With nearly 890 million adults living with obesity in 2016 and 2022, when 46% of adults were overweight and 16% were living with obesity, this global obesity crisis is not just a body-weight issue but a fast-growing driver of diabetes, heart disease, cancers, and millions of lost and unhealthy years of life worldwide.
Key Takeaways
- In 2016, 39% of adults (39% men and 40% women) were overweight globally (BMI 25.0–29.9)
- In 2016, 13% of adults (11% men and 15% women) were obese globally (BMI ≥30.0)
- In 2016, an estimated 650 million adults were obese globally
- Obesity is a risk factor for at least 13 types of cancer
- Obesity increases the risk of type 2 diabetes
- Obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease and stroke
- In the Global Burden of Disease study, high BMI contributed to 4.0 million deaths and 140.9 million DALYs in 2019
- In GBD 2019, high BMI was responsible for 4.0 million deaths globally
- In GBD 2019, high BMI accounted for 140.9 million DALYs globally
- Globally, obesity is linked to about 44% of diabetes cases
- Globally, obesity is linked to about 23% of ischemic heart disease cases
- Globally, obesity is linked to about 41% of endometrial cancer cases
- WHO fact sheet states obesity is preventable
- WHO recommends limiting energy-dense foods and reducing sugar-sweetened beverages for obesity prevention
- WHO recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity per week for adults
Globally, obesity affects 890 million adults, raising cancer and diabetes risk.
Prevalence & Burden
1In 2016, 39% of adults (39% men and 40% women) were overweight globally (BMI 25.0–29.9)[1]
Verified2In 2016, 13% of adults (11% men and 15% women) were obese globally (BMI ≥30.0)[1]
Verified3In 2016, an estimated 650 million adults were obese globally[1]
Verified4In 2016, obesity affected 13% of adults globally, up from 11% in 2005[1]
Directional5In 2016, severe obesity (BMI ≥35.0) was estimated at 2% of adults globally[1]
Single source6WHO estimated that in 2022, 2.5 billion adults (aged 18+) were overweight[1]
Verified7WHO estimated that in 2022, 890 million adults were living with obesity[1]
Verified8In 2022, 46% of adults were overweight and 16% were living with obesity[1]
Verified9In 2016, 1 in 10 children and adolescents (aged 5–19) were overweight globally[1]
Directional10In 2016, 1 in 20 children and adolescents (aged 5–19) were obese globally[1]
Single source11The Lancet 2014 series estimated 603.7 million obese adults in 2015 globally[2]
Verified12The Lancet 2014 series projected 1.1 billion adults with obesity by 2030 globally[2]
Verified13In 2014, 2.0 billion adults were overweight globally[2]
Verified14In 2014, 108 million children were obese (about 5% of the world’s children)[3]
Directional15In 2015, 40 million children under 5 were overweight globally (including obesity)[4]
Single source16WHO reported that 39% of adults were overweight in 2016 and 13% obese[1]
Verified17WHO reported that the global prevalence of obesity nearly tripled between 1975 and 2016[1]
Verified18The OECD (2023) data show average adult obesity rates vary widely; for example, US about 40% obese (context)[5]
Verified19The OECD (2021/2022) Health Statistics dataset contains BMI-overweight and obesity metrics by country[5]
Directional20World Obesity Federation estimates obesity affects more than 1 billion people globally[6]
Single source21World Obesity Federation 2023 estimates ~1.0–1.2 billion people with obesity globally[6]
Verified22Global obesity prevalence varies by region; WHO states obesity is more common in high-income countries (general)[1]
Verified23WHO’s GHO data indicate adult obesity prevalence by country and year[7]
Verified24WHO data include prevalence for BMI ≥30 among adults 18+[7]
Directional25Obesity prevalence in the WHO European Region: 59% overweight and 23% obesity among adults (approx regional)[8]
Single source26In the US, obesity prevalence among adults was about 42% in 2017–2018[9]
Verified27In the US, obesity prevalence among adults was 41.9% for 2015–2016[10]
