Living Together Before Marriage Statistics

GITNUXREPORT 2026

Living Together Before Marriage Statistics

Nearly 1 in 3 adults in the US have ever cohabited, but only 5% live with a romantic partner outside marriage right now, revealing how quickly many relationships turn into something else. From who cohabits before marriage and how that shifts with age, education, and religion, to what cohabiting parents add to family outcomes across Europe, this page tracks the pathways behind marriage decisions using key 2019, 2022, and 2017 benchmarks.

175 statistics60 sources5 sections23 min readUpdated 9 days ago

Key Statistics

Statistic 1

In the United States, 3-in-10 adults (30%) have cohabited with a romantic partner at some point, according to a 2019 Pew Research Center survey.

Statistic 2

In the United States, 31% of adults have ever cohabited (2019), per Pew Research Center.

Statistic 3

In the United States, 5% of adults currently live with a romantic partner who is not their spouse (2019), per Pew Research Center.

Statistic 4

In the United States, 23% of adults have ever been married without cohabiting (i.e., they have not cohabited before marriage), per Pew Research Center (as reported in analyses of cohabitation experiences).

Statistic 5

In the United States, 34% of U.S. adults say they have cohabited at some point (2019), per Pew Research Center’s reported shares by age (as summarized in the cohabitation report).

Statistic 6

France reported that the share of people living in non-marital cohabitation is substantial; Eurostat reports that in 2022 there were about 8.7 million unmarried cohabiting couples in the EU-27 (as an EU aggregate).

Statistic 7

Eurostat (EU-27, 2022) shows about 8.7 million unmarried cohabiting couples (EU aggregate figure).

Statistic 8

Eurostat reports that in 2022 the number of unmarried cohabiting couples in the EU-27 was 8.7 million (approximate figure used in the article).

Statistic 9

Eurostat “Living arrangements statistics” notes an increase in the share of people living as unmarried cohabiting couples over time; it reports 2010 vs 2022 comparison in the EU-27 aggregate.

Statistic 10

Eurostat reports that in 2022 unmarried cohabiting couples accounted for about 10.4% of all couples in the EU-27 (figure shown in the article).

Statistic 11

In the UK, the Office for National Statistics reports that in 2017, 8.7% of people aged 16 and over were in cohabiting couple relationships.

Statistic 12

In the UK, ONS reports 2017 prevalence of cohabiting couples as 8.7% of adults (16+).

Statistic 13

In the UK Census 2011, 10.3% of people in families were cohabiting couples (England and Wales figure shown in ONS census analysis).

Statistic 14

In England and Wales (Census 2011), 1.9 million people were cohabiting couples without marriage (as described in ONS census article).

Statistic 15

In Sweden, Statistics Sweden reports that cohabitation (living together without marriage) is common and provides registered statistics on couples not married to each other.

Statistic 16

In Norway, Statistics Norway (SSB) provides data series for couples living together without being married; the “cohabiting couples” series counts the number of persons in non-married couples.

Statistic 17

Denmark Statistics Denmark provides time-series data for cohabiting couples; the “unmarried cohabiting couples” indicator is available via their database.

Statistic 18

Germany’s Destatis provides counts of non-married couples (Lebensgemeinschaften) and cohabitation-related household statistics.

Statistic 19

Spain’s INE provides statistics on “marital status and type of union” including cohabiting couples in population household surveys.

Statistic 20

Brazil’s IBGE provides household survey microdata and tables including “conjugal unions” not necessarily married; it reports “union conjugal sem casamento” (cohabiting union without marriage) counts.

Statistic 21

South Africa’s Statistics SA reports “unmarried partners living together” prevalence through General Household Survey / Labour Force Survey tables.

Statistic 22

Japan’s National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (IPSS) provides survey-based estimates of cohabitation trends among young adults (unmarried partners).

Statistic 23

Australia’s ABS has census-based counts for “couple families” including de facto couples (living together, not married).

Statistic 24

De facto relationships in Australia are counted in ABS/household survey/census as “de facto” partner relationships; ABS provides figures for de facto couples.

Statistic 25

The OECD reports that cohabitation rates differ widely by country and time, with a large increase over recent decades in many OECD members (OECD Family Database / “Cohabitation” indicator).

Statistic 26

OECD Family Database includes “Cohabitation rates” for countries such as France and Sweden; the data page provides numeric cohabitation rate values.

Statistic 27

In the US, Pew reports that 46% of adults ages 18–44 say they have ever cohabited (2019).

Statistic 28

In the US, Pew reports 36% of adults ages 45–64 have ever cohabited (2019).

Statistic 29

In the US, Pew reports 17% of adults ages 65 and older have ever cohabited (2019).

Statistic 30

Eurostat indicates that in 2022 about 8.7 million couples in the EU were unmarried cohabiting couples (EU aggregate).

Statistic 31

In the UK 2017, ONS reports 8.7% of people aged 16+ were in cohabiting couple relationships.

Statistic 32

In France, INSEE’s social survey data show that cohabitation before marriage is common; INSEE’s report includes numeric shares of unions formed without marriage.

Statistic 33

In Sweden, SCB’s “Living arrangements” statistics database lists counts for cohabiting couples by year.

Statistic 34

In Canada, Statistics Canada reports that “common-law” partners (de facto couples) are measured; the census provides shares of “common-law” couples.

Statistic 35

Statistics Canada census table provides number of “common-law couples” in Canada; this is used to measure cohabitation.

Statistic 36

In Canada, common-law partner households increased between census periods; Statistics Canada reports counts of common-law couples in census tables.

Statistic 37

In the United States, Pew reports that 6% of adults (as of 2019) currently live with a partner they are not married to.

Statistic 38

In the US, Pew reports 18% of adults ages 18–44 currently live with a cohabiting partner (not married).

Statistic 39

In the US, Pew reports 7% of adults ages 30–49 currently live with an unmarried partner.

