GITNUXREPORT 2026

Bear Statistics

This blog post details the immense size, diverse habitats, and conservation challenges of various bear species.

Sarah Mitchell

Senior Researcher specializing in consumer behavior and market trends.

First published: Feb 13, 2026

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Statistic 1

Grizzly bear populations in the lower 48 states listed as threatened under ESA since 1975.

Statistic 2

Global brown bear population stable at ~200,000, but subspecies like grizzly down to 180,000.

Statistic 3

Polar bears classified Vulnerable by IUCN, with 8 of 19 subpopulations declining due to sea ice loss.

Statistic 4

Projected 30% polar bear decline by 2050 under moderate warming scenarios.

Statistic 5

American black bears Least Concern, population increasing due to habitat recovery and hunting management.

Statistic 6

Asiatic black bear Vulnerable, populations reduced 30-50% last 30 years from poaching and habitat loss.

Statistic 7

Sloth bear Vulnerable, hunted for body parts and habitat converted to agriculture.

Statistic 8

Sun bear Vulnerable, threatened by deforestation and pet trade capturing 1,000+ annually.

Statistic 9

Giant panda population increased from 1,114 in 2014 to 1,864 in 2014 wild census, now Vulnerable.

Statistic 10

Spectacled bear Vulnerable, with 18,000-28,000 left, threatened by cattle ranching conflicts.

Statistic 11

Grizzly recovery goal in Yellowstone: 700 bears, currently ~700 achieved in 2023.

Statistic 12

Climate change reduces whitebark pine, key food, threatening 20% grizzly mortality.

Statistic 13

Polar bears face nutritional stress, body condition declined 12% in some subpopulations since 1980s.

Statistic 14

Black bear-human conflicts rise 20% yearly in some states due to attractants.

Statistic 15

Asiatic black bear poaching for bile used in TCM, gallbladders worth $500-1,000 each.

Statistic 16

Sloth bear capture for dancing cruel trade affects 50% females with cubs.

Statistic 17

Sun bears in bile farms number 1,000-5,000 in Southeast Asia.

Statistic 18

Panda habitat expanded by 11.8% through 1.2 million acres of reserves in China.

Statistic 19

Spectacled bear electrocution on fences kills 10-20% of individuals annually in Venezuela.

Statistic 20

Roadkill accounts for 15% of grizzly mortalities in Canadian Rockies.

Statistic 21

Vehicle collisions kill ~300,000 black bears globally per year.

Statistic 22

Grizzly bears are omnivores, with diet 90% plant matter including berries, roots, and grasses in summer.

Statistic 23

During hyperphagia, grizzlies consume up to 90 pounds (41 kg) of food daily to gain fat for hibernation.

Statistic 24

Salmon provides 50-80% of caloric intake for coastal grizzlies in late summer and fall.

Statistic 25

Army cutworm moths are a high-fat food source, with bears eating up to 40,000 moths per day in alpine areas.

Statistic 26

Polar bears primarily eat ringed and bearded seals, consuming 100 pounds (45 kg) of fat per seal.

Statistic 27

Polar bears can survive months without eating, relying on fat reserves during summer fasting.

Statistic 28

Black bears eat 5,000-8,000 calories daily in fall, focusing on acorns, huckleberries, and nuts.

Statistic 29

Black bears raid bird feeders and garbage, but natural diet includes 85% vegetation like skunk cabbage.

Statistic 30

Asiatic black bears consume 30% insects, including termites, and 70% fruits like figs and persimmons.

Statistic 31

Sloth bears specialize in insects, sucking up 50,000 termites and ants daily using gap-toothed mouths.

Statistic 32

Sun bears eat honey, bees, small vertebrates, and fruits, using long tongues up to 10 inches (25 cm).

Statistic 33

Giant pandas eat 20-40 pounds (9-18 kg) of bamboo shoots daily, comprising 99% of their diet.

Statistic 34

Pandas have a pseudo-thumb for gripping bamboo, digesting only 17% due to carnivore gut adaptation.

Statistic 35

Spectacled bears eat 30% bromeliads, cacti fruits, and 70% animal matter like deer and birds.

Statistic 36

Brown bears scavenge whale carcasses, gaining thousands of calories from blubber in coastal areas.

Statistic 37

Grizzlies dig whitebark pine nuts, a key food providing 3,300 calories per pound.

