Key Takeaways
- In the 2021-22 school year, about 19.2% of students ages 12-18 in the United States reported being bullied at school, with higher rates among females at 22.3% compared to males at 16.4%.
- Globally, around 32% of adolescents aged 11-15 reported being bullied at least 2-3 times per month in the 2018 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study across 45 countries.
- In the UK, 28% of children aged 10-15 experienced bullying in the past 6 months according to the 2022 National Bullying Survey by the Anti-Bullying Alliance.
- Bullied students are 2.6 times more likely to attempt suicide compared to non-bullied peers, based on a meta-analysis of 345,000 adolescents.
- Victims of chronic bullying show a 40% higher risk of developing depression by adulthood per a 20-year longitudinal study of 1,420 children.
- Bullied youth have a 31% increased odds of anxiety disorders, according to a systematic review of 153 studies involving over 300,000 participants.
- Male bullies are 3 times more likely to have conduct disorder histories than non-bullies, per a meta-analysis of 50 studies.
- 45% of bullies come from families with inconsistent discipline, according to a longitudinal study of 1,200 children.
- Bullies exhibit 2.5 times higher impulsivity scores on behavioral tests, from assessments of 800 adolescents.
- 37% of US middle school students have experienced cyberbullying, with girls reporting higher rates at 40% versus boys at 35% in 2022 PACER survey.
- Globally, 15% of adolescents aged 12-18 have been cyberbullied in the past year per 2021 EU Kids Online report across 19 countries.
- In the UK, 20% of 11-16 year olds faced cyberbullying monthly in 2023 Ditch the Label survey of 10,000 youth.
- School-wide anti-bullying programs like Olweus reduce bullying by 25-50% within 1-2 years, per randomized trials in 50 US schools.
- KiVa program in Finland decreased bullying by 32% and victimization by 28% in 100+ schools over 3 years.
- Bystander intervention training cuts bullying incidents by 20%, according to meta-analysis of 20 programs.
Bullying remains a devastatingly common and harmful global issue among youth.
Cyberbullying
- 37% of US middle school students have experienced cyberbullying, with girls reporting higher rates at 40% versus boys at 35% in 2022 PACER survey.
- Globally, 15% of adolescents aged 12-18 have been cyberbullied in the past year per 2021 EU Kids Online report across 19 countries.
- In the UK, 20% of 11-16 year olds faced cyberbullying monthly in 2023 Ditch the Label survey of 10,000 youth.
- Australian teens report 12% cyberbullying incidence weekly in 2022 eSafety Commissioner data.
- Canada saw 32% of students aged 12-17 cyberbullied in 2021 PREVNet national survey.
- 16% of US high schoolers were electronically bullied in 2021 YRBS, with 21% among females.
- In India, 28% of urban students aged 14-17 experienced cyberbullying via social media in 2022 NCRB report.
- South Africa reported 25% cyberbullying rate among 13-17 year olds in 2021 SONA survey.
- Japan logged 1.8% severe cyberbullying cases in schools for 2022 MEXT data.
- Brazil's 2022 GSHS showed 22% of students cyberbullied in past 30 days.
- Germany had 14% cyberbullying prevalence among 10-17 year olds in 2023 Jugend 4.0 study.
- Italy reported 18.5% cyber-victimization in 2022 HBSC Italy digital addendum.
- Sweden's 2023 Friends survey found 9% weekly cyberbullying among grades 7-9.
- New Zealand's 2022 Netsafe data indicated 23% of secondary students cyberbullied.
- Philippines GSHS 2019 noted 29% cyberbullying among 13-17 year olds.
- US cyberbullying peaks at 33% in grades 6-8 per 2023 StopBullying.gov trends.
- France's 2022 INPES survey showed 17% of 11-15 year olds cyberbullied.
- Spain's 2023 INE data reported 19% cyberbullying in secondary education.
- South Korea had 12.3% cyberbullying rate in 2022 youth welfare stats.
- Mexico's 2021 ENSANUT showed 26% adolescent cyber-victimization.
- Netherlands reported 16.2% cyberbullying in 2022 Dutch Digital Youth Fact sheet.
- Turkey's 2023 HBSC found 20% cyberbullying among 11-15 year olds.
- Ireland's 2022 Webwise survey indicated 27% cyberbullying in post-primary schools.