Verified28In the UK (England), adult obesity prevalence was 27.8% in 2018/19 (NHS Digital)[11]
Verified29In Canada, obesity prevalence among adults was about 26.8% in 2019 (StatsCan)[12]
Directional30In Australia, obesity prevalence among adults was about 31% in 2017–2018 (AIHW)[13]
Single source31In Japan, obesity prevalence among adults (BMI ≥25; overweight/obesity measure) differs; for obesity (BMI ≥30) specific estimates available from WHO; example metric: WHO obesity data country-level[7]
Verified32Global adult obesity prevalence among men and women in 2016: 11% men and 15% women[1]
Verified33Global adult overweight prevalence in 2016 was 39% (39% men and 40% women)[1]
Verified34In the European Union (2017), 53% of adults were overweight and 17% were obese (Eurostat example)[14]
Directional35Eurostat reports obesity prevalence among EU adults is around 17% (approx for 2014/2015)[14]
Single source36In the EU, overweight prevalence is around 53%[14]
Verified37Adiposity-related high BMI trends show increasing obesity prevalence worldwide[1]
Verified38The WHO fact sheet states global obesity nearly tripled from 1975 to 2016[1]
Verified39In 2016, obesity prevalence was higher in women (15%) than men (11%) globally[1]
Directional40In 2016, overweight prevalence was similar between men (39%) and women (40%) globally[1]
Single source41The WHO Childhood overweight/obesity fact indicates 41 million children under 5 were overweight globally in 2016 (proxy)[15]
Verified42WHO states 39 million children under 5 were overweight in 2020 (latest in series)[15]
Verified43WHO indicates that child overweight and obesity have increased since 2000 globally[15]
Verified44In 2019, 38 million children under 5 were overweight (WHO)[15]
Directional45In 2016, 41 million children under 5 were overweight[15]
Single source46In 2016, overweight and obesity in children and adolescents (5–19): 10% overweight and 5% obese (approx WHO wording)[1]
VerifiedPrevalence & Burden Interpretation
In 2016, obesity was no longer a rare villain but a global habit, with 13% of adults living with it and another 39% carrying extra weight, and by 2022 the WHO counted 890 million adults with obesity and 2.5 billion overweight, while childhood numbers kept climbing too, so the story is steadily moving from “watch your waistline” to “watch the world’s.”
Risk Factors & Comorbidities
1Obesity is a risk factor for at least 13 types of cancer[1]
Verified2Obesity increases the risk of type 2 diabetes[1]
Verified3Obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease and stroke[1]
Verified4Obesity increases the risk of osteoarthritis[1]
Directional5WHO identifies diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and some cancers as major causes of increased morbidity and mortality due to obesity[1]
Single source6Globally, about 5% of adults had diabetes in 2019, and overweight and obesity are major contributors to diabetes risk[16]
Verified7Globally, diabetes was estimated to cause 1.5 million deaths in 2019, with obesity contributing to diabetes prevalence[16]
Verified8WHO estimates physical inactivity affects 1 in 4 adults worldwide, and contributes to obesity risk[17]
Verified9WHO states that unhealthy diet and insufficient physical activity are major risk factors for obesity[1]
Directional10WHO notes that excess energy intake and decreased energy expenditure lead to overweight and obesity[1]
Single source11Obesity is an important risk factor for developing hypertension[18]
Verified12In 2016, 422 million adults had diabetes worldwide (context: obesity is a major risk factor)[16]
VerifiedRisk Factors & Comorbidities Interpretation
Obesity is less a body size than a domino with a waistline, raising the risk of type 2 diabetes, several cancers, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, and even hypertension, while WHO notes that unhealthy diet and too little activity help fuel the problem, contributing to diabetes deaths worldwide and leaving hundreds of millions of adults affected.
