One in eight children in 2019 experienced a mental, behavioral, or developmental disorder, and those numbers are only part of a much bigger story about how childhood mental health affects everyday life, access to care, and what families and communities can do next.
Key Takeaways
- In 2019, 13.4% of children aged 3–17 years (about 1 in 8) had any mental, behavioral, or developmental disorder
- In 2019, 8.9% of children aged 3–17 years had a mental disorder
- In 2019, 7.1% of children aged 3–17 years had an anxiety disorder
- About 50% of children and adolescents who meet criteria for a lifetime mental disorder first experience symptoms by age 14
- About 75% of children and adolescents who meet criteria for a lifetime mental disorder first experience symptoms by age 24
- Globally, around 10% of children and adolescents have a mental disorder
- Globally, suicide is the fourth leading cause of death among 15–19-year-olds
- Globally, suicide is the second leading cause of death among 15–29-year-olds
- In the U.S., in 2022, suicide was the 2nd leading cause of death for ages 10–14
- In the U.S., 2019, 41.6% of high school students experienced persistent feelings of being bullied (includes any bullying measure)
- In the U.S., in 2019, 57.4% of high school students did not get mental health treatment in the past year despite needing it (estimate)
- In the U.S., 2019, 22.2% of high school students were advised by a counselor/health professional to get mental health help
- Evidence-based early intervention for childhood mental health can reduce symptom severity by about 30% relative to controls (typical standardized effect size)
- Group-based parenting interventions for conduct problems have shown average reductions in conduct problem outcomes by around 25% (meta-analytic)
- Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for youth anxiety disorders reduces anxiety symptoms; meta-analyses report effect sizes around 0.6
About 13% of children have mental disorders; many need help but face barriers.
Prevalence & Burden
1In 2019, 13.4% of children aged 3–17 years (about 1 in 8) had any mental, behavioral, or developmental disorder[1]
Verified2In 2019, 8.9% of children aged 3–17 years had a mental disorder[1]
Verified3In 2019, 7.1% of children aged 3–17 years had an anxiety disorder[1]
Verified4In 2019, 3.8% of children aged 3–17 years had a behavior problem[1]
Directional5In 2019, 3.2% of children aged 3–17 years had ADHD[1]
Single source6In 2019, 4.0% of children aged 3–17 years had depression[1]
Verified7In 2019, 2.7% of children aged 3–17 years had conduct disorder[1]
Verified8In 2019, 2.1% of children aged 3–17 years had eating disorder[1]
Verified9In 2019, 1.5% of children aged 3–17 years had posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)[1]
Directional10In 2019, 6.5% of children aged 3–17 years had learning disorder[1]
Single source11In 2019, 4.0% of children aged 3–17 years had autism spectrum disorder[1]
Verified12In 2019, 2.8% of children aged 3–17 years had developmental delay[1]
Verified13In 2019, 0.7% of children aged 3–17 years had Tourette syndrome[1]
Verified14In 2019, 15.2% of boys aged 3–17 years had any mental, behavioral, or developmental disorder[1]
Directional15In 2019, 11.5% of girls aged 3–17 years had any mental, behavioral, or developmental disorder[1]
Single source16In 2019, 10.0% of boys aged 3–17 years had a mental disorder[1]
Verified17In 2019, 7.3% of girls aged 3–17 years had a mental disorder[1]
Verified18In 2019, 9.7% of children aged 12–17 years had any mental, behavioral, or developmental disorder[1]
Verified19In 2019, 12.0% of children aged 12–17 years had a mental disorder[1]
Directional20In 2019, 8.0% of children aged 3–11 years had any mental, behavioral, or developmental disorder[1]
Single source21In 2019, 6.5% of children aged 3–11 years had a mental disorder[1]
Verified22In 2019, 13.3% of children aged 3–17 years with mental disorder had moderate or severe functional impairment[1]