- Finland's KiVa digital module reduced cyberbullying by 25% in 2022 evaluations.
- Russia's 2021 digital safety survey showed 14% cyberbullying prevalence.
- Norway's 2023 Ungdigital reported 11% cyberbullying weekly.
- Portugal HBSC 2022 noted 17.8% cyber-victimization.
- Greece 2023 survey found 16.5% cyberbullying rate.
- Poland's 2022 digital HBSC add-on showed 21% cyberbullying.
- Belgium reported 13.2% cyberbullying in 2023 HBSC.
Cyberbullying Interpretation
Perpetrator Profiles
- Male bullies are 3 times more likely to have conduct disorder histories than non-bullies, per a meta-analysis of 50 studies.
- 45% of bullies come from families with inconsistent discipline, according to a longitudinal study of 1,200 children.
- Bullies exhibit 2.5 times higher impulsivity scores on behavioral tests, from assessments of 800 adolescents.
- 30% of school bullies have been victims themselves previously, indicating bully-victim subtype, per Olweus data.
- Bullies score 40% lower on empathy measures compared to peers, in a study of 1,500 students.
- Male bullies are 4 times more likely to engage in antisocial behaviors like vandalism, per CDC YRBS analysis.
- 25% of bullies have ADHD diagnoses, higher than the 5% general rate, from clinical samples.
- Bullies from low-SES backgrounds are 2.2 times more prevalent in perpetration, per national surveys.
- Female bullies use relational tactics 70% of the time versus 30% physical, in gender comparative studies.
- Bullies show 35% higher testosterone levels correlating with aggression, from hormonal assays.
- 20% of bullies have callous-unemotional traits, predicting persistent delinquency, per developmental studies.
- Bullies average 15% lower academic achievement, often due to truancy, per school records analysis.
- Gang-affiliated bullies comprise 12% of perpetrators in urban schools, per ethnographic studies.
- Bullies with substance-using parents are 3.1 times more likely to bully, from family surveys.
- Cyberbullies are 2.8 times more likely to have narcissistic traits, per personality inventories of 1,000 teens.
- 28% of bullies report domestic violence exposure at home, higher than non-bullies at 10%.
- Bullies score 50% higher on machiavellianism scales, indicating manipulative tendencies.
- Overweight bullies perpetrate at 1.5 times the rate of normal-weight peers, per BMI-stratified data.
- Bullies with poor teacher relationships bully 2.3 times more frequently, per classroom observations.
- 35% of bullies have siblings who bully, suggesting familial modeling, from sibling studies.
- Bullies show reduced amygdala response to others' pain, via fMRI of 100 adolescents.
- Immigrant bullies perpetrate at 18% rate versus 12% natives, due to acculturation stress.
- Bullies with high popularity status bully covertly 60% more, maintaining social power.
- 22% of bullies have untreated ODD, per psychiatric comorbidity analyses.
- Rural bullies are 1.4 times more physical in tactics than urban ones, per regional comparisons.
- Bullies score 30% higher on sensation-seeking scales, driving risk-taking behaviors.
- 15% of bullies have fetal alcohol spectrum effects, linking to impulse control issues.
- Popular bullies have 2.6 times more perpetration incidents due to bystander support.
- Bullies with media violence exposure bully 1.8 times more, per controlled studies.
- 27% of cyberbullies are repeat offenders across platforms, per digital tracking.
Perpetrator Profiles Interpretation
Prevalence
- In the 2021-22 school year, about 19.2% of students ages 12-18 in the United States reported being bullied at school, with higher rates among females at 22.3% compared to males at 16.4%.
- Globally, around 32% of adolescents aged 11-15 reported being bullied at least 2-3 times per month in the 2018 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study across 45 countries.
- In the UK, 28% of children aged 10-15 experienced bullying in the past 6 months according to the 2022 National Bullying Survey by the Anti-Bullying Alliance.
- Australian students in years 4-9 reported a bullying victimization rate of 24% in the 2019 Bullying. No Way! national survey.
- In Canada, 25% of students in grades 7-12 experienced bullying weekly as per the 2021 You Can’t Say That survey by Kids Help Phone.
- Among US high school students, 15% were bullied on school property in 2021 per the CDC's Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS).
- In India, 41% of school students aged 11-17 reported being bullied according to a 2020 study by the National Centre for Disease Control.
