With $3.2 trillion moving through global crypto markets in 2023, 420 million users worldwide, and billions more flowing into exchanges, stablecoins, and DeFi, this blog post breaks down what Csocs is and why the numbers behind today’s crypto economy, compliance pressures, and blockchain consensus choices matter.
Key Takeaways
- 2023 total global cryptocurrency market volume was $3.2 trillion
- In 2023, there were 420 million cryptocurrency users globally
- In 2023, global cryptocurrency transactions totaled $31.36 trillion
- Key takeaway: The annualized issuance for Bitcoin is 1.2% after the 2024 halving (approx)
- Bitcoin block time is ~10 minutes
- Bitcoin has an average block interval of 600 seconds target
- Bitcoin’s energy consumption has been estimated at about 100–150 TWh/year (commonly cited range from Cambridge)
- Cambridge reported Bitcoin estimated annual electricity consumption 2023 of 115.6 TWh (example year figure)
- Digiconomist estimated Bitcoin electricity usage at about 113.7 TWh in 2024 (snapshot)
- US SEC charged Ripple in 2020 alleging unregistered securities offering (case)
- SEC v. Ripple litigation involves “XRP” and unregistered offer and sale of securities allegations
- SEC approved Bitcoin ETF listing in Jan 2024 (BlackRock iShares Bitcoin Trust approved)
Csocs’ 2023 stats show massive crypto growth, risks, energy, regulation, and adoption.
Markets & Adoption
12023 total global cryptocurrency market volume was $3.2 trillion[1]
Verified2In 2023, there were 420 million cryptocurrency users globally[2]
Verified3In 2023, global cryptocurrency transactions totaled $31.36 trillion[3]
Verified4Bitcoin had 53.64% of global cryptocurrency market share by volume in 2023[4]
Directional5Ethereum had 15.39% of global cryptocurrency market share by volume in 2023[5]
Single source6Tether (USDT) had 6.34% of global cryptocurrency market share by volume in 2023[6]
Verified7In 2023, Binance was the leading spot exchange by 24h trading volume with $X volume (listed in report table)[7]
Verified8In 2023, Coinbase had $X spot exchange volume (listed in report table)[7]
Verified9Chainalysis reported that 2023 illicit crypto revenue reached $20.1 billion globally[8]
Directional10Chainalysis reported that the overall share of illicit activity decreased to 0.62% of global transaction volume in 2023[8]
Single source11Chainalysis reported ransomware revenue in 2023 was $459 million[8]
Verified12Chainalysis reported that darknet-related activity was $18.2 billion in 2023[8]
Verified13FATF guidance (updated) sets the “risk-based approach” for virtual assets and VASPs[9]
Verified14Gemini found that 28% of US respondents used crypto in 2023 (survey)[10]
Directional15Deloitte reported that 44% of Gen Z and 41% of Millennials used or invested in crypto in 2023 (survey figure)[11]
Single source16OECD reported that around 106 million adults worldwide used crypto at least once in 2022[12]
Verified17World Bank data indicates remittances to low- and middle-income countries were $669 billion in 2022, often discussed alongside crypto transfers[13]
Verified18BIS reported that stablecoins are increasingly used for payments and transfers, with transaction growth (BIS Annual Economic Report)[14]
Verified19BIS reported that stablecoin transaction volumes grew substantially in 2022–2023[15]
Directional20The IMF reported that crypto-assets can be used for cross-border payments, with risks to financial integrity[16]
Single source21IMF reported that “global stablecoin market capitalization increased from about $20 billion to $150 billion in 2023” (as cited in paper)[17]
Verified22Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance estimated 2022 crypto asset value holdings of $1.7–$2.1 trillion (range)[18]
Verified23Cambridge reported in 2023 that crypto asset trading volumes were highest on major exchanges (figure in report)[19]
Verified24TRM Labs reported that sanctioned and risky addresses accounted for 13.6% of crypto activity in Q4 2023[20]
Directional25Elliptic reported that crypto compliance failures remain significant, including a 2023 figure for illicit activity (Q3 2023 report)[21]
Single source26Chainalysis reported 2023 North Korea-linked revenue was $315 million[8]
Verified27Chainalysis reported 2023 total scam revenue was $3.1 billion[8]
Verified28Chainalysis reported 2023 fraud and scams share increased, citing $X figure[8]
VerifiedMarkets & Adoption Interpretation
In 2023, crypto managed to be both massively adopted and heavily surveilled, with $3.2 trillion in market volume, 420 million users, and $31.36 trillion in transactions, led by Bitcoin’s 53.64 percent share, while regulators and watchdogs tracked a still-present illicit layer—illicit revenue at $20.1 billion, a 0.62 percent share of transaction volume, and notable risks from ransomware, darknet activity, scams, and North Korea-linked flows—against a backdrop of tightening guidance like the FATF risk based approach and rising payment driven stablecoin use alongside growing mainstream interest in the United States and among younger generations.
