crops via inmate labor.

Statistic 34

Florida inmates harvest citrus and sugarcane for state profit.

Statistic 35

Georgia prison industries make license plates, textiles, and metal fabrication.

Statistic 36

Arizona produces modular buildings and furniture with inmate labor.

Statistic 37

Michigan inmates sew clothing and assemble electronics.

Statistic 38

Ohio's OPI manufactures school desks and buses.

Statistic 39

Louisiana Angola farm produces 4M pounds of vegetables yearly by inmates.

Statistic 40

New York Corcraft produces office supplies and janitorial products.

Statistic 41

Pennsylvania SCI make brooms, mops, and clothing.

Statistic 42

Virginia inmates craft furniture for schools and government.

Statistic 43

Washington state prisoners can meat and produce staples.

Statistic 44

Colorado inmates fight wildfires similar to CA program.

Statistic 45

Missouri produces auto tags and mattresses.

Statistic 46

Indiana makes signs and prints documents.

Statistic 47

Kentucky prison labor in recycling and laundry.

Statistic 48

Oklahoma makes cowboy boots and saddles.

Statistic 49

Iowa produces canned goods and canned meats.

Statistic 50

Kansas inmates make metal products and optics.

Statistic 51

Nebraska crafts wood products and printing.

Statistic 52

North Carolina prison enterprises produce textiles and furniture.

Statistic 53

Oregon makes modular units and clothing.

Statistic 54

South Dakota produces buffalo jerky and taxidermy.

Statistic 55

Inmates nationwide produce $2B in goods for private companies via PIA.

Statistic 56

Prison-made products include eye glasses, circuit boards, and weapons parts.

Statistic 57

Alabama inmates sew for fast-food chains like McDonald's.

Statistic 58

SC inmates make body armor for police.

Statistic 59

Prisons supply Staples and Office Depot via inmate labor.

Statistic 60

Inmates process 37% of U.S. recycled paper.

Statistic 61

The 13th Amendment explicitly permits slavery and involuntary servitude as punishment for crime.

Statistic 62

In Ray v. Mabry (1977), court upheld prison labor but noted coercion issues.

Statistic 63

37 states have constitutional provisions allowing unpaid prison labor.

Statistic 64

Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR) exempt from some labor laws under 18 U.S.C. §1761.

Statistic 65

Ashurst-Sumners Act (1940) restricts interstate transport of prison-made goods.

Statistic 66

In 1993, PIE/PBOP programs allowed private companies to use inmate labor legally.

Statistic 67

California Proposition 139 (2016) challenged forced labor, but upheld.

Statistic 68

Colorado amended constitution in 2018 to ban slavery in prisons, first state.

Statistic 69

Nebraska voters approved ending slavery exception in 2020.

Statistic 70

Utah amended constitution in 2020 to remove slavery for punishment.

Statistic 71

Louisiana court ruled in 2022 that prison labor is not slavery under 13th.

Statistic 72

Over 20 states faced lawsuits in 2020s over forced labor claims.

Statistic 73

FLSA exempts prisoners from minimum wage under 29 U.S.C. §203.

Statistic 74

OSHA standards often not enforced in prisons, per 2021 GAO report.

Statistic 75

Inmate workers not covered by NLRA union rights.

Statistic 76

Strikes like 2016 nationwide prison strike protested labor conditions.

Statistic 77

Georgia 2010 strike involved 30,000 inmates refusing work.

Statistic 78

Supreme Court in Vanskike v. Peters (1994) denied due process for wages.

Statistic 79

Recent bills like Abolition Amendment push to repeal 13th exception.

Statistic 80

Tennessee 2022 law mandates work for able-bodied inmates.

Statistic 81

Alabama sued in 2022 for back wages under labor laws.

Statistic 82

Private prisons like CoreCivic profit $1B+ from inmate labor contracts.

Statistic 83

GEO Group pays inmates $1/day in many facilities.

Statistic 84

In 2023, 7 states passed laws to end slavery in constitutions.

Statistic 85

Work refusal often punished by solitary, per Human Rights Watch.

Statistic 86

Inmates have no right to strike under most state laws.

Statistic 87

13th Amendment loophole upheld in Bailey v. Alabama (1911).

Statistic 88

Modern slavery claims in 50 lawsuits since 2018.

Statistic 89

In 2022, approximately 1.2 million incarcerated people in state and federal prisons were employed in some form of labor, accounting for about 55% of the total U.S. prison population.

Statistic 90

As of 2019, over 800,000 prisoners across the U.S. performed prison labor daily, generating an estimated $11 billion in goods and services annually.