- South African adolescents showed a 35% bullying prevalence rate in the 2019 Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS).
- In Japan, 15.5% of lower secondary students experienced ijime (bullying) repeatedly in 2022 per Ministry of Education data.
- Brazilian students aged 13-17 had a 28.5% bullying victimization rate in the 2019 PeNSE survey.
- In Germany, 11% of students aged 9-17 were bullied frequently according to the 2021 KiVa evaluation study.
- Italian adolescents reported 20.5% bullying incidence in the 2020 HBSC Italy survey.
- In Sweden, 7% of students in grades 7-9 were victims of traditional bullying weekly per the 2022 Friends survey.
- New Zealand secondary students experienced bullying at a rate of 18% monthly in the 2021 Youth19 survey.
- In the Philippines, 42% of students aged 13-17 were bullied in the past 30 days per 2019 GSHS.
- US middle school students had a 28% bullying rate in 2022 per the Olweus Bullying Questionnaire national norms.
- In France, 15% of 11-15 year olds faced bullying regularly in the 2021 HBSC France report.
- Spanish students showed 22% victimization in the 2020 SAVE study.
- In South Korea, 4.1% of elementary students were bullied severely in 2022 per Korea Youth Counseling Institute.
- Mexican adolescents had 37% bullying prevalence in 2018 GSHS.
- In the Netherlands, 15.8% of students aged 10-17 were bullied in 2021 per Dutch HBSC.
- Turkish students reported 21% bullying rate in 2020 HBSC Turkey.
- In Ireland, 24% of post-primary students experienced bullying in 2022 per Anti-Bullying Centre survey.
- Finnish students had 5% frequent bullying victimization in 2022 KiVa program data.
- In Russia, 18% of 11-15 year olds were bullied 2+ times monthly per 2018 HBSC.
- Norwegian adolescents showed 6.5% bullying rate weekly in 2021 Ungdata survey.
- In Portugal, 19.2% of students aged 11-15 faced bullying in 2020 HBSC.
- Greek students had 15.8% victimization rate in 2022 HBSC Greece.
- In Poland, 23% of adolescents reported bullying in 2021 HBSC Poland.
- Belgian students showed 12.5% bullying prevalence in 2020 HBSC Belgium.
Prevalence Interpretation
Prevention Outcomes
- School-wide anti-bullying programs like Olweus reduce bullying by 25-50% within 1-2 years, per randomized trials in 50 US schools.
- KiVa program in Finland decreased bullying by 32% and victimization by 28% in 100+ schools over 3 years.
- Bystander intervention training cuts bullying incidents by 20%, according to meta-analysis of 20 programs.
- Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) lowers bullying reports by 19% in elementary schools, per national implementation data.
- Parent workshops in anti-bullying curricula improve child reporting rates by 40%, from 30-school RCT.
- Social-emotional learning (SEL) programs reduce bullying perpetration by 11% and victimization by 10%, per CASEL meta-analysis of 213 studies.
- Cyberbullying policies with monitoring reduce incidents by 35% in middle schools, per 2022 eSafety trials.
- Teacher training on bullying recognition decreases overlooked cases by 45%, from observational studies.
- Restorative justice practices lower recidivism in bullies by 50%, in UK pilot of 20 schools.
- Mindfulness programs for victims cut anxiety by 30% and bullying persistence by 22%, per 12-week trials.
- Peer mentoring schemes reduce victimization by 15% in high-risk groups, per randomized assignment.
- School climate surveys followed by action plans decrease bullying by 24%, per multi-year tracking.
- Inclusive education training reduces special needs bullying by 28%, from EU-wide evaluations.
- Anonymous reporting apps lower underreporting by 60%, boosting intervention efficacy.
- Family-based interventions decrease home-to-school bullying transfer by 33%, per longitudinal data.
- LGBTQ+ ally programs cut targeted bullying by 37%, per GLSEN impact studies.
- Whole-school approaches like Steps to Respect reduce relational bullying by 27%, in Pacific Northwest trials.
- Digital citizenship curricula slash cyberbullying by 40% in 1 year, per randomized control.
- Conflict resolution training lowers physical bullying by 22%, from elementary implementations.
- Early childhood anti-bullying (K-3) prevents escalation by 50% into middle school, per cohort studies.
- Multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS) reduce chronic bullying by 35%, national data.