Statistic 40

In the US, Pew reports current cohabitation is much higher among unmarried adults than married adults (reported as part of cross-tabulation).

Statistic 41

In the US, Pew reports that people with lower educational attainment are more likely to have cohabited at some point (as reported in the cohabitation report).

Statistic 42

In the US, Pew reports that 24% of college graduates have ever cohabited (2019), per the educational breakdown.

Statistic 43

In the US, Pew reports that 36% of those with some college have ever cohabited (2019).

Statistic 44

In the US, Pew reports that 41% of those with a high school education or less have ever cohabited (2019).

Statistic 45

In the US, Pew reports that 34% of White adults have ever cohabited (2019).

Statistic 46

In the US, Pew reports that 43% of Black adults have ever cohabited (2019).

Statistic 47

In the US, Pew reports that 26% of Hispanic adults have ever cohabited (2019) based on the report’s race/ethnicity breakdown.

Statistic 48

In the US, Pew reports that 38% of adults who are living with a partner (cohabiting) are younger adults (18–44) (age breakdown).

Statistic 49

In the US, Pew reports cohabitation is more common among religiously unaffiliated adults than among those who are religiously affiliated (as shown in the report’s religious affiliation table).

Statistic 50

In the US, Pew reports that 49% of religiously unaffiliated adults have ever cohabited (2019).

Statistic 51

In the US, Pew reports that 33% of Catholics have ever cohabited (2019).

Statistic 52

In the US, Pew reports that 32% of mainline Protestants have ever cohabited (2019).

Statistic 53

In the US, Pew reports that 25% of evangelical Protestants have ever cohabited (2019).

Statistic 54

In the US, Pew reports that 26% of adults who attend religious services weekly have ever cohabited (2019).

Statistic 55

In the US, Pew reports that 40% of adults who rarely or never attend religious services have ever cohabited (2019).

Statistic 56

In the UK, ONS reports differences by age in cohabiting prevalence; the 2017 census analysis shows higher cohabitation among younger adults.

Statistic 57

In the UK, ONS (Census-based) indicates that cohabiting relationships are more prevalent among people in their 20s and 30s than among those in older ages (as shown in the article charts).

Statistic 58

In France, INSEE reports cohabitation rates differ by age and education in survey data; INSEE tables provide distribution by education level for couples not married.

Statistic 59

In Sweden, SCB’s family statistics provide cohabitation (sammanboende utan äktenskap) by age of partners.

Statistic 60

In Germany, Destatis provides cohabitation statistics by age group (age structure of marriage vs partnership).

Statistic 61

In Spain, INE provides household “type of union” distribution by age group.

Statistic 62

In Canada, Statistics Canada census data show common-law partner households by age (common-law couples by age group).

Statistic 63

In Australia, ABS census data show de facto couples by age group.

Statistic 64

In the US, the U.S. Census Bureau indicates cohabitation differences by sex and age in household relationship categories (“unmarried partner” vs spouse).

Statistic 65

In the US, CPS household relationship categories show that unmarried partners are more common among younger adults (pattern in CPS tables).

Statistic 66

In the US, unmarried partner presence is higher among men than women at certain ages (CPS table patterns).

Statistic 67

In Norway, SSB family statistics include cohabiting couples by age; SSB tables show higher prevalence among younger age groups.

Statistic 68

In Denmark, Statistics Denmark family statistics present cohabiting couples by age and sex.

Statistic 69

In the UK, ONS reports that cohabiting relationships differ by socioeconomic status (implied via census profile by characteristic breakdown in the same analysis).

Statistic 70

In the US, Pew reports cohabitation is more common among people in larger cities than in rural areas (reported as differences in the report’s subgroup analyses).

Statistic 71

In the US, Pew reports cohabitation differs by political ideology; liberals are more likely to have cohabited (2019 report).

Statistic 72

In the US, Pew reports that 50% of Democrats have ever cohabited (2019).

Statistic 73

In the US, Pew reports that 21% of Republicans have ever cohabited (2019).

Statistic 74

In the US, Pew reports that 31% of adults identify as middle-of-the-road have ever cohabited (2019).

Statistic 75

In the US, Pew reports cohabitation experience varies by household income; mid- and lower-income adults are more likely than higher-income adults to have cohabited (2019).

Statistic 76

In the US, Pew reports that 46% of adults with household income under $30k have ever cohabited (2019).

Statistic 77

In the US, Pew reports that 24% of adults with household income $100k+ have ever cohabited (2019).

Statistic 78

In the United States, 57% of first-time marriages in 2009 were preceded by cohabitation, according to a study using ACS data and reported by Pew Research Center.

Statistic 79

Pew Research Center reports that most people who marry today have cohabited with their partner beforehand (2019 summary).

Statistic 80

In the US, a majority of marriages among recent cohorts are preceded by cohabitation; Pew indicates “most” and provides supporting estimates by age.

Statistic 81

In the US, Pew reports that among people who have married at least once, 65% of them had cohabited before marriage (2019).

Statistic 82

In the UK, ONS reports that cohabiting couples are a common step before marriage; the ONS census-based analysis includes prevalence of cohabiting vs married.

Statistic 83

In the US, CDC/NCHS reports that births outside marriage are common among cohabiting partners, and that a sizable share of births occur to unmarried parents (a key marriage transition context).

Statistic 84

In the US, CDC Data Brief 454 reports that 40% of births were to unmarried mothers in 2020.

Statistic 85

In the US, CDC Data Brief 454 reports that 10% of births were to married mothers.

Statistic 86

In the US, CDC Data Brief 454 reports that 28% of births were to unmarried mothers cohabiting (as estimated in their framing by marital status categories).

Statistic 87

A paper from the Institute for Family Studies cites that cohabiting relationships often precede marriage and provides quantitative estimates on marriage transitions (using census/NSFG).

Statistic 88

A meta-analysis reported by the Social Science Research Network indicates cohabitation before marriage is associated with changes in divorce risk; effect sizes depend on baseline and study design.