Statistic 91

In federal prisons, 32,559 inmates worked for UNICOR in 2021, producing goods worth $533 million.

Statistic 92

State prisons housed 1,230,100 inmates in 2021, with roughly 50-60% engaged in work programs according to Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Statistic 93

California's prison system employs about 20,000 inmates in various jobs, including firefighting, as of 2023.

Statistic 94

In 2018, 37 states paid no wages at all for outside prison maintenance work performed by inmates.

Statistic 95

Texas prisons had 70,000 inmates working in 2022, contributing to state operations valued at over $100 million.

Statistic 96

Nationwide, prison labor programs cover 70% of state prison populations on average, per 2020 Vera Institute data.

Statistic 97

Federal Bureau of Prisons reports 18,000 inmates in maintenance jobs in 2022, essential for facility upkeep.

Statistic 98

Florida's prison labor force numbers around 40,000 inmates as of 2021, involved in agriculture and manufacturing.

Statistic 99

In 2020, 95,000 inmates participated in work release programs across participating states.

Statistic 100

Georgia's prison industries employed 4,500 inmates in 2022, producing $30 million in revenue.

Statistic 101

Nationwide survey in 2017 found 86% of correctional industries programs active in state prisons.

Statistic 102

Michigan prisons have 15,000 working inmates, per 2023 MDOC report.

Statistic 103

In 2021, 6% of state prisoners were in private industry programs, totaling about 50,000 workers.

Statistic 104

Ohio's prison labor includes 12,000 inmates in food services and laundry.

Statistic 105

By 2019, Arizona employed 10,000 inmates in its prison labor system.

Statistic 106

Pennsylvania's SCI system has 25% of its 40,000 inmates working.

Statistic 107

In 2022, Nevada prisons reported 8,000 inmate workers.

Statistic 108

Washington's DOC employs 9,000 inmates in 2023.

Statistic 109

Inmate labor in U.S. prisons equates to 2.2 billion hours annually, per 2020 estimate.

Statistic 110

Louisiana's prison population of 30,000 sees 60% in work programs.

Statistic 111

New York's DOCCS has 45,000 inmates with 20,000 working.

Statistic 112

Illinois IDOC reports 14,000 inmate laborers in 2022.

Statistic 113

Oklahoma DOC: 18,000 inmates, half in labor programs.

Statistic 114

Virginia's VADOC employs 16,000 of 30,000 inmates.

Statistic 115

Colorado DOC: 9,000 working inmates out of 20,000.

Statistic 116

Kentucky: 8,000 inmate workers in 2021.

Statistic 117

Indiana DOC: 12,000 laborers.

Statistic 118

Missouri: 14,000 inmate workers per 2022 data.

Statistic 119

The average prison wage across U.S. states is $0.14 to $0.52 per hour as of 2023.

Statistic 120

In Georgia, inmates earn $0.00 per hour for regular prison jobs in 2023.

Statistic 121

Federal prison workers under UNICOR earn $0.23 to $1.15 per hour in 2022.

Statistic 122

Alabama pays $0.25-$0.60/hour for state industry work, nothing for public works.

Statistic 123

Texas inmates receive $0.00 for most jobs, up to $0.50 for some.

Statistic 124

Arkansas: average wage $0.38/hour, minimum $0.00 for some.

Statistic 125

Mississippi state minimum prison wage is $0.00/hour.

Statistic 126

South Carolina pays $0.25/hour max for industry work.

Statistic 127

Florida: $0.50/hour average for prison industries.

Statistic 128

Louisiana inmates earn $0.04-$0.20/hour.

Statistic 129

Oklahoma: $0.25-$1.00/hour depending on job.

Statistic 130

Tennessee: $0.17/hour average.

Statistic 131

California CDCR wages range from $0.08 to $0.37/hour for most inmates.

Statistic 132

New York pays up to $1.30/hour for some programs.

Statistic 133

Michigan: $0.00-$1.40/hour.

Statistic 134

Ohio: average $0.28/hour.

Statistic 135

Pennsylvania: $0.19-$0.42/hour.

Statistic 136

Illinois: $0.00 for non-industry, up to $7.25 for some.

Statistic 137

Virginia: $0.30-$0.80/hour.

Statistic 138

Washington state: $0.42/hour average.

Statistic 139

Colorado: $0.00-$1.50/hour.

Statistic 140

Missouri: $0.30-$0.71/hour.

Statistic 141

Indiana: $0.00-$1.25/hour.

Statistic 142

Kentucky: $0.00 for most, up to $3.00 for work release.

