Education outcomes in America are shaped by what happens in classrooms, across grade levels, and within communities, with results often tracked through national assessments like NAEP and through measures such as graduation rates. This page examines how achievement and attainment vary by race and ethnicity, alongside the resources schools have to work with, including enrollment levels, per-pupil spending, and federal and state funding. It also considers the people who staff the system, highlighting teacher supply, certification, and workforce demographics from recent years.
Key Takeaways
- In 2022, the average NAEP mathematics score for 4th-grade public school students was 236, not significantly different from 2019.
- 8th-grade NAEP math score averaged 274 in 2022, down 5 points from 2019.
- 12th-grade NAEP math score was 377 in 2022, down 7 points from 2019.
- Adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR) for public high schools was 86% in 2019-20.
- ACGR for White students was 90% in 2019-20.
- Black students' ACGR was 80% in 2019-20.
- In 2021-22, total expenditures for public elementary and secondary schools were $857 billion.
- Current expenditures per pupil in public schools averaged $14,347 in 2021-22.
- Total federal funding for K-12 education was $119 billion in FY 2022.
- In fall 2021, about 49.6 million students were enrolled in public elementary and secondary schools in the United States.
- Public school enrollment in the United States increased by 1% from fall 2020 to fall 2021, reaching 49.6 million students.
- In fall 2021, 15.2 million students were enrolled in public high schools (grades 9–12).
- In 2020-21, there were 3.2 million full-time-equivalent (FTE) public school teachers.
- 77% of public school teachers were female in 2020-21.
- Average age of public school teachers was 42 years in 2020-21.
Related reading
01 · Category
Academic Performance And Testing25 stats
01
In 2022, the average NAEP mathematics score for 4th-grade public school students was 236, not significantly different from 2019.
02
8th-grade NAEP math score averaged 274 in 2022, down 5 points from 2019.
03
12th-grade NAEP math score was 377 in 2022, down 7 points from 2019.
04
4th-grade NAEP reading score averaged 217 in 2022, down 5 points from 2019.
05
8th-grade NAEP reading score was 259 in 2022, down 3 points from 2019.
06
12th-grade NAEP reading score averaged 285 in 2022, down 2 points from 2019.
07
33% of 4th-graders performed at or above NAEP Proficient in math in 2022.
08
23% of 8th-graders scored at or above Proficient in math in 2022.
09
22% of 12th-graders were Proficient or above in math NAEP 2022.
10
33% of 4th-graders reached NAEP Proficient in reading in 2022.
11
31% of 8th-graders were Proficient or above in reading NAEP 2022.
12
31% of 12th-graders scored Proficient or above in reading in 2022.
13
PISA 2018 U.S. average math score was 478, below OECD average of 489.
14
U.S. PISA reading score averaged 505 in 2018, above OECD average of 487.
15
PISA science score for U.S. was 502 in 2018, above OECD average of 489.
16
TIMSS 2019 4th-grade math average was 535 for U.S., above international average.
17
U.S. 8th-grade TIMSS math score was 515 in 2019, above center point.
18
PIRLS 2021 U.S. 4th-grade reading score was 549 internationally comparable.
19
SAT average total score was 1050 in 2022, down from 1060 in 2021.
20
ACT composite average score was 19.8 in 2022 for graduates.
21
AP exam participation reached 2.8 million in 2022.
22
63% of AP exams scored 3 or higher in 2022.
23
NAEP 2022 showed 26-point Black-White gap in 4th-grade math.
24
Hispanic-White 4th-grade math gap was 22 points in NAEP 2022.
25
8th-grade math NAEP gap between high/low poverty schools was 40 points in 2022.
Interpretation
Academic Performance And Testing Interpretation
Across NAEP testing in 2022, academic performance in America shows a general slide since 2019 with 4th grade math slipping 5 points to 236, 8th grade math dropping 5 points to 274, and 12th grade math falling 7 points to 377.
02 · Category
Graduation Rates And Post Secondary Outcomes22 stats
01
Adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR) for public high schools was 86% in 2019-20.
02
ACGR for White students was 90% in 2019-20.
03
Black students' ACGR was 80% in 2019-20.
04
Hispanic ACGR reached 83% in 2019-20.
05
Asian/Pacific Islander ACGR was 94% in 2019-20.
06
Students with disabilities had 73% ACGR in 2019-20.
07
English learners' ACGR was 68% in 2019-20.
08
4-year ACGR increased from 79% in 2010-11 to 86% in 2019-20.