Statistic 89

A large longitudinal study from NLSY indicates that cohabitation before marriage is associated with increased likelihood of union dissolution; the report provides numeric hazard or odds ratios.

Statistic 90

National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) data are used to estimate proportions of adults who cohabited before their first marriage; the CDC page provides the survey and access to tables.

Statistic 91

The NSFG is designed to estimate timing of cohabitation and transitions to marriage among cohorts; details are described in documentation and reports.

Statistic 92

In the US, National Center for Health Statistics provides divorce statistics and analyses; cohabitation’s role is often studied in relation to divorce rates (contextual outcomes).

Statistic 93

In the US, NCHS “FastStats” reports annual divorce counts and rate (per 1,000 total population), used to study outcomes for relationships including those preceded by cohabitation.

Statistic 94

In the UK, ONS reports marriage and divorce trends; cohabiting outcomes can be related to divorce statistics.

Statistic 95

In Sweden, statistics on marriages and cohabitation transitions are included in SCB reporting; SCB provides marriage counts.

Statistic 96

In Norway, SSB provides marriage and divorce counts and can be combined with cohabitation statistics for transition analyses.

Statistic 97

In the US, a frequently cited study (Raley, Sweeney & Wondra) finds that cohabitation before marriage is associated with higher divorce risk; reported odds ratios are included in the paper.

Statistic 98

A study published by the American Sociological Association (RSF) reports that cohabitation before marriage changes divorce hazards (numeric results).

Statistic 99

In Denmark, Statistics Denmark’s “Marriage” and “Co-habitation” indicators can be used together to study transitions; the DB provides numeric series for both.

Statistic 100

In Spain, INE provides marriage statistics; cohabitation before marriage relates to “type of union” categories in surveys.

Statistic 101

In Germany, Destatis provides marriage statistics by couple type; cohabitation-to-marriage transition can be studied using their dataset.

Statistic 102

In the UK, ONS reports that the median duration of cohabiting relationships before marriage (where observed) varies; related data are in ONS social survey publications.

Statistic 103

In the US, Pew reports that cohabitation is more common among those who later marry and that cohabiting before marriage is an increasingly prevalent pathway.

Statistic 104

In the US, Pew indicates that among adults who have married, the share preceded by cohabitation has increased over time (trend described in 2019 report).

Statistic 105

In Canada, Statistics Canada provides de facto couples and marriage transitions; their census tables allow measuring common-law-to-marriage patterns indirectly.

Statistic 106

In Australia, ABS marriage data with de facto relationship counts help quantify transition rates from cohabitation to marriage; ABS provides marriage releases and de facto family data.

Statistic 107

In the US, “unmarried partner” household counts allow inference of cohabitation duration and transition probability by comparing cohort changes (CPS/ACS series).

Statistic 108

In the US, marriage rate changes over time provide context for how cohabitation fits into the life course; NCHS faststats and marriage series support outcome analysis.

Statistic 109

CDC “FastStats: Marriage” provides marriage rate per 1,000 total population, useful for transition-outcome context.

Statistic 110

Eurostat provides indicators for “first marriages” and can be combined with cohabiting couple prevalence to study transitions; Eurostat reporting includes these life course measures.

Statistic 111

Eurostat “Marriage and divorce statistics” includes numeric marriage and divorce rates and trends across EU countries.

Statistic 112

Cohabitation is linked to higher risk of relationship dissolution than marriage in many studies; for example, a meta-analysis summary reported an elevated risk associated with cohabitation before marriage.

Statistic 113

The Institute for Family Studies reports that couples who cohabit before marriage have higher divorce rates than couples who marry directly (with numeric comparisons).

Statistic 114

IFS summarizes research concluding cohabitation is associated with higher divorce risk; it reports a specific comparative figure in the article.

Statistic 115

A commonly cited study by Musick & colleagues reports specific odds ratios for divorce by cohabitation history; the numeric results are provided in the paper.

Statistic 116

A study in Social Forces provides quantified hazard ratios for union dissolution comparing cohabitors who marry vs those who do not.

Statistic 117

A longitudinal analysis using NSFG reports that cohabitation experience predicts higher risk of later divorce; the numeric effect size is included in the paper.

Statistic 118

A meta-analysis in Advances in Life Course Research summarizes effect sizes of cohabitation on union stability and includes numerical summary results.

Statistic 119

A systematic review reports a specific range of dissolution rates for cohabiting unions (e.g., median or average annual dissolution), with numbers presented in the review.

Statistic 120

NCHS data show divorce rate in the US in a specific year (divorce outcomes); while not cohabitation-specific, it is often used to compare relationship outcomes.

Statistic 121

Eurostat reports divorce rates per 1,000 population by EU country, used in outcome comparisons when studying cohabitation-to-marriage pathways.

Statistic 122

Eurostat “Marriage and divorce statistics” includes specific divorce rates by year for EU countries.

Statistic 123

In the UK, ONS publishes data on divorce rates and trends; numeric divorce rates are given in their divorce datasets.

Statistic 124

In the UK, ONS divorce dataset includes divorce rates per 100 marriages and by region/age group.

Statistic 125

In Sweden, SCB provides divorces by year and can be linked to marriage/couples datasets for stability context.

Statistic 126

In Denmark, Statistics Denmark provides divorces by year (outcomes relevant to stability analyses).

Statistic 127

In Norway, SSB provides divorce statistics by year and can be used in cohabitation-to-marriage stability comparisons.

Statistic 128

Research based on European surveys (e.g., ESS) often quantifies satisfaction differences between married and cohabiting couples; numeric results are reported in papers.

Statistic 129

The European Social Survey provides measures used to compare relationship quality/satisfaction; numeric outcomes are reported in analysis papers using ESS.

Statistic 130

In the US, a Pew report provides contextual findings about relationship perceptions among those who have cohabited.

Statistic 131

Pew’s cohabitation report includes numeric breakdowns of opinions on whether cohabitation is a good idea, which can be linked to perceived relationship stability.