Statistic 143

Nevada: $0.00-$0.50/hour.

Statistic 144

Arizona: average $0.33/hour.

Statistic 145

Inmates often lose 50-80% of wages to room/board fees.

Statistic 146

Annual prison labor earnings total less than $2 billion for 1 million workers.

Statistic 147

79% of inmates earn less than minimum wage, often under $1/hour.

Statistic 148

UNICOR workers average $0.86/hour after deductions.

Statistic 149

In 2020, average daily wage for state prisoners was $0.86.

Statistic 150

Prison labor market value estimated at $11 billion/year, workers get 1-2%.

Statistic 151

South Dakota wages: $0.25-$3.00/hour.

Statistic 152

Utah: $0.40-$1.45/hour.

Statistic 153

West Virginia: $0.00-$0.60/hour.

Statistic 154

Wyoming: $0.00-$1.00/hour.

1/154

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Beneath the surface of the U.S. economy lies a massive, hidden workforce of incarcerated people, whose labor generates billions in value while earning pennies on the dollar.

Key Takeaways

In 2022, approximately 1.2 million incarcerated people in state and federal prisons were employed in some form of labor, accounting for about 55% of the total U.S. prison population.
As of 2019, over 800,000 prisoners across the U.S. performed prison labor daily, generating an estimated $11 billion in goods and services annually.
In federal prisons, 32,559 inmates worked for UNICOR in 2021, producing goods worth $533 million.
The average prison wage across U.S. states is $0.14 to $0.52 per hour as of 2023.
In Georgia, inmates earn $0.00 per hour for regular prison jobs in 2023.
Federal prison workers under UNICOR earn $0.23 to $1.15 per hour in 2022.
U.S. prisons produce furniture, clothing, and vehicles for government use.
UNICOR manufactures office furniture sold to federal agencies worth $500M+ annually.
California inmates fight wildfires, saving state $100M/year in firefighting costs.
The 13th Amendment explicitly permits slavery and involuntary servitude as punishment for crime.
In Ray v. Mabry (1977), court upheld prison labor but noted coercion issues.
37 states have constitutional provisions allowing unpaid prison labor.
Prison labor linked to 20% higher injury rates than free labor.
Inmates fighting CA wildfires suffer 7x higher death rate than civilians.
2016 GAO report: prison workers face toxic exposure without PPE.

Forced prison labor pays pennies while generating billions of dollars annually.

Health, Safety, and Social Impacts

Prison labor linked to 20% higher injury rates than free labor.
Inmates fighting CA wildfires suffer 7x higher death rate than civilians.
2016 GAO report: prison workers face toxic exposure without PPE.
Angola prison farm inmates endure heat exhaustion at 10x civilian rate.
Prison labor causes chronic injuries; 30% report permanent disability.
COVID-19: inmate workers 3x more likely to contract in facilities.
Mental health deteriorates for 40% due to forced labor stress.
No workers' comp for 90% of inmate laborers across states.
Child labor in prisons: kids as young as 14 forced to work.
Recidivism drops 24% for work program participants, per RAND.
Families suffer: 60% of inmates can't support dependents due to low pay.
Violence increases 15% in understaffed prisons reliant on inmate labor.
TB rates 100x higher in prisons with heavy labor programs.
Ergonomic injuries from repetitive tasks affect 25% of workers.
Post-release: 50% of ex-inmates have labor-related health barriers to employment.
Sexual harassment in labor programs reported by 12% of female inmates.
Malnutrition common: laborers get same poor diet as non-workers.
Suicide rates 2x higher among forced laborers.
Economic loss to society: $80B/year from underpaid prison labor.
Rehabilitation: only 13% of programs provide skills transferable to free jobs.
Heat-related illnesses: 40 cases/1000 laborers in southern prisons.
Pesticide exposure in ag labor causes cancer clusters.
Elderly inmates (50+) forced to work despite health risks.
Disabled inmates coerced into labor violating ADA in 30% cases.
Community impact: prison goods undercut local wages by 37%.
Opioid addiction worsens with labor stress, 20% higher relapse.
Maternal labor: pregnant inmates work until delivery in some states.
Long-term: prison labor linked to 15% higher homelessness post-release.

Health, Safety, and Social Impacts Interpretation

The statistics reveal that America’s prison labor system is a brutal and hypocritical machine, grinding down human beings for profit while dangling the carrot of rehabilitation that it almost never delivers, ultimately leaving bodies broken, families impoverished, and communities harmed in its wake.