Statistic 38

Polar bears hunt by still-hunting at breathing holes, success rate 20-30% per stalk.

Statistic 39

Black bears forage nuts from beech trees, which can produce 1,000 pounds per tree in mast years.

Statistic 40

Asiatic black bears raid cornfields and apiaries, leading to human conflicts.

Statistic 41

Sloth bears eat Solanum fruits and honey, traveling 6 miles daily for food.

Statistic 42

Sun bears consume 100+ plant species and palm civets in Borneo forests.

Statistic 43

Pandas switch bamboo parts seasonally: leaves in summer (91% nutrition), stems in winter.

Statistic 44

Spectacled bears cache food in trees and eat livestock when natural foods scarce.

Statistic 45

Brown bears inhabit North America, Europe, and Asia, with a total population estimated at 200,000 individuals.

Statistic 46

Grizzly bears in the contiguous U.S. are found primarily in Alaska, Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho, numbering about 1,800.

Statistic 47

Polar bears range across the Arctic Circle in 19 subpopulations, totaling around 26,000 individuals.

Statistic 48

American black bears occupy forests across North America, from Alaska to Mexico, with 800,000-900,000 in the U.S.

Statistic 49

Asiatic black bears live in forests from southeastern Iran to Japan, with populations fragmented and declining.

Statistic 50

Sloth bears are native to the Indian subcontinent, inhabiting forests and grasslands in India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan.

Statistic 51

Sun bears inhabit tropical forests of Southeast Asia, from eastern India to Sumatra, at elevations up to 6,500 feet.

Statistic 52

Giant pandas are endemic to bamboo forests in central China, specifically Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Gansu provinces.

Statistic 53

Spectacled bears range from Venezuela to Bolivia in the Andes, preferring cloud forests at 1,000-15,000 feet elevation.

Statistic 54

Kamchatka brown bears in Russia number over 18,000 and inhabit coastal areas rich in salmon.

Statistic 55

Kodiak bears are isolated to Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska, with a population of about 3,500 individuals.

Statistic 56

Grizzlies prefer alpine meadows, subalpine forests, and river valleys in Yellowstone ecosystem.

Statistic 57

Polar bears den on sea ice or coastal land in winter, migrating with ice packs annually.

Statistic 58

Black bears den in hollow trees, caves, or brush piles during hibernation from October to April.

Statistic 59

Asiatic black bears range up to 12,000 feet in the Himalayas, preferring dense oak forests.

Statistic 60

Sloth bears forage in dry deciduous forests and scrublands, avoiding dense evergreen areas.

Statistic 61

Sun bears are arboreal, living in lowland dipterocarp forests threatened by logging.

Statistic 62

Pandas require 3,000-5,000 square miles of habitat for viable populations due to bamboo dependency.

Statistic 63

Spectacled bears use Andean páramo and montane forests, traveling up to 12 miles daily.

Statistic 64

Grizzly bears in coastal Alaska forage in estuaries with sedges and spawning salmon runs.

Statistic 65

The average adult male grizzly bear weighs between 400 to 790 pounds (180 to 360 kg), with some individuals reaching up to 1,500 pounds (680 kg) during hyperphagia in fall.

Statistic 66

Female grizzly bears typically weigh 290 to 440 pounds (130 to 200 kg), but can reach 800 pounds (360 kg) when pregnant.

Statistic 67

Grizzly bears stand 3.3 to 4.1 feet (1 to 1.3 meters) at the shoulder and up to 8 feet (2.4 meters) tall when standing on hind legs.

Statistic 68

The hump on a grizzly bear's shoulders is composed of dense muscle that powers their powerful forelimbs for digging.

Statistic 69

Grizzly bears have concave facial profiles, long curved claws up to 4 inches (10 cm) long, and rounded ears.

Statistic 70

Polar bears have black skin under white fur, which absorbs heat, and their fur consists of a dense undercoat and long guard hairs.

Statistic 71

Male polar bears average 900 to 1,600 pounds (410 to 726 kg), while females average 330 to 650 pounds (150 to 295 kg).

Statistic 72

Polar bears have 42 teeth, including sharp canines for tearing meat and molars for crushing bone.

Statistic 73

The average black bear weighs 130 to 660 pounds (60 to 300 kg), with males larger than females.

Statistic 74

American black bears have straight facial profiles and shorter claws than grizzlies, measuring about 2 inches (5 cm).