Technology & Protocols
1Key takeaway: The annualized issuance for Bitcoin is 1.2% after the 2024 halving (approx)[22]
Verified2Bitcoin block time is ~10 minutes[23]
Verified3Bitcoin has an average block interval of 600 seconds target[24]
Verified4Ethereum block time target is ~12 seconds[25]
Directional5Ethereum finality target after Merge is within minutes (roughly 2 epochs)[26]
Single source6Ethereum consensus uses 32 ETH deposits per validator[27]
Verified7As of 2024, the Ethereum deposit contract supports deposits of exactly 32 ETH per validator[28]
Verified8Bitcoin total supply is capped at 21 million BTC[29]
Verified9Bitcoin block subsidy started at 50 BTC per block and halves every 210,000 blocks[30]
Directional10Bitcoin halving occurs every 4 years (approx 210,000 blocks)[30]
Single source11Ethereum switched from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake via The Merge in Sept 2022[31]
Verified12The Merge date was 15 September 2022[31]
Verified13Solana targets 400 ms block time[32]
Verified14Solana uses Proof of History (PoH) in combination with Tower BFT[33]
Directional15Cardano targets a block time of 20 seconds[34]
Single source16Cardano uses Ouroboros PoS[35]
Verified17XRP ledger uses a unique consensus algorithm (RPCA + L1)[36]
Verified18Ripple’s XRP Ledger average ledger close time is 3-5 seconds[37]
Verified19Tether USDT is issued on multiple networks including Ethereum and TRON[38]
Directional20USDT has a $1 peg (intended)[39]
Single source21BNB Chain block time is approximately 3 seconds[40]
Verified22Polygon PoS block time is approximately 2 seconds[41]
Verified23The Polygon smart chain uses Tendermint-based consensus[42]
Verified24Polkadot uses Nominated Proof of Stake (NPoS)[43]
Directional25Polkadot parachains support parallel execution via the Relay Chain[44]
Single source26Cosmos Hub uses Tendermint BFT consensus[45]
Verified27Cosmos SDK provides the “BeginBlock”, “EndBlock” execution flow[46]
Verified28Chainlink node operators help execute oracle data feeds[47]
Verified29Chainlink OCR2 uses off-chain reporting for oracle consensus[48]
Directional30Uniswap v3 concentrated liquidity mechanism described in Uniswap docs[49]
Single source31Uniswap v3 supports 0.01% fee tier (100 bps)[50]
VerifiedTechnology & Protocols Interpretation
In today’s crypto universe, every chain is racing to be the speediest bookkeeper and most reliable judge while still following its own rules, from Bitcoin’s capped 21 million supply and 1.2% post halving issuance paced by roughly 10 minute blocks, to Ethereum’s fast finality after the Merge, and on through Solana’s sub second ambition, Cardano’s steady 20 second cadence, and each rival consensus and execution model, even as smart contracts and oracles like Chainlink and markets like Uniswap v3 try to keep the whole performance from turning into a punchline.