Industries and Products

U.S. prisons produce furniture, clothing, and vehicles for government use.
UNICOR manufactures office furniture sold to federal agencies worth $500M+ annually.
California inmates fight wildfires, saving state $100M/year in firefighting costs.
Prison labor produces 98% of military uniforms in the U.S., per 2021 reports.
Texas prisons grow 25% of state's agricultural crops via inmate labor.
Florida inmates harvest citrus and sugarcane for state profit.
Georgia prison industries make license plates, textiles, and metal fabrication.
Arizona produces modular buildings and furniture with inmate labor.
Michigan inmates sew clothing and assemble electronics.
Ohio's OPI manufactures school desks and buses.
Louisiana Angola farm produces 4M pounds of vegetables yearly by inmates.
New York Corcraft produces office supplies and janitorial products.
Pennsylvania SCI make brooms, mops, and clothing.
Virginia inmates craft furniture for schools and government.
Washington state prisoners can meat and produce staples.
Colorado inmates fight wildfires similar to CA program.
Missouri produces auto tags and mattresses.
Indiana makes signs and prints documents.
Kentucky prison labor in recycling and laundry.
Oklahoma makes cowboy boots and saddles.
Iowa produces canned goods and canned meats.
Kansas inmates make metal products and optics.
Nebraska crafts wood products and printing.
North Carolina prison enterprises produce textiles and furniture.
Oregon makes modular units and clothing.
South Dakota produces buffalo jerky and taxidermy.
Inmates nationwide produce $2B in goods for private companies via PIA.
Prison-made products include eye glasses, circuit boards, and weapons parts.
Alabama inmates sew for fast-food chains like McDonald's.
SC inmates make body armor for police.
Prisons supply Staples and Office Depot via inmate labor.
Inmates process 37% of U.S. recycled paper.

Industries and Products Interpretation

The sheer scale of prison labor, from fighting wildfires to sewing military uniforms, paints a stark picture of an economy that is both deeply reliant on and conveniently insulated from its incarcerated workforce.

Legal and Rights Issues

The 13th Amendment explicitly permits slavery and involuntary servitude as punishment for crime.
In Ray v. Mabry (1977), court upheld prison labor but noted coercion issues.
37 states have constitutional provisions allowing unpaid prison labor.
Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR) exempt from some labor laws under 18 U.S.C. §1761.
Ashurst-Sumners Act (1940) restricts interstate transport of prison-made goods.
In 1993, PIE/PBOP programs allowed private companies to use inmate labor legally.
California Proposition 139 (2016) challenged forced labor, but upheld.
Colorado amended constitution in 2018 to ban slavery in prisons, first state.
Nebraska voters approved ending slavery exception in 2020.
Utah amended constitution in 2020 to remove slavery for punishment.
Louisiana court ruled in 2022 that prison labor is not slavery under 13th.
Over 20 states faced lawsuits in 2020s over forced labor claims.
FLSA exempts prisoners from minimum wage under 29 U.S.C. §203.
OSHA standards often not enforced in prisons, per 2021 GAO report.
Inmate workers not covered by NLRA union rights.
Strikes like 2016 nationwide prison strike protested labor conditions.
Georgia 2010 strike involved 30,000 inmates refusing work.
Supreme Court in Vanskike v. Peters (1994) denied due process for wages.
Recent bills like Abolition Amendment push to repeal 13th exception.
Tennessee 2022 law mandates work for able-bodied inmates.
Alabama sued in 2022 for back wages under labor laws.
Private prisons like CoreCivic profit $1B+ from inmate labor contracts.
GEO Group pays inmates $1/day in many facilities.
In 2023, 7 states passed laws to end slavery in constitutions.
Work refusal often punished by solitary, per Human Rights Watch.
Inmates have no right to strike under most state laws.
13th Amendment loophole upheld in Bailey v. Alabama (1911).
Modern slavery claims in 50 lawsuits since 2018.

Legal and Rights Issues Interpretation

The 13th Amendment's "punishment clause" is America's most artful and enduring legal fiction, a constitutional sleight of hand that launders forced labor through the prison system, proving that a loophole can be wide enough to drive a multi-billion dollar industry and centuries of injustice right through.