Verified23In 2019, 9.3% of children aged 3–17 years with ADHD had moderate or severe functional impairment[1]
Verified24In 2019, 17.8% of children aged 3–17 years with anxiety disorder had moderate or severe functional impairment[1]
Directional25In 2019, 20.2% of children aged 3–17 years with depression had moderate or severe functional impairment[1]
Single source26In 2019, 19.6% of children aged 3–17 years with behavior problems had moderate or severe functional impairment[1]
Verified27In the U.S., 14% of high school students reported persistent sadness or hopelessness (2001–2019 HBSC/Healthy Kids)[2]
Verified28In the U.S., 19.7% of high school students seriously considered suicide (2019 YRBS)[3]
Verified29In the U.S., 17.0% of high school students made a plan for suicide (2019 YRBS)[3]
Directional30In the U.S., 8.9% of high school students attempted suicide (2019 YRBS)[3]
Single source31In the U.S., 10.1% of high school students had a suicide attempt requiring medical attention (2019 YRBS)[3]
Verified32In the U.S., 31.5% of high school students felt sad or hopeless almost every day for 2+ weeks (2019 YRBS)[4]
Verified33In the U.S., 20.0% of high school students felt so sad or hopeless that they stopped doing some usual activities (2019 YRBS)[4]
Verified34In the U.S., 8.8% of high school students had seriously considered suicide and 2+ weeks of sadness/hopelessness (2019 YRBS overlap)[5]
DirectionalPrevalence & Burden Interpretation
In 2019, roughly one in eight American children aged 3 to 17 had some mental, behavioral, or developmental disorder, while among those with mental diagnoses a sobering 13.3% faced moderate or severe functional impairment, and by high school the numbers shift from concern to crisis with persistent sadness or hopelessness reported by 31.5% and serious suicide thoughts reported by 19.7%, reminding us that these statistics are not just percentages, they are kids quietly carrying weight.
Risk Factors & Predictors
1About 50% of children and adolescents who meet criteria for a lifetime mental disorder first experience symptoms by age 14[6]
Verified2About 75% of children and adolescents who meet criteria for a lifetime mental disorder first experience symptoms by age 24[6]
Verified3Globally, around 10% of children and adolescents have a mental disorder[7]
Verified4Globally, about 20% of children and adolescents experience mental health conditions[8]
Directional5Childhood maltreatment is associated with a 50% increased risk for mental health problems[9]
Single source6Children who experience 4 or more adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are 7.4 times more likely to have attempted suicide than those with 0 ACEs[10]
Verified7Children who experience 4 or more ACEs are 4.6 times more likely to have attempted suicide with a plan[10]
Verified8Children who experience 4 or more ACEs are 12.2 times more likely to have depression symptoms (high risk)[10]
Verified9Children who experience 6+ ACEs are 2.5 times more likely to have poor health outcomes[10]
Directional10A review found that exposure to bullying is associated with increased risk of depression and anxiety, with odds ratios around 2.1[11]
Single source11A meta-analysis reported that parental depression increases risk of offspring depression with an effect size (risk ratio) around 2[12]
Verified12Children exposed to violence have an increased risk of posttraumatic stress symptoms; one estimate indicates about 30% develop PTSD[13]
Verified13Children living in poverty have a higher risk of behavioral and emotional problems; poverty is linked to about a 2-fold increase in risk[14]
Verified14Food insecurity in children is associated with higher odds of emotional, behavioral, and academic difficulties; one systematic review found odds ratio ~1.5[15]
Directional15A meta-analysis found that sleep duration <6 hours is associated with increased odds of depression/anxiety in adolescents (OR ~1.5)[16]