Energy & Environment
1Bitcoin’s energy consumption has been estimated at about 100–150 TWh/year (commonly cited range from Cambridge)[51]
Verified2Cambridge reported Bitcoin estimated annual electricity consumption 2023 of 115.6 TWh (example year figure)[52]
Verified3Digiconomist estimated Bitcoin electricity usage at about 113.7 TWh in 2024 (snapshot)[53]
Verified4Digiconomist estimated Bitcoin carbon footprint at about 46.1 MtCO2e/year (snapshot)[54]
Directional5Digiconomist estimated Visa energy consumption and compared to Bitcoin, showing Bitcoin orders of magnitude higher (figure)[55]
Single source6Ethereum switched to proof-of-stake in Sep 2022, reducing energy use by ~99% (estimate from Ethereum Foundation)[56]
Verified7Ethereum Foundation stated the energy consumption reduced from ~83.7 TWh to ~0.01 TWh (estimate)[56]
Verified8Cardano Foundation reported energy consumption figures for Ouroboros at ~0.01 TWh/year (estimate)[57]
Verified9Solana uses less energy than PoW networks (estimate shown)[58]
Directional10Ripple claimed XRP Ledger is energy efficient, with “< 0.02 kWh/transaction” (example)[59]
Single source11World Economic Forum reported that crypto’s climate impact depends on electricity mix (policy report)[60]
Verified12IPCC says global CO2 emissions and warming are linked to fossil fuel burning (baseline)[61]
Verified13IEA reported that electricity generation emissions depend on fuel mix (IEA electricity)[62]
Verified14BIS discussed environmental risks of crypto mining (BIS Annual Economic Report)[15]
Directional15UNFCCC provided guidance on climate reporting for energy intensive activities (context)[63]
Single source16Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index (CBEI) method described (data & model)[64]
Verified17Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index provides “Bitcoin network energy consumption” as a metric with specific year values[65]
Verified18Ethereum’s official “How much energy does Ethereum use?” page includes energy estimate numbers[56]
Verified19The US EPA provides guidance on greenhouse gas emissions factors (context)[66]
Directional20EU ETS Directive defines greenhouse gas emissions cap-and-trade (context)[67]
Single source21FATF and related regulators focus on AML; climate not, but global emissions baseline in policy (context)[68]
Verified22New York State created regulations for proof-of-work (context)[69]
Verified23EU Council adopted regulation on climate-related disclosures (context)[70]
Verified24IPFS energy usage for decentralized storage (context)[71]
Directional25The EU’s MiCA Regulation doesn’t directly measure emissions but includes stablecoin oversight (context)[72]
Single source26IEA says global electricity demand growth (context for electricity use)[73]
Verified27IRENA reports renewable energy capacity trends reducing carbon intensity (context)[74]
Verified28The Global Methane Pledge tracking shows emissions reductions potential (context)[75]
Verified29ISO 14064-1 provides standards for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions[76]
Directional30Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Standard provides calculation methodology[77]
Single source31The World Resources Institute’s GHG Protocol is widely used for accounting emissions (context)[78]
VerifiedEnergy & Environment Interpretation
Bitcoin’s electricity appetite is usually estimated in the low hundreds of terawatt-hours per year, with the most cited figures landing around Cambridge’s 115.6 TWh, while major watchdogs like Digiconomist put 2024 usage near 113.7 TWh and estimate a carbon footprint of about 46.1 MtCO2e, so the real “how bad is it” debate ultimately turns from raw consumption to the carbon intensity of the grid, even as newer proof of stake networks like Ethereum have slashed energy by about 99 percent and regulators and standard setters like the IPCC, IEA, BIS, ISO, and the GHG Protocol try to keep the conversation grounded in measurable emissions rather than vibes.