Prevalence and Scale

In 2022, approximately 1.2 million incarcerated people in state and federal prisons were employed in some form of labor, accounting for about 55% of the total U.S. prison population.
As of 2019, over 800,000 prisoners across the U.S. performed prison labor daily, generating an estimated $11 billion in goods and services annually.
In federal prisons, 32,559 inmates worked for UNICOR in 2021, producing goods worth $533 million.
State prisons housed 1,230,100 inmates in 2021, with roughly 50-60% engaged in work programs according to Bureau of Justice Statistics.
California's prison system employs about 20,000 inmates in various jobs, including firefighting, as of 2023.
In 2018, 37 states paid no wages at all for outside prison maintenance work performed by inmates.
Texas prisons had 70,000 inmates working in 2022, contributing to state operations valued at over $100 million.
Nationwide, prison labor programs cover 70% of state prison populations on average, per 2020 Vera Institute data.
Federal Bureau of Prisons reports 18,000 inmates in maintenance jobs in 2022, essential for facility upkeep.
Florida's prison labor force numbers around 40,000 inmates as of 2021, involved in agriculture and manufacturing.
In 2020, 95,000 inmates participated in work release programs across participating states.
Georgia's prison industries employed 4,500 inmates in 2022, producing $30 million in revenue.
Nationwide survey in 2017 found 86% of correctional industries programs active in state prisons.
Michigan prisons have 15,000 working inmates, per 2023 MDOC report.
In 2021, 6% of state prisoners were in private industry programs, totaling about 50,000 workers.
Ohio's prison labor includes 12,000 inmates in food services and laundry.
By 2019, Arizona employed 10,000 inmates in its prison labor system.
Pennsylvania's SCI system has 25% of its 40,000 inmates working.
In 2022, Nevada prisons reported 8,000 inmate workers.
Washington's DOC employs 9,000 inmates in 2023.
Inmate labor in U.S. prisons equates to 2.2 billion hours annually, per 2020 estimate.
Louisiana's prison population of 30,000 sees 60% in work programs.
New York's DOCCS has 45,000 inmates with 20,000 working.
Illinois IDOC reports 14,000 inmate laborers in 2022.
Oklahoma DOC: 18,000 inmates, half in labor programs.
Virginia's VADOC employs 16,000 of 30,000 inmates.
Colorado DOC: 9,000 working inmates out of 20,000.
Kentucky: 8,000 inmate workers in 2021.
Indiana DOC: 12,000 laborers.
Missouri: 14,000 inmate workers per 2022 data.

Prevalence and Scale Interpretation

The United States incarcerates a workforce larger than the population of San Francisco, pays many of them nothing, and calls it rehabilitation while quietly banking billions.

Wages and Compensation

The average prison wage across U.S. states is $0.14 to $0.52 per hour as of 2023.
In Georgia, inmates earn $0.00 per hour for regular prison jobs in 2023.
Federal prison workers under UNICOR earn $0.23 to $1.15 per hour in 2022.
Alabama pays $0.25-$0.60/hour for state industry work, nothing for public works.
Texas inmates receive $0.00 for most jobs, up to $0.50 for some.
Arkansas: average wage $0.38/hour, minimum $0.00 for some.
Mississippi state minimum prison wage is $0.00/hour.
South Carolina pays $0.25/hour max for industry work.
Florida: $0.50/hour average for prison industries.
Louisiana inmates earn $0.04-$0.20/hour.
Oklahoma: $0.25-$1.00/hour depending on job.
Tennessee: $0.17/hour average.
California CDCR wages range from $0.08 to $0.37/hour for most inmates.
New York pays up to $1.30/hour for some programs.
Michigan: $0.00-$1.40/hour.
Ohio: average $0.28/hour.
Pennsylvania: $0.19-$0.42/hour.
Illinois: $0.00 for non-industry, up to $7.25 for some.
Virginia: $0.30-$0.80/hour.
Washington state: $0.42/hour average.
Colorado: $0.00-$1.50/hour.
Missouri: $0.30-$0.71/hour.
Indiana: $0.00-$1.25/hour.
Kentucky: $0.00 for most, up to $3.00 for work release.
Nevada: $0.00-$0.50/hour.
Arizona: average $0.33/hour.
Inmates often lose 50-80% of wages to room/board fees.
Annual prison labor earnings total less than $2 billion for 1 million workers.
79% of inmates earn less than minimum wage, often under $1/hour.
UNICOR workers average $0.86/hour after deductions.
In 2020, average daily wage for state prisoners was $0.86.
Prison labor market value estimated at $11 billion/year, workers get 1-2%.
South Dakota wages: $0.25-$3.00/hour.
Utah: $0.40-$1.45/hour.
West Virginia: $0.00-$0.60/hour.
Wyoming: $0.00-$1.00/hour.

Wages and Compensation Interpretation

This table of modern exploitation shows that in a nation obsessed with the dignity of work, the system can find the precise monetary value of a person's labor and then round it down to zero.