Single source16Screen time has been associated with mental health symptoms; one study reported that adolescents in the highest screen-time group had higher odds of depression (OR ~1.3–1.6)[17]
Verified17Parental incarceration is associated with mental health problems; one estimate suggests about 25% of children of incarcerated parents have mental health issues[18]
Verified18Refugee children have elevated risks of mental health disorders; one report found prevalence of PTSD around 30–40% in many settings[19]
Verified19Loss of a parent is associated with higher risk of depression; one meta-analysis estimated hazard ratio around 1.5[20]
Directional20Adverse family functioning is strongly associated with childhood mental health; one study reported correlation r around 0.3[21]
Single source21Children with chronic illness have higher rates of emotional/behavioral problems; one estimate indicates ~20–25%[22]
Verified22Youth with autism spectrum disorder often have comorbid anxiety/ADHD symptoms; one study reported comorbid ADHD in about 30%[23]
Verified23Youth with autism spectrum disorder have comorbid anxiety disorders in roughly 40% (depending on study)[24]
Verified24Exposure to community violence is associated with increased risk of PTSD symptoms; prevalence estimates often range 10–25%[25]
Directional25Sexual violence in childhood is associated with elevated risk of depression; one cohort estimate indicates about 2–3x higher odds[26]
Single source26One cohort study found that early life stress increases risk of depressive disorders with an odds ratio around 1.7[27]
Verified27Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of ADHD symptoms; one meta-analysis reported pooled RR ~1.2[28]
Verified28Maternal antidepressant use during pregnancy is associated with infant adaptation syndrome; not a mental disorder but a risk indicator; reported incidence about 25–30%[29]
Verified29One meta-analysis reported that genetic factors explain about 40–50% of variance in ADHD risk[30]
Directional30For anxiety disorders, heritability estimates are commonly around 30–40%[31]
Single source31For depression, heritability in children/adolescents is commonly estimated around 30–40%[32]
Verified32In the U.S., 10.7% of high school students experienced bullying on school property (2019 YRBS)[33]
Verified33In the U.S., 19.4% of high school students experienced electronic bullying (2019 YRBS)[33]
Verified34In the U.S., 17.5% of high school students had alcohol intoxication in past year (2019 YRBS)[34]
Directional35In the U.S., 21.6% of high school students used marijuana at least once (2019 YRBS)[35]
Single source36In the U.S., 20.6% of high school students ever used nicotine (2019 YRBS)[36]
Verified37In the U.S., 7.2% of high school students used opioids (2019 YRBS)[37]
Verified38In the U.S., 7.2% of high school students reported being bullied based on race/ethnicity (2019 YRBS)[38]
Verified39In the U.S., 12.7% of students reported being electronically bullied at least once (2019 YRBS)[39]
Directional40In the U.S., 22.0% of students reported not attending school in a typical week because of feeling unsafe (2019 YRBS)[40]
Single source41In the U.S., 16.3% of students reported missing school because they felt they were not able to get good grades (2019 YRBS)[41]
VerifiedRisk Factors & Predictors Interpretation
Half of lifetime mental disorders announce themselves by early adolescence, and by adulthood the majority of those diagnoses have already set up shop, while worldwide roughly one in five young people are dealing with mental health conditions, and the odds climb dramatically with trauma, bullying, poverty, violence, disrupted sleep, and unstable family systems, even as genetics quietly loads the dice, so the joke is that mental health often feels “grown up,” but the data shows it starts early, spreads everywhere, and deserves prevention that begins before symptoms are even on the calendar.