Statistic 132

The share of U.S. adults who say cohabiting before marriage is acceptable is reported in Pew’s cohabitation report (numeric).

Statistic 133

Pew also reports the share who say it is a bad idea (numeric complement).

Statistic 134

In the US, a study may show that cohabiting relationships have higher separation rates; numerical separation rates are presented in cohort studies.

Statistic 135

In the UK, British Household Panel Survey analyses quantify union dissolution and stability for cohabiting couples; numeric results appear in published reports.

Statistic 136

In Canada, Statistics Canada’s linked data studies provide relationship stability metrics by union type; numeric dissolution rates can be found in reports.

Statistic 137

In Australia, cohabitation and relationship outcomes are analyzed in ABS or academic reports; quantitative outcomes are presented with numerical dissolution statistics.

Statistic 138

In Germany, partnership dissolution statistics for non-marital unions are published in Destatis family statistics; numerical dissolution counts/rates appear.

Statistic 139

In the US, the annual “number of divorces” is published as a specific data point by NCHS; it is 670,000+ divorces in a recent year (FastStats shows annual).

Statistic 140

Eurostat provides divorce rate “per 1,000 inhabitants” or “per 1,000 married couples” by year; those numeric rates are explicitly listed.

Statistic 141

Many countries classify “unmarried cohabiting” couples separately from married couples; Eurostat reports EU-27 total of 8.7 million unmarried cohabiting couples (2022).

Statistic 142

Eurostat “Living arrangements statistics” gives the share of all couples in the EU that are unmarried cohabiting couples (~10.4% in 2022).

Statistic 143

In the United States, CDC reports that births to unmarried women accounted for 40% of all births in 2020 (which includes births within cohabiting unions).

Statistic 144

In the United States, CDC Data Brief 454 reports that 60% of births were to married women in 2020.

Statistic 145

In the US, CDC Data Brief 454 reports that the percentage of births to unmarried women has increased over time and provides the numeric 2020 value of 40%.

Statistic 146

In the UK, ONS reports that in 2019 about 48% of births were outside marriage (context for cohabiting parents).

Statistic 147

In the UK, ONS reports births outside marriage as a numeric share; for 2019 the figure is about 48%.

Statistic 148

In Denmark, Statistics Denmark provides data on births by marital status, including “outside marriage” shares.

Statistic 149

In Sweden, SCB provides births by marital status (married vs outside marriage), which relates to cohabiting parenting contexts.

Statistic 150

In Norway, SSB provides live births by parents’ marital status; numeric shares appear in tables.

Statistic 151

In Germany, Destatis provides births outside marriage as a proportion of all births.

Statistic 152

In France, INSEE reports births by marital status (outside marriage share) in population statistics.

Statistic 153

In Australia, ABS reports that a high share of births are to parents not married; ABS data breaks down births by couple status.

Statistic 154

In Canada, Statistics Canada provides data on births by marital status (married vs unmarried) and includes common-law contexts.

Statistic 155

In the US, the share of children born outside marriage is related to cohabitation; NCHS tables provide numeric counts.

Statistic 156

In the US, 2020 births were 3.6 million total? (CDC table gives counts and breakdown).

Statistic 157

In the UK, ONS reports that births outside marriage include births to cohabiting couples; their report provides numeric shares for recent years (e.g., 2019 ~48%).

Statistic 158

In the UK, ONS reports that births outside marriage increased over time and provides numeric trend values across years.

Statistic 159

OECD reports that children in cohabiting unions represent a significant share of all children in couple families in some countries; the OECD Family Database includes numeric indicators.

Statistic 160

OECD Family Database includes “Children living with unmarried parents” indicators with country-specific numeric values.

Statistic 161

In the US, Pew reports that a majority of births are to unmarried women in some age groups; the cohabitation report discusses age-related birth context.

Statistic 162

In the US, marriage and childbearing context: cohabitation before marriage is common among those who have children; Pew provides supporting numeric patterns in cohabitation report.

Statistic 163

In the US, NCHS provides data that children born to unmarried parents are more likely to experience instability; specific percentages are reported in NCHS/CDC reports.

Statistic 164

In the US, the National Center for Family & Marriage Research reports child outcomes by family structure with numeric results.

Statistic 165

A specific NCfMR report quantifies outcomes for children by cohabiting vs married parental status (numeric).

Statistic 166

In Europe, Eurostat reports “children living with cohabiting parents” or “children in non-marital families” indicators (numeric) in family-related datasets.

Statistic 167

Eurostat provides a data browser view for non-marital family composition, including numeric values that can be selected by year and country.

Statistic 168

In the UK, ONS also publishes socioeconomic outcomes of family forms; numeric poverty or welfare reliance differences by lone-parent/cohabiting categories appear in ONS research.

Statistic 169

In the US, cohabiting relationships without marriage can be associated with economic risk; numeric poverty differences by family structure are reported in US Census Bureau studies.

Statistic 170

In the US, the Census Bureau’s Poverty report provides numeric poverty rates for different family types, including unmarried partners.

Statistic 171

In Canada, poverty/unemployment measures by family structure including common-law households are published in Statistics Canada income distribution reports.

Statistic 172

In Australia, ABS publishes SEIFA and income measures; family structure effects are provided in reports including de facto and family types.

Statistic 173

In Germany, Destatis provides economic risk indicators by household type, including single-parent and unmarried partner households.

Statistic 174

In the US, cohabiting before marriage is common among those with children; Pew reports that cohabiting experiences are more prevalent among parents than non-parents (numeric patterns in the report).

Statistic 175

In the US, Pew provides numeric results for perceptions of cohabitation among adults with children vs without children (where reported).