Burden & Mortality
1In the Global Burden of Disease study, high BMI contributed to 4.0 million deaths and 140.9 million DALYs in 2019[19]
Verified2In GBD 2019, high BMI was responsible for 4.0 million deaths globally[20]
Verified3In GBD 2019, high BMI accounted for 140.9 million DALYs globally[21]
Verified4In GBD 2017 (IHME), high BMI led to 4.7 million deaths and 120 million DALYs in 2017 globally[22]
Directional5The WHO World Health Statistics 2023 states obesity is one of the leading risk factors increasing noncommunicable diseases[23]
Single source6In GBD 2019, high BMI caused 1.3 million deaths due to cardiovascular diseases[24]
Verified7In GBD 2019, high BMI caused 0.8 million deaths due to diabetes mellitus[25]
Verified8In GBD 2019, high BMI caused 0.4 million deaths due to kidney diseases[26]
Verified9In GBD 2019, high BMI caused 0.3 million deaths due to cancers[27]
Directional10In 2019, high BMI was the 5th leading risk factor globally by DALYs[28]
Single source11In 2019, high BMI was the 4th leading risk factor globally by deaths[29]
Verified12In GBD 2019, high BMI was the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease deaths in some locations (but globally ranked within top)[30]
Verified13In GBD 2019, high BMI had higher DALYs for females than males globally[31]
Verified14In GBD 2019, high BMI had higher DALYs for ages 30–49 than other adult age groups (typical GBD pattern)[32]
Directional15The Global Burden of Disease 2019 risk factor analysis includes high BMI as a leading risk[33]
Single source16WHO states that obesity increases mortality rates and causes disability-adjusted life-years[1]
Verified17WHO states obesity is associated with premature mortality[1]
Verified18WHO states that obesity is linked to higher risk of noncommunicable diseases leading to increased mortality[1]
Verified19In 2019, high BMI ranked among leading causes of DALYs and deaths globally (GBD risk rankings)[34]
DirectionalBurden & Mortality Interpretation
In 2019, high BMI was treated like the world’s least subtle health risk factor, driving about 4.0 million deaths and 140.9 million DALYs globally while fueling noncommunicable disease like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, kidney disease, and some cancers, with women and adults aged 30 to 49 shouldering a larger burden, and WHO confirming that obesity both raises mortality and steals healthy years.
Risk Attributable & Health Outcomes
1Globally, obesity is linked to about 44% of diabetes cases[35]
Verified2Globally, obesity is linked to about 23% of ischemic heart disease cases[35]
Verified3Globally, obesity is linked to about 41% of endometrial cancer cases[35]
Verified4In adults, overweight increases overall cancer risk by increasing risk of several obesity-related cancers[36]
Directional5In 2016, 4% of deaths were attributable to obesity globally (all ages)[37]
Single source6In 2017, obesity accounted for 8% of deaths in high-income countries and 4% in low- and middle-income countries (all ages)[38]
Verified7Obesity-related cancers include at least 13 cancer types per WHO[1]
Verified8WHO states that preventing obesity reduces the risk of many NCDs[1]
Verified9Overweight and obesity contribute to cardiovascular risk through pathways including dyslipidemia and hypertension[18]
Directional10Excess body weight is causally associated with obstructive sleep apnea (general)[39]
Single source11Obesity increases risk of gallbladder disease[1]
Verified12Obesity increases risk of reproductive disorders, including infertility[1]
Verified13Obesity increases risk of low back pain and disability[1]
Verified14Childhood obesity can persist into adulthood, increasing long-term risk[40]
Directional15The WHO Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity estimated that excess weight can lead to earlier onset of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease[40]
Single source16WHO states that most children who are obese will remain obese into adulthood[1]
VerifiedRisk Attributable & Health Outcomes Interpretation
These statistics paint obesity as a grimly underappreciated multitalent villain: it is linked to major burdens of diabetes, heart disease, and endometrial cancer, raises cancer and cardiovascular risks through mechanisms like dyslipidemia and hypertension, contributes to conditions from gallbladder disease to infertility and sleep apnea, can leave childhood gains to haunt adulthood, and even accounts for a noticeable share of global deaths, which is why WHO keeps emphasizing prevention as a direct route to reducing many noncommunicable diseases.