Statistic 75

Asiatic black bears have a distinctive white V-shaped chest mark and weigh 220 to 440 pounds (100 to 200 kg).

Statistic 76

Sloth bears have shaggy black fur, a light muzzle, and weigh 200 to 320 pounds (90 to 145 kg).

Statistic 77

Sun bears are the smallest bears, weighing 60 to 150 pounds (27 to 65 kg) with short black fur and a yellow chest crescent.

Statistic 78

Panda bears have distinctive black-and-white markings and weigh up to 250 pounds (113 kg) for males.

Statistic 79

Spectacled bears have light facial markings resembling glasses and weigh 130 to 340 pounds (59 to 154 kg).

Statistic 80

Grizzly bears can run up to 35 miles per hour (56 km/h) in short bursts.

Statistic 81

Polar bears have a bite force of around 1,200 pounds per square inch (psi).

Statistic 82

Black bears can climb trees at speeds up to 15 feet per second when young.

Statistic 83

Brown bears have a sense of smell 7 times more powerful than a bloodhound's, detecting food up to 20 miles away.

Statistic 84

Grizzly bear claws are longer than a grizzly's paw is wide, aiding in digging and catching salmon.

Statistic 85

Female grizzly bears reach sexual maturity at 4-6 years, males at 5-7 years.

Statistic 86

Grizzlies breed in May-July, with delayed implantation; cubs born January-February in dens.

Statistic 87

Litter size for grizzlies is 1-4 cubs, average 2, weighing 1-1.5 pounds at birth.

Statistic 88

Grizzly cubs stay with mother 2-3 years, learning foraging before dispersing.

Statistic 89

Grizzly females produce litters every 2-4 years if food abundant.

Statistic 90

Polar bear females mature at 4-6 years, breed every 3 years, denning 4-8 months pregnant.

Statistic 91

Polar bear litters average 1-3 cubs, born weighing 1-2 pounds (0.45-0.9 kg) blind and hairless.

Statistic 92

Polar cubs emerge from dens at 10-15 weeks, weighing 20-25 pounds (9-11 kg).

Statistic 93

Black bears first breed at 3-5 years, litters every 1.5-2 years in good habitat.

Statistic 94

Black bear cubs number 1-6, average 3, born in January while mother hibernates.

Statistic 95

Asiatic black bear females give birth to 1-3 cubs every 2 years after maturity at 4-5 years.

Statistic 96

Sloth bear gestation is 6-7 months, litters 1-3 cubs, with males not participating in rearing.

Statistic 97

Sun bears breed year-round, litters 1-2 cubs, cubs independent at 18 months.

Statistic 98

Giant panda twins occur in 5% of births, but usually only one survives due to maternal care limits.

Statistic 99

Pandas mate March-May, cubs born August-September weighing 3-4 ounces (90-113 g).

Statistic 100

Spectacled bears breed year-round, gestation 215-240 days with delayed implantation, litters 1-2.

Statistic 101

Brown bear lifespan in wild is 20-25 years, up to 30; in captivity 35+ years.

Statistic 102

Grizzly males may kill cubs to bring female into estrus, infanticide observed in 20-30% cases.

Statistic 103

Polar bears have 50-60% cub survival to year 2, dependent on sea ice conditions.

Statistic 104

Black bears live 12-15 years in wild, females can produce 10-12 litters lifetime.

Statistic 105

Asiatic black bears have home ranges 10-50 square miles, males larger than females.

Statistic 106

Sloth bears carry cubs on back until 9-12 months old.

Statistic 107

Sun bear cubs nurse 18 months, mothers aggressive protecting them up to 3 years.

Statistic 108

Panda cubs stay with mother 18 months, reaching 100 pounds (45 kg) at independence.

Statistic 109

Spectacled bear females with cubs have 30% larger home ranges for foraging.

1/109

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Imagine standing face-to-face with a creature whose bite could shatter bone, whose sprint rivals a racehorse, and whose dinner plate might hold 90 pounds of food—welcome to the world of bears, where stunning statistics reveal the true scale and struggle of these remarkable giants.

