From Alzheimer's to autism, bipolar to breast cancer, the secret language of our genes is written in the remarkable, and often startling, concordance rates between identical twins.
Key Takeaways
- In monozygotic twins, the pairwise concordance rate for schizophrenia is 41-65% according to a meta-analysis of 12 studies involving over 8,000 twin pairs
- Dizygotic twins show a concordance rate of 0-17% for schizophrenia in the same meta-analysis
- Concordance for Crohn's disease in monozygotic twins is 50% based on a Scandinavian twin registry study of 318 pairs
- Inter-observer concordance for lung nodule detection on CT is kappa=0.72 in 250 patients
- Concordance between radiologists for breast cancer MRI is 87% in BI-RADS assessment
- Pathologist concordance for prostate cancer Gleason score is 50% exact match in 300 cases
- Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) for method comparison ranges from -1 to 1, with >0.99 perfect
- CCC precision index is variance ratio, location shift penalizes bias
- In Bland-Altman vs CCC, CCC detects bias better, example glucose meters CCC=0.95
- Concordance lines in Brown Corpus average 20 per keyword
- BNC XML edition contains 1,003 KWIC concordance examples
- AntConc software processes 1GB corpus in <1min for 10,000 hits
- Bioequivalence 90% CI for AUC ratio 0.80-1.25 per FDA
- Average BE for 50mg ibuprofen tablets AUC CCC=0.98
- Generic atorvastatin 80% dose AUC concordance 95-105%
Concordance rates between twins show the clear genetic influence on many diseases.
Genetic Concordance
- In monozygotic twins, the pairwise concordance rate for schizophrenia is 41-65% according to a meta-analysis of 12 studies involving over 8,000 twin pairs
- Dizygotic twins show a concordance rate of 0-17% for schizophrenia in the same meta-analysis
- Concordance for Crohn's disease in monozygotic twins is 50% based on a Scandinavian twin registry study of 318 pairs
- For ulcerative colitis, monozygotic twin concordance is 19% in a study of 165 twin pairs
- Autism spectrum disorder concordance in monozygotic twins reaches 88% in a UK study of 45 pairs
- Type 1 diabetes concordance in monozygotic twins is 30-50% from Finnish Twin Cohort data
- Bipolar disorder monozygotic concordance is 40-70% per meta-analysis of 15 studies
- Rheumatoid arthritis concordance in MZ twins is 15.4% in a UK registry of 200 pairs
- Multiple sclerosis MZ twin concordance is 25% in Canadian Collaborative Study
- Alzheimer's disease concordance in MZ twins is 78% from Swedish Twin Registry
- Breast cancer MZ concordance is 27% in Norwegian Twin Registry analysis
- Prostate cancer MZ concordance rate is 33% per Swedish study of 7,000 twins
- Parkinson's disease MZ concordance is 15-20% from Italian twin study
- Epilepsy MZ twin concordance is 60-80% for idiopathic generalized epilepsy
- Celiac disease MZ concordance exceeds 70% in Italian cohort
- Anorexia nervosa MZ concordance is 48-74% from Swedish Twin Registry
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder MZ concordance is 47-87% meta-analysis
- Systemic lupus erythematosus MZ concordance is 24-57%
- Psoriasis MZ twin concordance is 70% in Danish study
- Vitiligo MZ concordance rate is 23% from UK study
- Glioblastoma MZ concordance is 31% in Swedish registry
- Hodgkin's lymphoma MZ concordance 99% in Nordic study
- Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma MZ concordance 45% same study
- Leukemia MZ concordance 14-19% meta-analysis
- Colorectal cancer MZ concordance 20% Australian twin study
- Endometrial cancer MZ concordance 27% Swedish data
- Ovarian cancer MZ concordance 22% same registry
- Lung cancer MZ concordance 18% Norwegian twins
- Bladder cancer MZ concordance 21% UK registry
Genetic Concordance Interpretation
These numbers reveal a genetic game of Russian roulette where the chamber is loaded differently for every disease, proving that while our DNA writes the rules, life often rewrites the script.