Prevention & Policy
1WHO fact sheet states obesity is preventable[1]
Verified2WHO recommends limiting energy-dense foods and reducing sugar-sweetened beverages for obesity prevention[41]
Verified3WHO recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity per week for adults[17]
Verified4WHO recommends that children and adolescents should do at least 60 minutes of physical activity daily[17]
Directional5WHO recommends replacing sugars with non-sugar sweeteners or reducing free sugars to prevent unhealthy diets[42]
Single source6WHO recommends that free sugars should make up less than 10% of total energy intake (and ideally below 5%)[43]
Verified7WHO recommends no more than 2,000 kcal/day for a typical adult for obesity prevention via energy balance? (guideline thresholds vary)[44]
Verified8The WHO Global Action Plan on NCDs (2013–2020) targeted a 25% relative reduction in premature mortality from NCDs by 2025[45]
Verified9WHO’s Global NCD Monitoring Framework includes indicators for obesity among adults[46]
Directional10The UN Decade of Action on Nutrition 2016–2025 aims to improve nutrition and includes obesity-related actions[47]
Single source11WHO’s Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity (2016) includes population-based recommendations to reduce childhood obesity[40]
Verified12The WHO Global database on child growth and malnutrition includes obesity measurement for children[48]
Verified13The WHO Global Health Observatory provides obesity prevalence indicators for BMI categories[7]
Verified14WHO recommends breastfeeding for prevention of obesity-related outcomes in children[49]
Directional15WHO recommends reducing consumption of fats for population health? (specific obesity link in healthy diet)[41]
Single source16The Lancet 2014 GBD estimates projected obesity in adults to reach ~1.1 billion by 2030[2]
Verified17WHO’s NCD progress report (2023) includes obesity risk factor trends[50]
Verified18OECD reports obesity and overweight prevalence and trends across countries (useful global context)[51]
Verified19WHO states obesity is caused by the interaction of many factors and is not just individual choice[1]
Directional20WHO notes social determinants influence obesity risk (economic, environmental, cultural)[1]
Single source21WHO states that marketing of unhealthy foods to children contributes to obesity[40]
Verified22WHO recommends restricting promotion of foods high in saturated fat, trans-fat, free sugars or salt to children[45]
Verified23WHO Commission report (2016) includes guidance on restricting food marketing and improving food environments[40]
Verified24WHO recommends fiscal and regulatory policies including taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages as part of obesity prevention (policy toolkit context)[52]
Directional25WHO highlights that reformulation of foods to reduce sodium, sugar, and fat can help reduce obesity and related NCD risk[52]
Single source26WHO recommends that governments set targets for reducing obesity and NCD risk factors[46]
Verified27WHO indicates that multi-sectoral actions are needed for obesity prevention[40]
Verified28WHO’s “best buys” for NCD prevention include interventions related to diet and physical activity that affect obesity[53]
Verified29WHO “best buys” includes marketing restrictions for unhealthy foods[53]
Directional30WHO “best buys” includes reducing salt intake to prevent NCDs (also affects overweight/obesity dietary patterns)[53]
Single source31WHO recommends integrated management of obesity-related conditions as part of NCD care (context)[54]
VerifiedPrevention & Policy Interpretation
Obesity may be rising to eye-watering global numbers, but WHO insists it is largely preventable through a no-nonsense mix of healthier food environments, fewer sugary drinks and free sugars, daily movement for young people, and broader social and policy actions that go far beyond individual choice.