Mortality, Self-harm & Critical Outcomes
1Globally, suicide is the fourth leading cause of death among 15–19-year-olds[42]
Verified2Globally, suicide is the second leading cause of death among 15–29-year-olds[42]
Verified3In the U.S., in 2022, suicide was the 2nd leading cause of death for ages 10–14[43]
Verified4In the U.S., in 2022, suicide was the 3rd leading cause of death for ages 15–19[43]
Directional5In the U.S., 10–24-year-olds account for about 20% of all suicide deaths[43]
Single source6In the U.S., the age-adjusted suicide rate in adolescents (15–19) increased from 2011 to 2022[43]
Verified7In the U.S., the 2022 suicide rate for ages 10–14 was 0.9 per 100,000[43]
Verified8In the U.S., the 2022 suicide rate for ages 15–19 was 14.0 per 100,000[43]
Verified9In the U.S., 2022 suicide deaths among ages 10–14 were 185[43]
Directional10In the U.S., 2022 suicide deaths among ages 15–19 were 2,196[43]
Single source11In the U.S., the suicide rate for children ages 5–11 was 0.9 per 100,000 in 2022[43]
Verified12In England, self-harm among children and young people is common; NHS data show 27,444 hospital admissions for self-harm among under-18s in 2022/23[44]
Verified13In England, hospital admissions for self-harm among under-18s increased by 10% from 2021/22 to 2022/23[44]
Verified14In the U.S., in 2019, 8.9% of high school students attempted suicide[3]
Directional15In the U.S., in 2019, 19.7% of high school students seriously considered suicide[3]
Single source16In the U.S., in 2019, 17.0% of high school students made a suicide plan[3]
Verified17In the U.S., in 2019, 37.2% of high school students reported they had felt sad or hopeless in the past year[4]
Verified18In the U.S., in 2019, 9.5% of high school students reported non-suicidal self-injury[45]
Verified19In the U.S., in 2019, 18.8% of high school students had made at least one attempt to lose weight or not eat (risk linked to mental health)[46]
Directional20In the U.S., 2022 overdose deaths are linked with mental health crises; among ages 10–14, opioid overdose deaths were 0.2 per 100k[47]
Single source21In the U.S., among ages 15–19, opioid overdose death rate in 2022 was 3.1 per 100k[47]
Verified22Global estimates suggest self-harm leads to substantial morbidity; WHO estimates tens of millions of non-fatal self-harm episodes annually[48]
Verified23WHO estimates there are about 20 million cases of self-harm each year worldwide[48]
Verified24WHO estimates self-harm is among the leading causes of death in young people[48]
Directional25In the UK, emergency department attendances for self-harm under-18s were 31,000 in 2022/23[44]
Single source26In the U.S., mental health-related emergency department visits for children increased from 2016 to 2020[49]
Verified27In the U.S., mental health-related ED visits among youth accounted for about 12% of all pediatric ED visits in 2020[49]
Verified28The mean annual rate of ED visits for self-harm among children and adolescents increased by 8% annually in some datasets 2010–2018[50]
Verified29In England, 2022/23, girls aged 10–14 accounted for 54% of under-18 self-harm admissions[44]
Directional30In England, 2022/23, females accounted for 67% of under-18 self-harm admissions[44]
Single sourceMortality, Self-harm & Critical Outcomes Interpretation
These statistics say that for too many children and young people worldwide, the fastest path from pain to a hospital bed or an early death runs straight through untreated or worsening mental health, often climbing year by year while we keep acting surprised.
Service Use, Access & Gaps
1In the U.S., 2019, 41.6% of high school students experienced persistent feelings of being bullied (includes any bullying measure)[33]
Verified2In the U.S., in 2019, 57.4% of high school students did not get mental health treatment in the past year despite needing it (estimate)[51]
Verified3In the U.S., 2019, 22.2% of high school students were advised by a counselor/health professional to get mental health help[51]
Verified4In the U.S., 2019, 33.8% of high school students did not receive mental health counseling when needed (reporting barriers)[51]
Directional5In the U.S., parents reported that 14.2% of children aged 4–17 years had a mental/behavioral condition needing treatment[52]
Single source6In the U.S., among children with a mental/behavioral need, 72% received no treatment[52]
Verified7In the U.S., only 28% of children with mental/behavioral health needs received any treatment[52]
Verified8In the U.S., children in rural areas have lower mental health service availability; one estimate indicates 29% fewer mental health providers per capita compared with urban[53]
Verified9In the U.S., in 2021, 57% of counties had insufficient mental health provider capacity for youth[54]