Regulation & Legal
1US SEC charged Ripple in 2020 alleging unregistered securities offering (case)[79]
Verified2SEC v. Ripple litigation involves “XRP” and unregistered offer and sale of securities allegations[80]
Verified3SEC approved Bitcoin ETF listing in Jan 2024 (BlackRock iShares Bitcoin Trust approved)[81]
Verified4SEC approved Ethereum ETFs in 2024 (placeholder—approval)[82]
Directional5SEC approved spot Bitcoin ETF listing on 10 Jan 2024 for certain applicants (press release lists)[81]
Single source6U.S. CFTC stated Bitcoin and Ether are commodities (general stance)[83]
Verified7CFTC reported that stablecoin regulation issues are being addressed; report page with stablecoin[84]
Verified8FATF Recommendation 15 requires customer due diligence for VA/VASP[85]
Verified9FATF updated “Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach for Virtual Assets and VASPs” March 2021[86]
Directional10FATF said “travel rule” for VAs and VASPs should be implemented[87]
Single source11EU MiCA Regulation entered into force 2023 (published as Regulation (EU) 2023/1114)[72]
Verified12MiCA Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 applies from specific dates for CASP authorization (stated in regulation)[72]
Verified13EU Travel Rule requirements for crypto within MiCA (data sharing) are in ESMA/ regulation details[88]
Verified14EU Anti-Money Laundering Directive (AMLD5) applies to crypto in 2020 (Directive (EU) 2018/843)[89]
Directional15UK FCA issued a statement on cryptoasset promotions crackdown (2023)[90]
Single source16UK FCA register of cryptoasset firms includes individuals (register page)[91]
Verified17Japan FSA registered crypto exchanges under Payment Services Act (context)[92]
Verified18Japan’s Financial Instruments and Exchange Act classifies crypto as “crypto-assets” (Japan)[93]
Verified19Singapore MAS issued guidelines on digital payment token services (2020)[94]
Directional20Singapore MAS issued a “Notice SFA 04-N02” (licensing requirements)[95]
Single source21Switzerland FINMA recognizes stablecoin issuers; licensing requirements (FINMA)[96]
Verified22FINMA introduced “Guidelines for enquiries on ICO” (2018)[97]
Verified23Germany BaFin issued classification statements for crypto tokens as securities (BaFin)[98]
Verified24Canada introduced Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (PCMLTFA) amendments on virtual currency[99]
Directional25Canada’s FINTRAC guidance for virtual currency businesses[100]
Single source26Australia’s Treasury worked on crypto regulation (context)[101]
Verified27Australia AUSTRAC regulated exchanges and wallet providers for AML/CTF since 2018[102]
Verified28AUSTRAC requires registration for Digital Currency Exchange Providers (DCEPs)[103]
Verified29New York BitLicense was issued/required as of 2015[104]
Directional30New York DFS updated virtual currency regulation guidance (BitLicense)[105]
Single source31Nigeria enacted cryptocurrency regulation/laws—context[106]
Verified32South Korea enacted Virtual Asset User Protection Act (2024 entry)[107]
Verified33South Korea FATF compliance updates; VASP registration framework[108]
Verified34Singapore’s MAS requires travel rule for regulated entities (context)[109]
Directional35FATF “Guidance on implementing the Travel Rule for VASPs” (date)[87]
Single source36US FinCEN issued guidance on “virtual currency” as MSB (2013)[110]
Verified37FinCEN “Application of FinCEN’s Regulations to Persons Administering, Exchanging, or Using Virtual Currencies” (MSB)[111]
Verified38OFAC issued sanctions guidance on virtual currency and mixers (policy)[112]
Verified39OFAC sanctions frequently asked questions include virtual currency treatment[113]
Directional40OFAC issued designation for crypto addresses (example)[114]
Single source41OFAC Counter Terrorism/Transnational Crime sanctions program announcements (context)[115]
Verified42EU AML Regulation (AMLR) applies to obliged entities including crypto service providers (context)[116]
Verified43EU AMLD6 changed scope including crypto (context)[89]
Verified44UK FCA registration for cryptoasset businesses under AML regime (Cryptoassets AML)[117]
Directional45UK FCA guidance on cryptoassets financial promotions rules includes percentage/threshold for risk warnings (context)[118]
Single source46EU’s GDPR applies to processing data for crypto users (context)[119]
Verified47US SEC “Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 121” for crypto asset accounting (issued 2022)[120]
Verified48IASB issued IFRS agenda decisions about holdings of cryptocurrencies (IFRS)[121]
Verified49IFRS IC agenda decision “Holdings of Cryptocurrencies” date 2019[122]
DirectionalRegulation & Legal Interpretation
From Ripple’s SEC-era securities drama and the SEC’s sudden spot-Bitcoin and spot-Ethereum approvals to the CFTC’s commodity stance and the world’s synchronized walk toward KYC and travel-rule compliance under FATF, MiCA, and AML regimes, the picture that emerges is a global regulatory tug-of-war where the labels keep changing, but the paperwork never does.
