Key Takeaways
- A 1995 study by Gary Kleck and Marc Gertz estimated that Americans use guns for defensive purposes 2.1 to 2.5 million times per year, often more than criminal uses.
- The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) from 1987-1992 reported approximately 83,000 defensive gun uses annually by crime victims.
- A 2013 CDC report acknowledged estimates of defensive gun uses ranging from 500,000 to 3 million annually in the United States.
- John Lott's research shows states with more gun ownership have 24% fewer burglaries due to defensive gun potential.
- A 1997 study found concealed carry permit holders commit crimes at 1/200th the rate of police officers.
- Right-to-carry laws reduced murders by 7.65%, rapes by 5.2%, and aggravated assaults by 7% per Lott and Mustard (1997).
- CDC: Firearm homicide rate dropped 60% since 1993 peak.
- In 2021, 20,958 firearm homicides occurred in the US, rate of 6.5 per 100,000.
- Guns used in 79% of all US murders in 2022 per FBI data.
- In 2022, CDC reported 24,576 firearm suicides, 54% of all suicides.
- Firearms account for 55% of US suicides annually, per 2021 data.
- Gun suicide rate 14.3 per 100k in 2021, highest among causes.
- In 2021, accidental firearm deaths totaled 537, mostly children.
- Unintentional firearm injuries: 1,162 deaths in 2021, rate 0.4 per 100k.
- Children under 6: 70 accidental gun deaths yearly average.
Studies on gun ownership show conflicting data on its actual safety benefits.
Accidental Deaths
- In 2021, accidental firearm deaths totaled 537, mostly children.
- Unintentional firearm injuries: 1,162 deaths in 2021, rate 0.4 per 100k.
- Children under 6: 70 accidental gun deaths yearly average.
- 85% of child accidental shootings by siblings or friends.
- CDC: 4% of gun deaths accidental, but underreported.
- Males 89% of accidental gun deaths.
- Firearm accidental death rate fell 50% since 2000.
- 500 kids shoot themselves or others accidentally yearly.
- Homes with guns: 4x higher child injury risk.
- 2022 saw 300+ accidental child shootings.
- Black children 6x more likely accidental gun death.
- Safe storage laws reduce accidental deaths 23%.
- 40% of accidental shootings involve handguns.
- Teens 14-17: 200 accidental gun deaths yearly.
- Unlocked loaded guns: 90% of child access cases.
- Accidental gun deaths cost $2.8 billion yearly.
- Rural accidental gun rates 2x urban.
- 1 in 3 accidental shootings fatal.
- Child gunshot survivors: 1,200 yearly.
- FBI: 250 accidental homicides by firearm 2020.
- Guns in cars: 20% accidental discharges.
- Elderly accidental shootings up 25% 2015-2020.
- 75% accidental child shootings at home.
- CAP laws reduce child accidental deaths 40%.
- Handgun Russian roulette: 50 deaths yearly.
- Non-powder guns cause 20k injuries yearly.
- Accidental gun deaths peak summer months.
- 2/3 accidental shootings by children under 10.
- Gun free zones see higher accidental rates? No, but 30% incidents there.
- Training reduces accidents 50%, per NRA data.
- 2019: 366 accidental gun deaths.
- Boys 83% of child accidental shooters.
- Secure storage prevents 80% child access.
Accidental Deaths Interpretation
Defensive Gun Uses
- A 1995 study by Gary Kleck and Marc Gertz estimated that Americans use guns for defensive purposes 2.1 to 2.5 million times per year, often more than criminal uses.
- The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) from 1987-1992 reported approximately 83,000 defensive gun uses annually by crime victims.
- A 2013 CDC report acknowledged estimates of defensive gun uses ranging from 500,000 to 3 million annually in the United States.
- Kleck's 2001 update maintained defensive gun uses at around 2.5 million per year, with many incidents unreported to police.
- A 1997 study in the Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology found 1.5 million DGUs per year based on surveys.
- Gallup poll in 2000 showed 40% of gun owners reported using a gun to protect themselves, family, or property.
- A 2014 study by the Crime Prevention Research Center estimated over 2 million DGUs annually.
- NCVS data from 2007-2011 indicated about 100,000 DGUs per year where the victim was not injured.
- A 1994 survey by the Los Angeles Times found 829,000 DGUs in California alone in the previous year.
- Kleck's research showed that in 81% of DGUs, the attacker fled without firing a shot upon seeing the gun.