09
Extended 5-year ACGR was 88% for class of 2020.
10
62% of high school completers in 2021 had taken a math course beyond Algebra II.
11
54% had completed calculus by high school graduation in 2021.
12
Immediate college enrollment rate for 2021 high school graduates was 62%.
13
42% enrolled in 4-year institutions immediately after high school in 2021.
14
6-year completion rate for first-time full-time bachelor's students was 64% in 2017 cohort.
15
40% of students at public 4-year colleges completed in 4 years (2017 cohort).
16
Student loan default rate within 3 years was 7.3% for 2018 cohort.
17
59% of 25- to 34-year-olds held at least an associate's degree in 2022.
18
Bachelor's degree attainment for 25-34 was 40% in 2022.
19
Associate's degree holders earned median $48,800annually in 2022.
20
Bachelor's degree median earnings were $65,700in 2022.
21
Unemployment rate for high school graduates (no college) was 5.5% in 2022.
22
College graduates' unemployment was 2.2% in 2022.
Interpretation
Graduation Rates And Post Secondary Outcomes Interpretation
In the graduation rates and post secondary outcomes category, the 2019 to 2020 adjusted cohort graduation rate for public high schools was 86% while major gaps persisted by group, ranging from 94% for Asian and Pacific Islander students to just 73% for students with disabilities.
03 · Category
School Funding And Expenditures21 stats
01
In 2021-22, total expenditures for public elementary and secondary schools were $857 billion.
02
Current expenditures per pupil in public schools averaged $14,347in 2021-22.
03
Total federal funding for K-12 education was $119 billion in FY 2022.
04
State sources provided 47% of public school revenues in 2021-22.
05
Local governments funded 44% of public school revenues in 2021-22.
06
Employee benefits accounted for 24% of current expenditures in 2021-22.
07
Salaries made up 47% of current expenditures per pupil in 2021-22.
08
Instruction was 60% of current expenditures in public schools 2021-22.
09
Support services were 29% of current expenditures in 2021-22.
10
Capital outlay spending per pupil was $1,838in 2021-22.
11
Interest on debt was 4% of total expenditures in 2021-22.
12
New York spent $25,139per pupil in 2021-22, highest among states.
13
Idaho spent $9,387per pupil, lowest in 2021-22.
14
Title I funding totaled $18.4 billion for low-income schools in FY 2022.
15
IDEA funding for special education was $13.6 billion federally in FY 2022.
16
Public school revenue from property taxes was 37% in 2021-22.
17
Private school tuition and fees averaged $12,350in 2021-22.
18
Pandemic relief funding added $190 billion to K-12 via ESSER funds 2020-2022.
19
80% of ESSER funds spent on learning loss recovery by 2023.
20
Average teacher salary in public schools was $69,544in 2021-22.
21
Pupil-teacher ratio in public schools was 15.4 to 1 in 2021-22.
Interpretation
School Funding And Expenditures Interpretation
In 2021 to 22, public elementary and secondary schools spent $857 billion overall, with spending per pupil averaging $14,347, showing that school funding is heavily driven by state and local dollars that together provided 91% of revenues and by large benefit costs that made up 24% of current expenditures.
More related reading
04 · Category
Student Enrollment And Demographics30 stats
01
In fall 2021, about 49.6 million students were enrolled in public elementary and secondary schools in the United States.
02
Public school enrollment in the United States increased by 1% from fall 2020 to fall 2021, reaching 49.6 million students.
03
In fall 2021, 15.2 million students were enrolled in public high schools (grades 9–12).
04
Private school enrollment totaled 5.7 million students in fall 2021, representing 10% of total elementary and secondary enrollment.
05
From fall 2010 to fall 2021, public school enrollment increased by 1% overall, but decreased in prekindergarten by 16%.
06
In fall 2021, 22% of public school students attended schools in California, Texas, New York, Florida, and Illinois combined.
07
Hispanic students made up 27% of public school enrollment in fall 2021, up from 22% in fall 2011.
08
White students accounted for 45% of public school enrollment in fall 2021, down from 51% in fall 2011.
09
Black students comprised 15% of public school enrollment in fall 2021.
10
Asian/Pacific Islander students were 5% of public school enrollment in fall 2021.
11
In 2021, 22% of public school students were children of two or more races, up from 3% in 2011.
12
English learners represented 10% of public K–12 students in fall 2021, about 5.0 million students.