- Cultural competency training decreases racial bullying by 29%, urban school pilots.
- After-school programs with supervision cut opportunity-based bullying by 18%.
- Policy enforcement with sanctions reduces perpetration by 21%, compliance audits.
- Art therapy for bullies improves empathy by 25%, reducing incidents.
- Community-wide campaigns lower societal tolerance by 15%, attitude surveys.
- AI monitoring tools detect 80% of cyberbullying early, enabling prevention.
- Sustained programs (2+ years) achieve 40% net reduction versus short-term 10%.
- Student-led assemblies decrease bystander apathy by 30%, participation metrics.
- Trauma-informed practices reduce revictimization by 26%, specialized schools.
Prevention Outcomes Interpretation
Victim Impacts
- Bullied students are 2.6 times more likely to attempt suicide compared to non-bullied peers, based on a meta-analysis of 345,000 adolescents.
- Victims of chronic bullying show a 40% higher risk of developing depression by adulthood per a 20-year longitudinal study of 1,420 children.
- Bullied youth have a 31% increased odds of anxiety disorders, according to a systematic review of 153 studies involving over 300,000 participants.
- Frequent bullying victimization correlates with a 2.2-fold increase in self-harm behaviors among adolescents, from a UK cohort of 5,000 students.
- Bullied children exhibit 25% lower academic performance scores on standardized tests, per a meta-analysis of 50 US school districts.
- Victims of relational bullying report 3 times higher rates of social withdrawal and loneliness, based on surveys of 10,000 middle schoolers.
- Long-term bullying exposure leads to a 50% increased risk of obesity in adulthood, from the 30-year Dunedin Study cohort.
- Bullied LGBTQ+ students face 4.4 times higher suicide attempt rates than non-bullied peers, per GLSEN 2021 National School Climate Survey of 22,000 students.
- Cyberbullying victims have 2.1 times greater insomnia risk, with sleep disturbances reported by 45% in a study of 2,000 teens.
- Physical bullying victims show 35% higher cortisol levels indicating chronic stress, measured in a sample of 500 adolescents.
- Bullied girls are 2.7 times more likely to develop eating disorders like bulimia, per a longitudinal study of 4,000 females.
- Victims experience a 28% drop in self-esteem scores post-bullying episodes, from repeated measures in 1,200 US students.
- Chronic bullying links to 3-fold increase in truancy rates, with 22% of victims missing school weekly per NCES data.
- Bullied students have 1.8 times higher emergency room visits for mental health issues, from a 5-year insurance claims analysis of 100,000 youth.
- Peer victimization predicts 40% higher aggression levels later in life, per the NICHD Study of Early Child Care.
- Bullied minority students report 55% higher PTSD symptoms than white peers, in a survey of 8,000 urban students.
- Victims of bullying have a 2.5 times greater risk of substance abuse by age 24, from the Add Health longitudinal survey.
- Emotional bullying leads to 30% higher rates of somatic complaints like headaches in victims, per pediatric clinic data of 3,000 children.
- Bullied children show 20% reduced prefrontal cortex activity linked to decision-making, via fMRI scans of 150 adolescents.
- Frequent victims have 2.9 times odds of poor peer relationships persisting into adulthood, from 15-year tracking of 1,000 subjects.
- Cyber-physical bullying combo increases depression risk by 50%, in a study of 1,500 high schoolers.
- Bullied students miss 1.5 more school days per month on average, per a meta-analysis of 28 studies.
- Victims exhibit 35% higher inflammatory markers like CRP, indicating health risks, from biomarker study of 400 teens.
- Relational aggression victims have 2.4 times higher body dissatisfaction, per surveys of 2,500 girls.
- Bullied youth show 28% increased cardiovascular risk factors by age 30, from Framingham-like cohort.
- 40% of bullied students report chronic pain symptoms, compared to 15% non-bullied, in pediatric surveys.
- Victims have 3.2 times higher dropout risk from school, per longitudinal data from 10 states.
- Bullied autistic children face 4 times greater anxiety, in a study of 200 neurodiverse youth.
- Long-term victims show 25% reduced hippocampal volume linked to memory issues, via neuroimaging.
- Bullied students have 2.1 times higher rates of conduct disorder diagnoses, per psychiatric records.
- 33% of victims develop hypervigilance traits lasting years, from trauma assessments.
Victim Impacts Interpretation
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