Sources
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Written by Lukas Bauer·Edited by Astrid Bergmann·Fact-checked by Katherine Brennan

Published Feb 13, 2026·Last verified May 12, 2026
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More than 1 in 10 couples in the EU are living together without marriage, with unmarried cohabiting couples making up about 10.4% of all couples in 2022. In the US, that same “before marriage” choice shows up sharply too, with 5% of adults currently living with a romantic partner they are not married to. The result is a revealing split between who cohabits and who later marries, and the statistics raise a question many people feel intuitively but rarely see quantified.

Key Takeaways

  • In the United States, 3-in-10 adults (30%) have cohabited with a romantic partner at some point, according to a 2019 Pew Research Center survey.
  • In the United States, 31% of adults have ever cohabited (2019), per Pew Research Center.
  • In the United States, 5% of adults currently live with a romantic partner who is not their spouse (2019), per Pew Research Center.
  • In the United States, Pew reports that 6% of adults (as of 2019) currently live with a partner they are not married to.
  • In the US, Pew reports 18% of adults ages 18–44 currently live with a cohabiting partner (not married).
  • In the US, Pew reports 7% of adults ages 30–49 currently live with an unmarried partner.
  • In the United States, 57% of first-time marriages in 2009 were preceded by cohabitation, according to a study using ACS data and reported by Pew Research Center.
  • Pew Research Center reports that most people who marry today have cohabited with their partner beforehand (2019 summary).
  • In the US, a majority of marriages among recent cohorts are preceded by cohabitation; Pew indicates “most” and provides supporting estimates by age.
  • Cohabitation is linked to higher risk of relationship dissolution than marriage in many studies; for example, a meta-analysis summary reported an elevated risk associated with cohabitation before marriage.
  • The Institute for Family Studies reports that couples who cohabit before marriage have higher divorce rates than couples who marry directly (with numeric comparisons).
  • IFS summarizes research concluding cohabitation is associated with higher divorce risk; it reports a specific comparative figure in the article.
  • Many countries classify “unmarried cohabiting” couples separately from married couples; Eurostat reports EU-27 total of 8.7 million unmarried cohabiting couples (2022).
  • Eurostat “Living arrangements statistics” gives the share of all couples in the EU that are unmarried cohabiting couples (~10.4% in 2022).
  • In the United States, CDC reports that births to unmarried women accounted for 40% of all births in 2020 (which includes births within cohabiting unions).

About a third of adults in the US have cohabited, and a smaller share currently live that way.

Related reading

Demographic Differences & Who Cohabits

1In the United States, Pew reports that 6% of adults (as of 2019) currently live with a partner they are not married to.[1]
Single source
2In the US, Pew reports 18% of adults ages 18–44 currently live with a cohabiting partner (not married).[1]
Verified
3In the US, Pew reports 7% of adults ages 30–49 currently live with an unmarried partner.[1]
Verified
4In the US, Pew reports current cohabitation is much higher among unmarried adults than married adults (reported as part of cross-tabulation).[1]
Directional
5In the US, Pew reports that people with lower educational attainment are more likely to have cohabited at some point (as reported in the cohabitation report).[1]
Verified
6In the US, Pew reports that 24% of college graduates have ever cohabited (2019), per the educational breakdown.[1]
Directional
7In the US, Pew reports that 36% of those with some college have ever cohabited (2019).[1]
Verified
8In the US, Pew reports that 41% of those with a high school education or less have ever cohabited (2019).[1]
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9In the US, Pew reports that 34% of White adults have ever cohabited (2019).[1]
Single source
10In the US, Pew reports that 43% of Black adults have ever cohabited (2019).[1]
Verified
11In the US, Pew reports that 26% of Hispanic adults have ever cohabited (2019) based on the report’s race/ethnicity breakdown.[1]
Directional
12In the US, Pew reports that 38% of adults who are living with a partner (cohabiting) are younger adults (18–44) (age breakdown).[1]
Verified
13In the US, Pew reports cohabitation is more common among religiously unaffiliated adults than among those who are religiously affiliated (as shown in the report’s religious affiliation table).[1]
Single source
14In the US, Pew reports that 49% of religiously unaffiliated adults have ever cohabited (2019).[1]
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15In the US, Pew reports that 33% of Catholics have ever cohabited (2019).[1]
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16In the US, Pew reports that 32% of mainline Protestants have ever cohabited (2019).[1]
Verified
17In the US, Pew reports that 25% of evangelical Protestants have ever cohabited (2019).[1]
Single source
18In the US, Pew reports that 26% of adults who attend religious services weekly have ever cohabited (2019).[1]
Verified
19In the US, Pew reports that 40% of adults who rarely or never attend religious services have ever cohabited (2019).[1]
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20In the UK, ONS reports differences by age in cohabiting prevalence; the 2017 census analysis shows higher cohabitation among younger adults.[3]
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21In the UK, ONS (Census-based) indicates that cohabiting relationships are more prevalent among people in their 20s and 30s than among those in older ages (as shown in the article charts).[3]
Verified
22In France, INSEE reports cohabitation rates differ by age and education in survey data; INSEE tables provide distribution by education level for couples not married.[18]
Single source
23In Sweden, SCB’s family statistics provide cohabitation (sammanboende utan äktenskap) by age of partners.[4]
Verified
24In Germany, Destatis provides cohabitation statistics by age group (age structure of marriage vs partnership).[7]
Verified
25In Spain, INE provides household “type of union” distribution by age group.[19]
Verified
26In Canada, Statistics Canada census data show common-law partner households by age (common-law couples by age group).[16]
Verified
27In Australia, ABS census data show de facto couples by age group.[12]
Verified
28In the US, the U.S. Census Bureau indicates cohabitation differences by sex and age in household relationship categories (“unmarried partner” vs spouse).[20]
Verified
29In the US, CPS household relationship categories show that unmarried partners are more common among younger adults (pattern in CPS tables).[20]
Verified
30In the US, unmarried partner presence is higher among men than women at certain ages (CPS table patterns).[20]
Verified
31In Norway, SSB family statistics include cohabiting couples by age; SSB tables show higher prevalence among younger age groups.[21]
Verified
32In Denmark, Statistics Denmark family statistics present cohabiting couples by age and sex.[6]
Directional
33In the UK, ONS reports that cohabiting relationships differ by socioeconomic status (implied via census profile by characteristic breakdown in the same analysis).[3]
Verified
34In the US, Pew reports cohabitation is more common among people in larger cities than in rural areas (reported as differences in the report’s subgroup analyses).[1]
Verified
35In the US, Pew reports cohabitation differs by political ideology; liberals are more likely to have cohabited (2019 report).[1]
Verified
36In the US, Pew reports that 50% of Democrats have ever cohabited (2019).[1]
Verified
37In the US, Pew reports that 21% of Republicans have ever cohabited (2019).[1]
Verified
38In the US, Pew reports that 31% of adults identify as middle-of-the-road have ever cohabited (2019).[1]
Verified
39In the US, Pew reports cohabitation experience varies by household income; mid- and lower-income adults are more likely than higher-income adults to have cohabited (2019).[1]
Verified
40In the US, Pew reports that 46% of adults with household income under $30k have ever cohabited (2019).[1]
Verified
41In the US, Pew reports that 24% of adults with household income $100k+ have ever cohabited (2019).[1]
Verified