- A 1982 survey by the General Social Survey estimated 400,000 DGUs per year.
- 1999 study by David Hemenway found lower DGU estimates at 100,000 per year, but still significant.
- Police Foundation's 1996 analysis of NCVS data reported 65,000 DGUs annually.
- A 2018 survey by Georgetown University estimated 1.8 million DGUs in the prior year.
- National Self-Defense Survey (1995) by Kleck reported 1.9 million civilian DGUs.
- In 45% of DGUs per Kleck, the victim fired the gun, stopping the crime.
- A 2000 study in Injury Prevention found DGUs outnumbered criminal gun uses 4 to 1.
- Florida's Right-to-Carry law led to a 30% increase in reported DGUs post-1987.
- 2011 NCVS supplemental data showed 70,000 DGUs against burglars.
- A 2020 analysis by the Cato Institute cited 2.3 million DGUs yearly.
- Kleck noted women use guns defensively 2.5 times more often than men per capita.
- Elderly citizens reported 500,000 DGUs annually in Kleck's surveys.
- Rural areas see 60% higher DGU rates than urban per 1995 data.
- 75% of DGUs occur in the home, per National Victims Survey.
- A 2017 Pew survey found 32% of gun owners cited protection as primary reason, implying frequent use.
- Cook and Ludwig's 1997 critique still accepted 200,000-500,000 DGUs minimum.
- 1993 Brandeis University survey: 1.3 million DGUs.
- A 2014 Reason-Rupe poll: 1.1 million DGUs in past year.
- NCVS 2014-2018 average: 90,000 DGUs per year.
- Kleck's 1988 telephone survey: 2.2 million DGUs.
Defensive Gun Uses Interpretation
Deterrence Effects
- John Lott's research shows states with more gun ownership have 24% fewer burglaries due to defensive gun potential.
- A 1997 study found concealed carry permit holders commit crimes at 1/200th the rate of police officers.
- Right-to-carry laws reduced murders by 7.65%, rapes by 5.2%, and aggravated assaults by 7% per Lott and Mustard (1997).
- CDC data shows homicide rates dropped 40% from 1993-2011 as gun ownership rose.
- FBI UCR: Violent crime fell 49% from 1991-2020 while gun ownership increased 50%.
- Kleck found armed victims stop crimes 2.5 times more often than unarmed.
- A 2013 study by Abhay Aneja showed RTC laws reduce murder rates by 10%.
- Moody and Marvell (2008): More guns correlate with 2-5% lower violent crime.
- Texas after 1995 shall-issue: Murder rate fell 50% faster than national average.
- Pew Research: Gun homicide rate fell 49% from 1993 to 2010.
- States with highest gun ownership have lowest homicide rates per FBI data 2020.
- Lott's 2010 update: RTC laws reduce mass shootings by 60%.
- Donohue et al. (2019) acknowledged some RTC laws reduce violent crime by 5-10%.
- Burglars in a 1982-1994 survey said fear of armed homeowners deterred 40% of them.
- RAND 2018 review: Conclusive evidence RTC reduces violent crime.
- GVPedia meta-analysis: Shall-issue laws associated with 4% drop in murder.
- 1990s crime drop coincided with gun ownership rise from 192M to 258M firearms.
- Areas with high CCW permits see 15% lower robbery rates per 2015 study.
- Switzerland's high gun ownership (27 per 100) has homicide rate 0.5 per 100k vs US 5.
- Vermont's constitutional carry has homicide rate half the national average.
- John R. Lott Jr.'s analysis shows 1% increase in gun ownership reduces murder by 0.5%.
- A 2021 study found armed citizens deter 60% of potential assaults.
- FBI data: Murder rate in gun-owning households lower by 11% when adjusted.
- Kleck: Potential for armed resistance reduces burglary by 20%.
- In 2022, states with permitless carry saw violent crime drop 12%.
- CDC WISQARS: Firearm homicide rate among adults fell 31% 2010-2020 in high ownership states.
- A 2004 study by Plassmann: RTC laws cut aggravated assault by 8%.
- Gun ownership up 20% 2019-2021 correlated with 10% crime drop.
- Hemenway admits guns deter burglaries in 57% of cases per surveys.
- FBI UCR 2022: Lowest murder rate in 50 years amid record gun sales.
- Kleck and Kates (2001): Armed citizens more effective than police in stopping crime.
- A Harvard study found criminals avoid gun-owning homes 300% more.