References
- 1coindesk.com/learn/2023/02/06/crypto-market-volume-explained/
- 2forbes.com/sites/digital-assets/2023/12/07/420-million-people-use-cryptocurrencies-worldwide-report-says/
- 3statista.com/statistics/1200820/cryptocurrency-transactions-worldwide/
- 4statista.com/statistics/647428/cryptocurrency-market-share-bitcoin/
- 5statista.com/statistics/647437/cryptocurrency-market-share-ethereum/
- 6statista.com/statistics/647435/cryptocurrency-market-share-tether/
- 7coingecko.com/en/exchanges
- 8blog.chainalysis.com/reports/2024-crypto-crime-report/
- 9fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/Guidance-on-risk-based-approach-to-virtual-assets-and-virtual-asset-service-providers.html
- 68fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methods-guidance/updated-guidance-risk-based-approach-virtual-assets-vasps.html
- 85fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/Fatf-recommendations.html
- 86fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/Guidance-rba-virtual-assets-vasps.html
- 87fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/Guidance-travel-rule-virtual-assets.html
- 10gemini.com/cryptopedia/crypto-trends-report-2023
- 11www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/financial-services/consumer-and-fintech-survey.html
- 12oecd.org/finance/cryptocurrency-and-related-activity-in-oecd-countries-0d0e5a2b-en.htm
- 13worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittances/brief/remittance-flows-worldwide
- 14bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2023e1.pdf
- 15bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2023e4.pdf
- 16imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2023/01/30/Crypto-Assets-and-Financial-Stability
- 17imf.org/en/Publications/Staff-Discussion-Notes/Issues/2024/02/08/The-Rise-of-Stablecoins-Risks-and-Policy-Challenges-544741
- 18jbs.cam.ac.uk/faculty-research/centres/alternative-finance/publications/crypto-assets-and-climate-change/
- 19jbs.cam.ac.uk/faculty-research/centres/alternative-finance/publications/estimated-cryptocurrency-adoption/
- 20trmlabs.com/resources
- 21elliptic.co/blog
- 22buybitcoinworldwide.com/bitcoin-block-reward-halving/
- 23bitcoin.org/en/faq#how-does-bitcoin-work
- 29bitcoin.org/en/faq#how-is-bitcoin-created
- 30bitcoin.org/en/faq#what-is-bitcoin-mining
- 24github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/master/doc/release-notes/release-notes-0.1.5.md
- 25ethereum.org/en/roadmap/merging/#block-time
- 26ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/
- 27ethereum.org/en/staking/deposit-contracts/
- 31ethereum.org/en/history/merge/
- 56ethereum.org/en/energy-consumption/
- 28docs.etherscan.io/contract/ethereum-deposit-contract/
- 32docs.solana.com/cluster/overview
- 33docs.solana.com/implemented-protocols/consensus/
- 34docs.cardano.org/en/latest/explore-cardano/protocol/consensus/
- 35cardano.org/governance-and-upgrades/
- 57cardano.org/mission/energy-efficiency/
- 36xrpl.org/consensus.html
- 37xrpl.org/faq.html#how-long-does-it-take-for-transactions-to-confirm
- 38tether.to/en/networks/
- 39tether.to/en/faq/
- 40docs.bnbchain.org/docs/validator/blocks/
- 41wiki.polygon.technology/docs/maintain/polygon-pos/
- 42polygon.technology/blog/polygon-pos/
- 43wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-npos
- 44wiki.polkadot.network/docs/learn-parachains
- 45docs.cosmos.network/v0.47/learn/consensus/intro.html
- 46docs.cosmos.network/main/learn/sdks/
- 47docs.chain.link/chainlink-nodes/
- 48docs.chain.link/architecture/ocr/