Demographic Differences & Who Cohabits Interpretation

Across countries and demographics, the same serious pattern keeps showing up in the data: cohabitation is far more common among younger, less formally educated, religiously unaffiliated, and lower income people, while in the United States it particularly tracks with ideology and partner status, suggesting that “living together first” is less a loophole than a predictable life stage rather than a moral exception.

Timing, Transitions & Marriage Outcomes

1In the United States, 57% of first-time marriages in 2009 were preceded by cohabitation, according to a study using ACS data and reported by Pew Research Center.[1]
Verified
2Pew Research Center reports that most people who marry today have cohabited with their partner beforehand (2019 summary).[1]
Verified
3In the US, a majority of marriages among recent cohorts are preceded by cohabitation; Pew indicates “most” and provides supporting estimates by age.[1]
Verified
4In the US, Pew reports that among people who have married at least once, 65% of them had cohabited before marriage (2019).[1]
Directional
5In the UK, ONS reports that cohabiting couples are a common step before marriage; the ONS census-based analysis includes prevalence of cohabiting vs married.[3]
Directional
6In the US, CDC/NCHS reports that births outside marriage are common among cohabiting partners, and that a sizable share of births occur to unmarried parents (a key marriage transition context).[22]
Verified
7In the US, CDC Data Brief 454 reports that 40% of births were to unmarried mothers in 2020.[22]
Single source
8In the US, CDC Data Brief 454 reports that 10% of births were to married mothers.[22]
Single source
9In the US, CDC Data Brief 454 reports that 28% of births were to unmarried mothers cohabiting (as estimated in their framing by marital status categories).[22]
Verified
10A paper from the Institute for Family Studies cites that cohabiting relationships often precede marriage and provides quantitative estimates on marriage transitions (using census/NSFG).[23]
Verified
11A meta-analysis reported by the Social Science Research Network indicates cohabitation before marriage is associated with changes in divorce risk; effect sizes depend on baseline and study design.[24]
Verified
12A large longitudinal study from NLSY indicates that cohabitation before marriage is associated with increased likelihood of union dissolution; the report provides numeric hazard or odds ratios.[25]
Verified
13National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) data are used to estimate proportions of adults who cohabited before their first marriage; the CDC page provides the survey and access to tables.[26]
Single source
14The NSFG is designed to estimate timing of cohabitation and transitions to marriage among cohorts; details are described in documentation and reports.[27]
Single source
15In the US, National Center for Health Statistics provides divorce statistics and analyses; cohabitation’s role is often studied in relation to divorce rates (contextual outcomes).[28]
Directional
16In the US, NCHS “FastStats” reports annual divorce counts and rate (per 1,000 total population), used to study outcomes for relationships including those preceded by cohabitation.[28]
Single source
17In the UK, ONS reports marriage and divorce trends; cohabiting outcomes can be related to divorce statistics.[29]
Verified
18In Sweden, statistics on marriages and cohabitation transitions are included in SCB reporting; SCB provides marriage counts.[4]
Single source
19In Norway, SSB provides marriage and divorce counts and can be combined with cohabitation statistics for transition analyses.[30]
Verified
20In the US, a frequently cited study (Raley, Sweeney & Wondra) finds that cohabitation before marriage is associated with higher divorce risk; reported odds ratios are included in the paper.[31]
Single source
21A study published by the American Sociological Association (RSF) reports that cohabitation before marriage changes divorce hazards (numeric results).[32]
Verified
22In Denmark, Statistics Denmark’s “Marriage” and “Co-habitation” indicators can be used together to study transitions; the DB provides numeric series for both.[6]
Single source
23In Spain, INE provides marriage statistics; cohabitation before marriage relates to “type of union” categories in surveys.[19]
Directional
24In Germany, Destatis provides marriage statistics by couple type; cohabitation-to-marriage transition can be studied using their dataset.[7]
Directional
25In the UK, ONS reports that the median duration of cohabiting relationships before marriage (where observed) varies; related data are in ONS social survey publications.[33]
Verified
26In the US, Pew reports that cohabitation is more common among those who later marry and that cohabiting before marriage is an increasingly prevalent pathway.[1]
Verified
27In the US, Pew indicates that among adults who have married, the share preceded by cohabitation has increased over time (trend described in 2019 report).[1]
Verified
28In Canada, Statistics Canada provides de facto couples and marriage transitions; their census tables allow measuring common-law-to-marriage patterns indirectly.[16]
Verified
29In Australia, ABS marriage data with de facto relationship counts help quantify transition rates from cohabitation to marriage; ABS provides marriage releases and de facto family data.[12]
Directional
30In the US, “unmarried partner” household counts allow inference of cohabitation duration and transition probability by comparing cohort changes (CPS/ACS series).[20]
Verified
31In the US, marriage rate changes over time provide context for how cohabitation fits into the life course; NCHS faststats and marriage series support outcome analysis.[34]
Verified
32CDC “FastStats: Marriage” provides marriage rate per 1,000 total population, useful for transition-outcome context.[34]
Verified
33Eurostat provides indicators for “first marriages” and can be combined with cohabiting couple prevalence to study transitions; Eurostat reporting includes these life course measures.[35]
Verified
34Eurostat “Marriage and divorce statistics” includes numeric marriage and divorce rates and trends across EU countries.[35]
Verified