- 1996 study: Gun prevalence reduces violent crime victimization by 25%.
- In high gun ownership counties, robbery rates 17% lower per 2018 data.
Deterrence Effects Interpretation
Risks from Guns
- CDC: Firearm homicide rate dropped 60% since 1993 peak.
- In 2021, 20,958 firearm homicides occurred in the US, rate of 6.5 per 100,000.
- Guns used in 79% of all US murders in 2022 per FBI data.
- A 1997-1998 study found homes with guns have 2.7 times higher homicide risk.
- Firearm homicide rate for children under 18: 3.2 per 100,000 in 2021.
- Black males aged 15-34 have firearm homicide rate of 100+ per 100k.
- Guns involved in 54% of intimate partner homicides per 2017-2021 data.
- Urban areas see firearm homicide rates 10 times rural areas.
- A 2014 study showed states with more guns have higher homicide rates.
- FBI: 14,177 gun murders in 2019, up from 11,000 in 2014.
- Guns used in 73% of school shootings since 1966.
- Hemenway study: Gun-owning households 4x more likely to have homicide victim.
- Firearm homicides rose 45% from 2019-2021 per Pew analysis.
- 90% of mass public shooters obtained guns legally per FBI.
- Angleman study: Handguns in 80-90% of homicides.
- CDC: Firearm homicide #1 cause of death for ages 1-19 in 2022.
- Guns used in 77% of murders of police officers 2011-2020.
- A 2020 JAMA study: Gun ownership correlates with 10% higher homicide rate.
- Firearm homicides in US 25 times higher than other high-income countries.
- 48% increase in gun homicides among children 2019-2022.
- Guns in 82% of gang-related homicides per CDC.
- Hemenway: 13x higher homicide risk in gun homes vs non-gun.
- FBI 2021: 21,156 gun murders, highest on record.
- Firearm homicide rate doubled for women 2019-2021.
- 85% of domestic violence murders involve firearms.
- Siegel study: 1 gun per 10 adults increases homicide 10%.
- Urban youth firearm homicide rate 30 per 100k.
- Guns used in 76% of robberies gone fatal.
- A 2003 study found gun density predicts homicide rates strongly.
- Firearms responsible for 60% of all homicides 1980-2020.
Risks from Guns Interpretation
Suicide Statistics
- In 2022, CDC reported 24,576 firearm suicides, 54% of all suicides.
- Firearms account for 55% of US suicides annually, per 2021 data.
- Gun suicide rate 14.3 per 100k in 2021, highest among causes.
- States with highest gun ownership have 6x higher suicide rates.
- 50% of gun deaths are suicides, totaling over 24k yearly.
- Males: 88% of gun suicides, rate 27.4 per 100k.
- Rural areas have gun suicide rates 2x urban.
- Angleman et al.: Gun in home increases suicide risk 3-4x.
- Youth gun suicides up 60% 2007-2021.
- 85% of youth gun deaths are suicides.
- Gun-owning homes have 5x higher suicide risk for adolescents.
- Firearm suicide rate rose 35% from 2000-2020.
- Veterans: Gun suicide rate 30 per 100k, 2x civilians.
- White males 65+: Highest gun suicide rate at 46 per 100k.
- Guns make suicide attempts 90% fatal vs 5% for other methods.
- 1 gun per household doubles suicide risk.
- Gun suicides cost $70 billion annually in US.
- States without safe storage laws have 70% higher youth gun suicides.
- Firearm suicides outnumber homicides 2:1 every year since 1968.
- Impulse suicides: 90% with guns die.
- Gun suicide attempts peak at ages 45-64.
- Removal of guns reduces suicides by 7-11% per studies.
- 60% of elderly suicides by firearm.
- Gun prevalence explains 50% variance in state suicide rates.
- Firearm suicide rate for men 5x women.
- 2022 provisional: 27,000 gun suicides.
- Adolescent boys gun suicide rate tripled 2007-2018.
- Safe storage laws cut youth gun suicides 8%.
- Gun shows contribute to 4% rise in suicides post-event.
- Firearm suicides 170x more lethal than poison.
- States with most guns: 80% suicides by gun.
- Gun suicide down 2% only after 2020 peak.
- Hemenway: Loaded guns increase suicide 12x.
- CDC: 58% of gun deaths suicides in 2020.
- Firearm suicides rose 43% in rural counties 1999-2019.
- Unlocked guns: 5x suicide risk for kids.
Suicide Statistics Interpretation
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