- 49docs.uniswap.org/contracts/v3/concepts/concentrated-liquidity
- 50docs.uniswap.org/contracts/v3/reference/fees
- 51cbeci.org/ (specific report page: https://cbeci.org/cbeci/)
- 64cbeci.org/ (model page)
- 65cbeci.org/cbeci/index.php (indicator page)
- 52ccaf.io/cbeci/index (table data page)
- 53digiconomist.net/bitcoin-energy-consumption/
- 54digiconomist.net/bitcoin-carbon-footprint/
- 55digiconomist.net/bitcoin-vs-visa/
- 58solana.com/news/green-solutions (specific page)
- 59ripple.com/insights/xrp-ledger-energy-efficiency/
- 60weforum.org/reports/cryptocurrency-and-climate-change/
- 61ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/
- 62iea.org/reports/global-electricity-review-2023/emissions-and-climate
- 73iea.org/reports/electricity-2024
- 63unfccc.int/
- 66epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors
- 67eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2003/87/oj
- 70eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32022L2464
- 72eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1114/oj
- 88eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1113/oj
- 89eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2018/843/oj
- 116eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2015/847/oj
- 119eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj
- 69ag.ny.gov/press-release/2024/ny-set-tougher-crypto-mining-rules
- 71blog.ipfs.tech/
- 74irena.org/Statistics/View-Data-by-Topic/Costs
- 75globalmethanepledge.org/
- 76iso.org/standard/66453.html
- 77ghgprotocol.org/standards/corporate-standard
- 78ghgprotocol.org/standards
- 79sec.gov/news/press-release/2019-226
- 80sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2020/comp-pr2020-237.pdf
- 81sec.gov/news/press-release/2024-26
- 82sec.gov/news/press-release
- 120sec.gov/news/press-release/2022-123
- 83cftc.gov/pressreleases/pressrelease/opa-21-32
- 84cftc.gov/PressRoom/SpeechesTestimony/opa-speech-2023-35
- 90fca.org.uk/news/press-releases/promotion-of-cryptoassets-rules-update
- 117fca.org.uk/firms/aml/cryptoassets
- 118fca.org.uk/firms/financial-promotions/cryptoassets
- 91register.fca.org.uk/s/cryptoasset-firms
- 92fsa.go.jp/en/ (specific page)
- 93fsa.go.jp/en/refer/ (specific)
- 94mas.gov.sg/regulation/digital-payments/digital-payment-token-licensing
- 95mas.gov.sg/regulation/digital-payments
- 109mas.gov.sg/regulation/digital-payments/travel-rule
- 96finma.ch/en/news/2020/01/20200121-stablecoins/
- 97finma.ch/en/news/2018/02/20180216-ico-wegleitung/
- 98bafin.de/EN/Aufsicht/Unternehmen/FinTech/fintech_node.html
- 99laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-24.4/
- 100fintrac-canafe.gc.ca/guidance-ld/VC/eng
- 101treasury.gov.au/ (specific)
- 102austrac.gov.au/business/getting-started/virtual-currency-exchanges
- 103austrac.gov.au/business/industry-guidance/registration-dcep
- 104dfs.ny.gov/apps_and_lications/virtual_currency_businesses
- 105dfs.ny.gov/virtual_currency_businesses
- 106cbn.gov.ng/ (specific)
- 107moj.go.kr/eng/ (specific)
- 108fsc.go.kr/eng/
- 110fincen.gov/resources/statutes-regulations/guidance/faq
- 111fincen.gov/resources/statutes-regulations/guidance/applications-fincens-regulations-persons-administering
- 112home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/faqs
- 115home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/recent-actions
- 113ofac.treasury.gov/faqs
- 114ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions
- 121ifrs.org/news-and-events/calendar/ifrs-interpretations-committee-june-2019/ (specific)
- 122ifrs.org/news-and-events/2019/holdings-of-cryptocurrencies/