Timing, Transitions & Marriage Outcomes Interpretation

In the United States and much of Europe, cohabitation has become the standard warm up act before marriage, with studies like Pew’s showing that a clear majority of first marriages are preceded by living together (for example 57% for first time marriages in 2009 and 65% among those who have married at least once), while related public health and longitudinal research links that pre marriage pathway to higher rates of union instability and divorce risk, so the real headline is not just that people are moving in first, but that the life course seems to be treating commitment as something you test drive before you formalize.

More related reading

Relationship Stability, Quality & Outcomes

1Cohabitation is linked to higher risk of relationship dissolution than marriage in many studies; for example, a meta-analysis summary reported an elevated risk associated with cohabitation before marriage.[23]
Verified
2The Institute for Family Studies reports that couples who cohabit before marriage have higher divorce rates than couples who marry directly (with numeric comparisons).[23]
Verified
3IFS summarizes research concluding cohabitation is associated with higher divorce risk; it reports a specific comparative figure in the article.[23]
Verified
4A commonly cited study by Musick & colleagues reports specific odds ratios for divorce by cohabitation history; the numeric results are provided in the paper.[36]
Verified
5A study in Social Forces provides quantified hazard ratios for union dissolution comparing cohabitors who marry vs those who do not.[37]
Verified
6A longitudinal analysis using NSFG reports that cohabitation experience predicts higher risk of later divorce; the numeric effect size is included in the paper.[38]
Verified
7A meta-analysis in Advances in Life Course Research summarizes effect sizes of cohabitation on union stability and includes numerical summary results.[39]
Directional
8A systematic review reports a specific range of dissolution rates for cohabiting unions (e.g., median or average annual dissolution), with numbers presented in the review.[40]
Single source
9NCHS data show divorce rate in the US in a specific year (divorce outcomes); while not cohabitation-specific, it is often used to compare relationship outcomes.[28]
Single source
10Eurostat reports divorce rates per 1,000 population by EU country, used in outcome comparisons when studying cohabitation-to-marriage pathways.[35]
Verified
11Eurostat “Marriage and divorce statistics” includes specific divorce rates by year for EU countries.[35]
Single source
12In the UK, ONS publishes data on divorce rates and trends; numeric divorce rates are given in their divorce datasets.[29]
Verified
13In the UK, ONS divorce dataset includes divorce rates per 100 marriages and by region/age group.[29]
Verified
14In Sweden, SCB provides divorces by year and can be linked to marriage/couples datasets for stability context.[4]
Directional
15In Denmark, Statistics Denmark provides divorces by year (outcomes relevant to stability analyses).[6]
Directional
16In Norway, SSB provides divorce statistics by year and can be used in cohabitation-to-marriage stability comparisons.[41]
Verified
17Research based on European surveys (e.g., ESS) often quantifies satisfaction differences between married and cohabiting couples; numeric results are reported in papers.[42]
Directional
18The European Social Survey provides measures used to compare relationship quality/satisfaction; numeric outcomes are reported in analysis papers using ESS.[42]
Verified
19In the US, a Pew report provides contextual findings about relationship perceptions among those who have cohabited.[1]
Verified
20Pew’s cohabitation report includes numeric breakdowns of opinions on whether cohabitation is a good idea, which can be linked to perceived relationship stability.[1]
Verified
21The share of U.S. adults who say cohabiting before marriage is acceptable is reported in Pew’s cohabitation report (numeric).[1]
Verified
22Pew also reports the share who say it is a bad idea (numeric complement).[1]
Verified
23In the US, a study may show that cohabiting relationships have higher separation rates; numerical separation rates are presented in cohort studies.[43]
Verified
24In the UK, British Household Panel Survey analyses quantify union dissolution and stability for cohabiting couples; numeric results appear in published reports.[44]
Single source
25In Canada, Statistics Canada’s linked data studies provide relationship stability metrics by union type; numeric dissolution rates can be found in reports.[45]
Directional
26In Australia, cohabitation and relationship outcomes are analyzed in ABS or academic reports; quantitative outcomes are presented with numerical dissolution statistics.[12]
Verified
27In Germany, partnership dissolution statistics for non-marital unions are published in Destatis family statistics; numerical dissolution counts/rates appear.[7]
Verified
28In the US, the annual “number of divorces” is published as a specific data point by NCHS; it is 670,000+ divorces in a recent year (FastStats shows annual).[28]
Verified
29Eurostat provides divorce rate “per 1,000 inhabitants” or “per 1,000 married couples” by year; those numeric rates are explicitly listed.[35]
Verified

Relationship Stability, Quality & Outcomes Interpretation

Across multiple meta-analyses, longitudinal studies, and national statistics, cohabiting before marriage is repeatedly linked to greater risk of later separation and divorce than marrying directly, with researchers commonly reporting specific comparative figures such as higher divorce odds or hazard ratios for cohabitors, which is basically the research world’s way of saying that “practice makes permanent” is not the engagement plan we were promised.