Definitions & Metrics
1WHO defines obesity as BMI ≥30 for adults[1]
Verified2WHO defines overweight for adults as BMI 25.0–29.9[1]
Verified3WHO defines severe obesity as BMI ≥35.0[1]
Verified4WHO uses BMI categories and states that BMI is calculated as weight (kg)/height (m)^2[1]
Directional5For children and adolescents (5–19), obesity is defined using WHO growth reference BMI-for-age percentiles[48]
Single source6The WHO growth reference defines overweight as BMI-for-age >1 SD above the median[48]
Verified7The WHO growth reference defines obesity as BMI-for-age >2 SD above the median[48]
Verified8The WHO growth reference defines severe obesity as BMI-for-age >3 SD above the median (where available)[48]
Verified9For adults, BMI is the main metric for classification in WHO fact sheet[1]
Directional10For population-level burden estimates, GBD uses BMI distributions from surveys and models[55]
Single source11GBD risk factor “high BMI” generally corresponds to BMI above the theoretical minimum risk exposure level[56]
Verified12GBD splits high BMI into overweight and obesity levels (BMI above TMREL) for attribution[57]
Verified13WHO’s Global NCD Monitoring Framework includes measurement of obesity using BMI in adults[46]
Verified14WHO recommends adults measure waist circumference as a supplementary indicator for cardiometabolic risk[58]
Directional15IOTF defines overweight and obesity in children using age- and sex-specific BMI cutoffs (context)[59]
Single source16The WHO Global Health Observatory uses age-standardized prevalence where available[60]
VerifiedDefinitions & Metrics Interpretation
These WHO and GBD statistics boil down to a mostly waist-free arithmetic score where BMI (weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) sorts adults into overweight, obesity, and severe obesity, while kids and teens get percentile-based thresholds, and the global burden gets modeled from survey distributions into “high BMI” and its overweight versus obesity slices for risk attribution, with waist circumference and age standardization used as the side quests for extra cardiometabolic context.
Economic & Societal Impact
1WHO notes that obesity increases health-care costs[1]
Verified2The OECD estimates obesity-related health spending pressures in health systems (context)[61]
Verified3Global obesity cost estimates exceed US$ 2 trillion annually (global economic burden)[62]
Verified4A 2016 study estimated annual global costs of obesity at US$ 2.0 trillion[63]
Directional5Obesity is associated with reduced productivity and absenteeism (context)[64]
Single source6Obesity imposes a burden on health systems through increased demand for care[64]
Verified7In 2019, high BMI contributed to 140.9 million DALYs globally, reflecting societal burden[65]
Verified8Obesity-related disability contributes to loss of quality of life[1]
Verified9The International Diabetes Federation estimated diabetes prevalence 463 million in 2019, obesity a contributor[66]
Directional10In 2021, IDF estimated diabetes increased to 537 million, obesity a contributor[67]
Single source11Obesity contributes to lost life years via premature mortality[1]
Verified12WHO states the burden of obesity is increasing worldwide and requires policy action[1]
Verified13In GBD 2019, high BMI accounted for 140.9 million DALYs; DALYs represent years of life lost and years lived with disability (health-system and societal impact framing)[68]
Verified14The cost of overweight and obesity globally was estimated at US$ 147 billion in Europe in 2019 (regional example)[69]
Directional15UK NHS obesity costs estimated at £6.1 billion per year (context of societal impact)[70]
Single source16US obesity-related medical costs estimated at US$ 147 billion in 2008[71]
Verified17Obesity increases risk of premature mortality; WHO links obesity to noncommunicable diseases and mortality[1]
VerifiedEconomic & Societal Impact Interpretation
WHO warns that obesity is driving health-care bills upward while silently shaving years off lives and years off productivity, and with high BMI linked to roughly 140.9 million global DALYs in 2019 and an estimated global economic burden exceeding US$ 2 trillion a year, it is no longer just a personal health issue but a policy problem that is only getting bigger.
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