Key Takeaways

The average adult male grizzly bear weighs between 400 to 790 pounds (180 to 360 kg), with some individuals reaching up to 1,500 pounds (680 kg) during hyperphagia in fall.
Female grizzly bears typically weigh 290 to 440 pounds (130 to 200 kg), but can reach 800 pounds (360 kg) when pregnant.
Grizzly bears stand 3.3 to 4.1 feet (1 to 1.3 meters) at the shoulder and up to 8 feet (2.4 meters) tall when standing on hind legs.
Brown bears inhabit North America, Europe, and Asia, with a total population estimated at 200,000 individuals.
Grizzly bears in the contiguous U.S. are found primarily in Alaska, Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho, numbering about 1,800.
Polar bears range across the Arctic Circle in 19 subpopulations, totaling around 26,000 individuals.
Grizzly bears are omnivores, with diet 90% plant matter including berries, roots, and grasses in summer.
During hyperphagia, grizzlies consume up to 90 pounds (41 kg) of food daily to gain fat for hibernation.
Salmon provides 50-80% of caloric intake for coastal grizzlies in late summer and fall.
Female grizzly bears reach sexual maturity at 4-6 years, males at 5-7 years.
Grizzlies breed in May-July, with delayed implantation; cubs born January-February in dens.
Litter size for grizzlies is 1-4 cubs, average 2, weighing 1-1.5 pounds at birth.
Grizzly bear populations in the lower 48 states listed as threatened under ESA since 1975.
Global brown bear population stable at ~200,000, but subspecies like grizzly down to 180,000.
Polar bears classified Vulnerable by IUCN, with 8 of 19 subpopulations declining due to sea ice loss.

This blog post details the immense size, diverse habitats, and conservation challenges of various bear species.

Conservation and Threats

Grizzly bear populations in the lower 48 states listed as threatened under ESA since 1975.
Global brown bear population stable at ~200,000, but subspecies like grizzly down to 180,000.
Polar bears classified Vulnerable by IUCN, with 8 of 19 subpopulations declining due to sea ice loss.
Projected 30% polar bear decline by 2050 under moderate warming scenarios.
American black bears Least Concern, population increasing due to habitat recovery and hunting management.
Asiatic black bear Vulnerable, populations reduced 30-50% last 30 years from poaching and habitat loss.
Sloth bear Vulnerable, hunted for body parts and habitat converted to agriculture.
Sun bear Vulnerable, threatened by deforestation and pet trade capturing 1,000+ annually.
Giant panda population increased from 1,114 in 2014 to 1,864 in 2014 wild census, now Vulnerable.
Spectacled bear Vulnerable, with 18,000-28,000 left, threatened by cattle ranching conflicts.
Grizzly recovery goal in Yellowstone: 700 bears, currently ~700 achieved in 2023.
Climate change reduces whitebark pine, key food, threatening 20% grizzly mortality.
Polar bears face nutritional stress, body condition declined 12% in some subpopulations since 1980s.
Black bear-human conflicts rise 20% yearly in some states due to attractants.
Asiatic black bear poaching for bile used in TCM, gallbladders worth $500-1,000 each.
Sloth bear capture for dancing cruel trade affects 50% females with cubs.
Sun bears in bile farms number 1,000-5,000 in Southeast Asia.
Panda habitat expanded by 11.8% through 1.2 million acres of reserves in China.
Spectacled bear electrocution on fences kills 10-20% of individuals annually in Venezuela.
Roadkill accounts for 15% of grizzly mortalities in Canadian Rockies.
Vehicle collisions kill ~300,000 black bears globally per year.

Conservation and Threats Interpretation

The bear necessities of life are wildly uneven: while some species claw their way back from the brink thanks to fierce conservation, others are being steered toward extinction by a perfect storm of poaching, habitat loss, and our warming planet.