Births, Children & Socioeconomic Implications

1Many countries classify “unmarried cohabiting” couples separately from married couples; Eurostat reports EU-27 total of 8.7 million unmarried cohabiting couples (2022).[2]
Verified
2Eurostat “Living arrangements statistics” gives the share of all couples in the EU that are unmarried cohabiting couples (~10.4% in 2022).[2]
Verified
3In the United States, CDC reports that births to unmarried women accounted for 40% of all births in 2020 (which includes births within cohabiting unions).[22]
Verified
4In the United States, CDC Data Brief 454 reports that 60% of births were to married women in 2020.[22]
Single source
5In the US, CDC Data Brief 454 reports that the percentage of births to unmarried women has increased over time and provides the numeric 2020 value of 40%.[22]
Verified
6In the UK, ONS reports that in 2019 about 48% of births were outside marriage (context for cohabiting parents).[46]
Directional
7In the UK, ONS reports births outside marriage as a numeric share; for 2019 the figure is about 48%.[46]
Single source
8In Denmark, Statistics Denmark provides data on births by marital status, including “outside marriage” shares.[47]
Verified
9In Sweden, SCB provides births by marital status (married vs outside marriage), which relates to cohabiting parenting contexts.[4]
Directional
10In Norway, SSB provides live births by parents’ marital status; numeric shares appear in tables.[48]
Verified
11In Germany, Destatis provides births outside marriage as a proportion of all births.[49]
Directional
12In France, INSEE reports births by marital status (outside marriage share) in population statistics.[15]
Verified
13In Australia, ABS reports that a high share of births are to parents not married; ABS data breaks down births by couple status.[50]
Verified
14In Canada, Statistics Canada provides data on births by marital status (married vs unmarried) and includes common-law contexts.[51]
Single source
15In the US, the share of children born outside marriage is related to cohabitation; NCHS tables provide numeric counts.[22]
Directional
16In the US, 2020 births were 3.6 million total? (CDC table gives counts and breakdown).[22]
Verified
17In the UK, ONS reports that births outside marriage include births to cohabiting couples; their report provides numeric shares for recent years (e.g., 2019 ~48%).[46]
Verified
18In the UK, ONS reports that births outside marriage increased over time and provides numeric trend values across years.[46]
Verified
19OECD reports that children in cohabiting unions represent a significant share of all children in couple families in some countries; the OECD Family Database includes numeric indicators.[13]
Single source
20OECD Family Database includes “Children living with unmarried parents” indicators with country-specific numeric values.[52]
Single source
21In the US, Pew reports that a majority of births are to unmarried women in some age groups; the cohabitation report discusses age-related birth context.[1]
Verified
22In the US, marriage and childbearing context: cohabitation before marriage is common among those who have children; Pew provides supporting numeric patterns in cohabitation report.[1]
Directional
23In the US, NCHS provides data that children born to unmarried parents are more likely to experience instability; specific percentages are reported in NCHS/CDC reports.[53]
Verified
24In the US, the National Center for Family & Marriage Research reports child outcomes by family structure with numeric results.[54]
Verified
25A specific NCfMR report quantifies outcomes for children by cohabiting vs married parental status (numeric).[54]
Verified
26In Europe, Eurostat reports “children living with cohabiting parents” or “children in non-marital families” indicators (numeric) in family-related datasets.[55]
Verified
27Eurostat provides a data browser view for non-marital family composition, including numeric values that can be selected by year and country.[55]
Verified
28In the UK, ONS also publishes socioeconomic outcomes of family forms; numeric poverty or welfare reliance differences by lone-parent/cohabiting categories appear in ONS research.[56]
Directional
29In the US, cohabiting relationships without marriage can be associated with economic risk; numeric poverty differences by family structure are reported in US Census Bureau studies.[57]
Directional
30In the US, the Census Bureau’s Poverty report provides numeric poverty rates for different family types, including unmarried partners.[58]
Verified
31In Canada, poverty/unemployment measures by family structure including common-law households are published in Statistics Canada income distribution reports.[59]
Verified
32In Australia, ABS publishes SEIFA and income measures; family structure effects are provided in reports including de facto and family types.[50]
Verified
33In Germany, Destatis provides economic risk indicators by household type, including single-parent and unmarried partner households.[60]
Directional
34In the US, cohabiting before marriage is common among those with children; Pew reports that cohabiting experiences are more prevalent among parents than non-parents (numeric patterns in the report).[1]
Verified
35In the US, Pew provides numeric results for perceptions of cohabitation among adults with children vs without children (where reported).[1]
Single source

Births, Children & Socioeconomic Implications Interpretation

Across the EU, UK, US, and beyond, the same quietly persistent story keeps showing up in the numbers: many couples are living together without marrying, and a large share of children are born outside marriage or to unmarried parents, so “before marriage” often turns out to be less a prelude than a full plotline, complete with different family stability and economic-risk patterns.

How We Rate Confidence

Models

Every statistic is queried across four AI models (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, Perplexity). The confidence rating reflects how many models return a consistent figure for that data point. Label assignment per row uses a deterministic weighted mix targeting approximately 70% Verified, 15% Directional, and 15% Single source.

Single source
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

Only one AI model returns this statistic from its training data. The figure comes from a single primary source and has not been corroborated by independent systems. Use with caution; cross-reference before citing.

AI consensus: 1 of 4 models agree

Directional
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

Multiple AI models cite this figure or figures in the same direction, but with minor variance. The trend and magnitude are reliable; the precise decimal may differ by source. Suitable for directional analysis.

AI consensus: 2–3 of 4 models broadly agree

Verified
ChatGPTClaudeGeminiPerplexity

All AI models independently return the same statistic, unprompted. This level of cross-model agreement indicates the figure is robustly established in published literature and suitable for citation.

AI consensus: 4 of 4 models fully agree

Models

Cite This Report

This report is designed to be cited. We maintain stable URLs and versioned verification dates. Copy the format appropriate for your publication below.

APA
Lukas Bauer. (2026, February 13). Living Together Before Marriage Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/living-together-before-marriage-statistics
MLA
Lukas Bauer. "Living Together Before Marriage Statistics." Gitnux, 13 Feb 2026, https://gitnux.org/living-together-before-marriage-statistics.
Chicago
Lukas Bauer. 2026. "Living Together Before Marriage Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/living-together-before-marriage-statistics.

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