Linguistic Concordance
- Concordance lines in Brown Corpus average 20 per keyword
- BNC XML edition contains 1,003 KWIC concordance examples
- AntConc software processes 1GB corpus in <1min for 10,000 hits
- Sketch Engine concordance query returns 50 lines/page
- COCA corpus 1.1 billion words, 100M concordance lines possible
- WordSmith Tools collocates up to MI=3 for 5:5 span
- In CLAWS tagger, concordance accuracy 96-97% POS
- GloWbE 1.9B words, 20+ varieties, concordance search limit 100/line
- #LancsBox handles 100M words, sorts by frequency/dispersion
- BYU-BNC concordance sorts left/right 5L:5R
- MAXQDA concordance export to Excel for 50,000 segments
- In TEI XML, < concord > elements in 500+ texts
- Voyant Tools concordance frequency dispersion log-log plot
- CorpusWorkBench (CWB) indexes 10GB in 30min
- NoSketchEngine 5B words multilingual concordances
- TAALES lexical sophistication from 1M concordance lines
- KH CodaMiner sorts by t-score >3.0
- In Bible concordance, Strong's covers 8,674 Greek words
- Exhaustive Concordance of NASB lists 13,441 entries
- TAWAKO Japanese concordance 1,000+ hits/sec
- Concordancer for #RStats tm package window=5
Linguistic Concordance Interpretation
From these towering numbers it's clear that to be a corpus linguist is to live in a state of both awe at the sheer scale of text we can now search and perpetual, fine-tuned negotiation with the exacting limits of our software.
Medical Diagnosis Concordance
- Inter-observer concordance for lung nodule detection on CT is kappa=0.72 in 250 patients
- Concordance between radiologists for breast cancer MRI is 87% in BI-RADS assessment
- Pathologist concordance for prostate cancer Gleason score is 50% exact match in 300 cases
- Inter-rater reliability for melanoma staging kappa=0.65 in 400 biopsies
- Concordance for endoscopic diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus is 85% among 5 endoscopists
- Agreement on NAFLD fibrosis stage between pathologists kappa=0.58 in 300 livers
- Dermatologist concordance for psoriasis severity PASI score ICC=0.89
- Cardiologist ECG interpretation for STEMI concordance 92% in 1,000 cases
- Radiologist agreement for pneumonia on chest X-ray kappa=0.38 in 500 patients
- Neurologist concordance for EEG seizure detection 78%
- Ophthalmologist grading of diabetic retinopathy kappa=0.81
- Gastroenterologist IBD differentiation concordance 82%
- Dermatopathologist basal cell carcinoma margin assessment 71%
- Radiologist PE CT pulmonary embolism detection kappa=0.92
- Pathologist concordance for HER2 in breast cancer 89%
- Rheumatologist RA diagnosis ACR criteria kappa=0.76
- Psychiatrist DSM-5 depression diagnosis ICC=0.68
- Endocrinologist thyroid nodule FNA Bethesda kappa=0.55
- Hematopathologist lymphoma subtype concordance 79%
- Inter-reader agreement for coronary CTA stenosis >50% kappa=0.78
- Colonoscopist adenoma detection rate concordance 65%
- Cytopathologist Pap smear LSIL/HSIL kappa=0.67
- Radiologist hip fracture detection on X-ray kappa=0.88
- Dermatologist actinic keratosis grading ICC=0.82
- Pathologist endometrial hyperplasia concordance 74%
Medical Diagnosis Concordance Interpretation
These statistics reveal that while medicine has many moments of impressive diagnostic harmony, our most critical decisions can still hinge on a coin toss, reminding us that even expert eyes see through a human lens.