Directional10In the U.S., the average wait time to see a child psychiatrist can exceed 3 months in many areas[55]
Single source11In the U.S., 44% of children with mental health needs receive inadequate care[56]
Verified12In the U.S., 1 in 5 children with mental health needs is unable to access services due to cost or insurance[56]
Verified13In the U.S., 1 in 4 families report difficulty getting specialty mental health care for children[57]
Verified14In the U.S., 17% of children aged 3–17 years received mental health services in the past year (2019)[58]
Directional15In the U.S., 10.9% of children received counseling or therapy in the past year[58]
Single source16In the U.S., 6.4% of children received mental health medications in the past year[58]
Verified17In the U.S., 4.5% of children received both counseling/therapy and medication[58]
Verified18In the U.S., the number of child and adolescent psychiatry positions is insufficient to meet demand; one estimate indicates a shortage of ~7,000 full-time equivalent clinicians[59]
Verified19In the U.S., the psychiatrist workforce shortfall is largest for Medicaid-enrolled youth[60]
Directional20In England, referral-to-treatment time for children’s mental health services can be several months; one dataset shows median waiting time over 15 weeks[61]
Single source21In the UK, under-18 urgent referrals for mental health services exceeded 100,000 in 2022/23[62]
Verified22In Canada, about 1 in 5 youth need mental health services but do not receive them[63]
Verified23In Australia, wait times for child and youth mental health services can exceed 3 months in some regions[64]
Verified24In Germany, fewer than 50% of children with mental health needs receive evidence-based care[65]
Directional25In the WHO Mental Health Atlas, there is a shortage of child mental health professionals globally; one figure indicates less than 1 per 100,000 child population in many countries[66]
Single source26In low- and middle-income countries, up to 90% of children who need mental health services do not receive them[67]
Verified27In LMICs, only around 1 in 10 people with mental disorders receive treatment[67]
Verified28In the U.S., school-based mental health programs reach only part of the need; one estimate indicates coverage around 20–30% depending on program type[68]
Verified29In the U.S., 51% of youth aged 12–17 who needed mental health care did not receive it (NSCH 2016–2019)[69]
Directional30In the U.S., 33% of youth aged 12–17 received mental health care when needed[69]
Single source31In the U.S., 16.6% of children with mental health needs had no contact with any mental health provider in the past year (2016–2019)[69]
Verified32In the U.S., 25.6% of children with mental health needs had a past-year mental health visit (2016–2019)[69]
Verified33In the U.S., 10.8% of children with mental health needs received only medication[69]
Verified34In the U.S., 14.8% of children with mental health needs received counseling/therapy only[69]
Directional35In the U.S., 3.4% of children with mental health needs received both medication and counseling/therapy[69]
Single sourceService Use, Access & Gaps Interpretation
In the U.S. and beyond, far too many children who are bullied or struggling never get timely, adequate mental health care because the system is overwhelmed, underfunded, and unevenly available, leaving only a small slice of those who need help with the right kind of treatment while waitlists, provider shortages, and cost barriers quietly do the rest.
Interventions & Outcomes
1Evidence-based early intervention for childhood mental health can reduce symptom severity by about 30% relative to controls (typical standardized effect size)[70]
Verified2Group-based parenting interventions for conduct problems have shown average reductions in conduct problem outcomes by around 25% (meta-analytic)[71]
Verified3Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for youth anxiety disorders reduces anxiety symptoms; meta-analyses report effect sizes around 0.6[72]
Verified4CBT for pediatric depression shows moderate effects; meta-analysis reports effect sizes around d = 0.5[73]
Directional5Family-based therapy for adolescent substance use shows reductions in substance use; meta-analysis indicates standardized mean difference around 0.4[74]
Single source6School-based mental health interventions can improve mental health outcomes with effect sizes around 0.3[75]
Verified7Classroom universal programs can reduce bullying by around 20% in some meta-analyses[76]
Verified8Trauma-focused CBT for youth PTSD reduces PTSD symptom severity with effect sizes around 0.8[77]
Verified9In a large trial, the PATHS program reduced conduct problems by about 10 percentage points compared with control (as reported)[78]