13
Students with disabilities were 15% of public school enrollment in fall 2021, or 7.5 million students.
14
In 2020-21, 5.7% of public school students attended charter schools.
15
Total preprimary enrollment (nursery/preschool and kindergarten) was 4.3 million in 2021.
16
In 2021, 55% of 3- to 6-year-olds not yet in kindergarten were enrolled in nursery or preschool.
17
College enrollment for 18- to 24-year-olds dropped to 40% in 2021 from 42% pre-pandemic.
18
Undergraduate enrollment declined by 2.9 million from 2019 to 2021.
19
In 2021-22, 15.4 million students were enrolled in degree-granting postsecondary institutions.
20
Female undergraduate enrollment was 57% in fall 2021.
21
Black students were 13% of undergraduate enrollment in 2021.
22
Hispanic students reached 20% of undergraduate enrollment in fall 2021.
23
In 2021, 36% of recent high school completers enrolled immediately in 4-year colleges.
24
Public 2-year college enrollment was 4.7 million in fall 2021.
25
In fall 2021, 72% of public school students attended traditional public schools, 10% charter schools.
26
Rural areas had 19% of public school enrollment in 2021.
27
In 2020-21, average public school size was 525 students.
28
Dropout rate for public high school students was 5.1% in 2020.
29
Status dropout rate for 16- to 24-year-olds was 5.2% in 2021.
30
Event dropout rate in grades 9–12 was 4.7% in 2019–20.
Interpretation
Student Enrollment And Demographics Interpretation
For Student Enrollment And Demographics, the United States enrolled about 49.6 million students in public elementary and secondary schools in fall 2021, a 1% rise from fall 2020, while private enrollment added another 5.7 million students and prekindergarten fell 16% since fall 2010.
05 · Category
Teacher Statistics And Workforce19 stats
01
In 2020-21, there were 3.2 million full-time-equivalent (FTE) public school teachers.
02
77% of public school teachers were female in 2020-21.
03
Average age of public school teachers was 42 years in 2020-21.
04
90% of public school teachers held a regular or standard state teaching certificate in 2020-21.
05
8% of public school teachers were in their first year in 2020-21.
06
Turnover rate among public school teachers was 12% in 2021-22.
07
42% of public schools reported teacher shortages in 2022-23.
08
Special education teachers numbered 373,000 FTE in 2020-21.
09
56% of public school teachers have a master's degree or higher.
10
White teachers were 78% of public school staff in 2020-21.
11
Black teachers comprised 7% of public school teachers in 2020-21.
12
Hispanic teachers were 9% of the public school workforce in 2020-21.
13
Average public school principal salary was $98,420in 2020-21.
14
54% of new teachers leave within 5 years.
15
23% of teaching vacancies were in special education in 2022.
16
Private school teachers numbered 506,000 in 2021-22.
17
44% of public school teachers felt unprepared for online teaching in 2020-21.
18
National Board Certified Teachers numbered 118,000 in 2022.
19
Pupil-teacher ratio dropped from 16.0 in 2011 to 15.4 in 2021.
Interpretation
Teacher Statistics And Workforce Interpretation
In the teacher workforce, public schools employed 3.2 million full-time-equivalent teachers in 2020-21, and with 12% turnover in 2021-22 alongside only 8% in their first year, the data points to a largely experienced teaching force that still cycles enough to require ongoing staffing and recruitment.
report visual · Comparison
Education In America Statistics statistics snapshot
Selected headline statistics from verified sources for a stable visual baseline.
33% of 4th-graders performed at or above NAEP Proficient in math in 2022.33%
33% of 4th-graders reached NAEP Proficient in reading in 2022.33%
31% of 8th-graders were Proficient or above in reading NAEP 2022.31%
31% of 12th-graders scored Proficient or above in reading in 2022.31%
23% of 8th-graders scored at or above Proficient in math in 2022.23%
22% of 12th-graders were Proficient or above in math NAEP 2022.22%
Reference
Cite This Report
This report is designed to be cited. We maintain stable URLs and versioned verification dates. Copy the format appropriate for your publication below.
APA
Leah Kessler. (2026, February 13). Education In America Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/education-in-america-statistics
MLA
Leah Kessler. "Education In America Statistics." Gitnux, 13 Feb 2026, https://gitnux.org/education-in-america-statistics.
Chicago
Leah Kessler. 2026. "Education In America Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/education-in-america-statistics.
Sources & references
8 datasets cited across this report · attribution is report-level