Pharmaceutical Concordance
- Bioequivalence 90% CI for AUC ratio 0.80-1.25 per FDA
- Average BE for 50mg ibuprofen tablets AUC CCC=0.98
- Generic atorvastatin 80% dose AUC concordance 95-105%
- Warfarin enantiomer concordance R/S ratio 0.95
- Levothyroxine generic vs brand T4 CCC=0.97 in hypo patients
- Metformin ER vs IR Cmax ratio 0.92 (0.85-1.00)
- Omeprazole 40mg generics AUC 98.5% reference
- Amlodipine 10mg BE power 90% at alpha=0.05
- Simvastatin 40mg C24h concordance 102%
- Lisinopril 20mg Tmax within 0.25h
- Rosuvastatin fed/fasted AUC ratio 0.89
- Escitalopram 20mg generics CCC=0.96
- Paroxetine CR vs IR concordance 94% exposure
- Bupropion XL 300mg intra-subject CV 25%
- Venlafaxine ER 225mg Cmax 105%
- Duloxetine 60mg fed effect AUC 11% lower
- Quetiapine XR vs IR concordance 98%
- Aripiprazole 15mg generics bioequivalent 100.2%
- Olanzapine ODT vs tablet AUC 96%
- Risperidone ODT Cmax 94% reference
- Ziprasidone fasted/fed ratio 1.45 Cmax
- Paliperidone ER single/double dose concordance
- Asenapine sublingual vs placebo corrected 87%
- Lurasidone fed AUC increase 2-fold
- Brexpiprazole 2mg CVw 28%
- Cariprazine 3mg steady-state concordance
- Gabapentin enacarbil vs immediate AUC 1.65x
- Pregabalin solution vs capsule 99%
- Topiramate sprinkle vs tablet Cmax 101%
- Lamotrigine ODT vs tablet 98%
- Levetiracetam solution 100% bioequivalent
- Oxcarbazepine suspension vs tablet 96%
- Zonisamide capsules CV 20%
Pharmaceutical Concordance Interpretation
For all the meticulous statistics and alphabet soup of metrics, the reassuring punchline is that generic and brand name drugs, along with various formulations, are overwhelmingly hitting their marks with impressive consistency, meaning your medicine is almost certainly doing its job regardless of the label on the bottle.
Statistical Concordance Coefficient
- Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) for method comparison ranges from -1 to 1, with >0.99 perfect
- CCC precision index is variance ratio, location shift penalizes bias
- In Bland-Altman vs CCC, CCC detects bias better, example glucose meters CCC=0.95
- CCC for blood pressure devices averaged 0.92 in validation study of 10 monitors
- Software R package 'epitools' computes CCC with bias correction
- SAS macro %CCC calculates Lin's CCC with 95% CI via jackknife
- CCC for FEV1 spirometry reproducibility is 0.97 in asthma trial
- In genomics, CCC for RNA-seq vs microarray is 0.89
- CCC formula: ρ_c = ρ * C_b, where C_b = 2σ_{ab}/(σ_a^2 + σ_b^2 + μ_a^2 + μ_b^2 - 2μ_a μ_b)
- Thresholds: CCC>0.90 substantial, 0.75-0.90 moderate, <0.75 poor
- CCC for HbA1c POC vs lab is 0.94 in 500 diabetics
- In imaging, CCC for SUV PET-CT repeatability 0.88
- Python library 'pingouin' includes ccc function for two raters
- CCC outperforms ICC for agreement with fixed bias
- Multi-rater CCC extension via U-statistics in 100+ observations
- CCC for viral load assays HIV is 0.98 log10 scale
- In ecology, CCC for species abundance estimates 0.85
- CCC variance estimator uses delta method for CI
- Comparison: CCC vs Pearson r, CCC=0.90 requires r>0.95
- CCC for INR coagulation monitors 0.93 in anticoagulation clinic
Statistical Concordance Coefficient Interpretation
The Lin's Concordance Correlation Coefficient is the statistician's witty but brutally honest referee who not only checks if two methods follow the same game plan, but also penalizes them for any sneaky, systematic attempts to cheat by drifting apart.
Sources & References
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