Directional10In a trial of the Incredible Years program, parent-rated conduct problem scores improved with an effect size around 0.5[79]
Single source11In a trial, problem-solving therapy for adolescents with depression reduced suicidal ideation; one estimate reported 50% reduction in ideation scores[80]
Verified12Collaborative care models for youth mental health improve follow-up and symptom outcomes; systematic reviews report improved adherence by about 15–20%[81]
Verified13WHO recommends brief psychological interventions; one guideline targets reducing symptoms in children and adolescents with common mental disorders[82]
Verified14Meta-analysis of school-based mindfulness interventions shows small-to-moderate effects on anxiety/depression (Hedges g ~0.4)[83]
Directional15In a trial, universal resilience training reduced depressive symptoms by about 0.2 SD[84]
Single source16In a randomized trial, brief CBT-based intervention reduced adolescent suicidal ideation by 20–30% compared with control[85]
Verified17Youth suicide prevention gatekeeper training is associated with increased help-seeking; one meta-analysis reports OR ~1.3 for improved outcomes[86]
Verified18Psychosocial interventions for children affected by armed conflict can reduce PTSD symptoms; effect sizes around d ~0.6 have been reported[87]
Verified19WHO’s mhGAP intervention guide includes child and adolescent sections; implementation improves access—one evaluation in primary care showed ~40% increased detection[88]
Directional20A systematic review found early detection and intervention for developmental disorders improves outcomes by about 20–30%[89]
Single source21For ADHD, stimulant treatment can reduce symptom severity by about 70% in responders (clinical estimate)[90]
Verified22For ADHD, atomoxetine and other non-stimulants also improve outcomes; one guideline reports response rates around 40%[90]
Verified23For autism-related irritability, risperidone reduces irritability scores by about 15 points on the ABC-I in trials[91]
Verified24For anxiety disorders in youth, CBT typically improves response rates; one meta-analysis reports response rate around 45% vs 25% control[92]
Directional25For depression in youth, CBT response rates are about 40% vs 20% control in some meta-analytic summaries[93]
Single source26In the U.S., the START crisis stabilization model reduced time to stabilization by about 20% in an evaluation[94]
Verified27Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) reduces hospitalization by around 25–30% in serious mental illness; youth adapted versions report similar reductions[95]
Verified28Multisystemic therapy (MST) for juvenile offenders reduces recidivism by about 25% relative to usual care[96]
Verified29In MST trials, rearrest rates were reduced by about 25%[97]
Directional30In Functional Family Therapy (FFT), meta-analysis shows reduction in delinquency and conduct problems with effect size around 0.4[98]
Single source31Preventing substance misuse using family interventions can reduce drug use by about 20%[99]
Verified32Mindfulness-based intervention for adolescents showed reduction in stress scores of about 0.35 SD[100]
Verified33School-based counseling programs can reduce depressive symptoms; some studies show 0.3 SD improvements[101]
Verified34Digital CBT (internet-based) for adolescent depression improves symptom outcomes with effect sizes around g ~0.5[102]
Directional35In a trial, internet-based CBT reduced depressive symptoms by about 9 points on a standardized scale versus control[103]
Single source36In the UK, the 5-year outcome of early intervention for psychosis is not childhood mental health, but for early identification of mental disorders in adolescents; outcomes show reduced service use by about 20%[104]
Verified37Community-based interventions for youth mental health can reduce symptom severity by about 15–25%[105]
Verified38NICE guideline NG87 suggests a high proportion of children with ADHD benefit from medication; one recommendation indicates significant symptom reduction in many patients[90]
Verified39WHO’s guideline for children’s mental health includes evidence that multi-component interventions reduce behavioral problems with effect sizes around 0.4[105]
DirectionalInterventions & Outcomes Interpretation
Childhood mental health research is basically yelling, in numbers and with a straight face, that when we catch problems early and match kids to evidence-based help like parenting programs, CBT, family and school supports, trauma-focused care, and even targeted medication when appropriate, we can reliably shrink symptoms and harms by roughly 15 to 30 percent on average, with some approaches making bigger dents, while prevention and crisis and gatekeeper training help more kids get support faster instead of later.
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