Diet and Foraging

Grizzly bears are omnivores, with diet 90% plant matter including berries, roots, and grasses in summer.
During hyperphagia, grizzlies consume up to 90 pounds (41 kg) of food daily to gain fat for hibernation.
Salmon provides 50-80% of caloric intake for coastal grizzlies in late summer and fall.
Army cutworm moths are a high-fat food source, with bears eating up to 40,000 moths per day in alpine areas.
Polar bears primarily eat ringed and bearded seals, consuming 100 pounds (45 kg) of fat per seal.
Polar bears can survive months without eating, relying on fat reserves during summer fasting.
Black bears eat 5,000-8,000 calories daily in fall, focusing on acorns, huckleberries, and nuts.
Black bears raid bird feeders and garbage, but natural diet includes 85% vegetation like skunk cabbage.
Asiatic black bears consume 30% insects, including termites, and 70% fruits like figs and persimmons.
Sloth bears specialize in insects, sucking up 50,000 termites and ants daily using gap-toothed mouths.
Sun bears eat honey, bees, small vertebrates, and fruits, using long tongues up to 10 inches (25 cm).
Giant pandas eat 20-40 pounds (9-18 kg) of bamboo shoots daily, comprising 99% of their diet.
Pandas have a pseudo-thumb for gripping bamboo, digesting only 17% due to carnivore gut adaptation.
Spectacled bears eat 30% bromeliads, cacti fruits, and 70% animal matter like deer and birds.
Brown bears scavenge whale carcasses, gaining thousands of calories from blubber in coastal areas.
Grizzlies dig whitebark pine nuts, a key food providing 3,300 calories per pound.
Polar bears hunt by still-hunting at breathing holes, success rate 20-30% per stalk.
Black bears forage nuts from beech trees, which can produce 1,000 pounds per tree in mast years.
Asiatic black bears raid cornfields and apiaries, leading to human conflicts.
Sloth bears eat Solanum fruits and honey, traveling 6 miles daily for food.
Sun bears consume 100+ plant species and palm civets in Borneo forests.
Pandas switch bamboo parts seasonally: leaves in summer (91% nutrition), stems in winter.
Spectacled bears cache food in trees and eat livestock when natural foods scarce.

Diet and Foraging Interpretation

In the diverse and opportunistic world of bear cuisine, from the grizzly's gluttonous salmon buffet to the panda's monotonous bamboo platter, each species masterfully exploits its niche, proving that survival hinges on being a highly specialized and sometimes shamelessly efficient eating machine.

Habitat and Range

Brown bears inhabit North America, Europe, and Asia, with a total population estimated at 200,000 individuals.
Grizzly bears in the contiguous U.S. are found primarily in Alaska, Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho, numbering about 1,800.
Polar bears range across the Arctic Circle in 19 subpopulations, totaling around 26,000 individuals.
American black bears occupy forests across North America, from Alaska to Mexico, with 800,000-900,000 in the U.S.
Asiatic black bears live in forests from southeastern Iran to Japan, with populations fragmented and declining.
Sloth bears are native to the Indian subcontinent, inhabiting forests and grasslands in India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan.
Sun bears inhabit tropical forests of Southeast Asia, from eastern India to Sumatra, at elevations up to 6,500 feet.
Giant pandas are endemic to bamboo forests in central China, specifically Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Gansu provinces.
Spectacled bears range from Venezuela to Bolivia in the Andes, preferring cloud forests at 1,000-15,000 feet elevation.
Kamchatka brown bears in Russia number over 18,000 and inhabit coastal areas rich in salmon.
Kodiak bears are isolated to Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska, with a population of about 3,500 individuals.
Grizzlies prefer alpine meadows, subalpine forests, and river valleys in Yellowstone ecosystem.
Polar bears den on sea ice or coastal land in winter, migrating with ice packs annually.
Black bears den in hollow trees, caves, or brush piles during hibernation from October to April.
Asiatic black bears range up to 12,000 feet in the Himalayas, preferring dense oak forests.
Sloth bears forage in dry deciduous forests and scrublands, avoiding dense evergreen areas.
Sun bears are arboreal, living in lowland dipterocarp forests threatened by logging.
Pandas require 3,000-5,000 square miles of habitat for viable populations due to bamboo dependency.
Spectacled bears use Andean páramo and montane forests, traveling up to 12 miles daily.
Grizzly bears in coastal Alaska forage in estuaries with sedges and spawning salmon runs.

Habitat and Range Interpretation

While the mighty brown bear has continents to roam by the hundreds of thousands, its specialized cousins—from the salmon-reliant Kodiak to the bamboo-bound panda—tell a more precarious story of survival, each clinging to a specific and shrinking slice of the world.

Physical Attributes

The average adult male grizzly bear weighs between 400 to 790 pounds (180 to 360 kg), with some individuals reaching up to 1,500 pounds (680 kg) during hyperphagia in fall.
Female grizzly bears typically weigh 290 to 440 pounds (130 to 200 kg), but can reach 800 pounds (360 kg) when pregnant.
Grizzly bears stand 3.3 to 4.1 feet (1 to 1.3 meters) at the shoulder and up to 8 feet (2.4 meters) tall when standing on hind legs.
The hump on a grizzly bear's shoulders is composed of dense muscle that powers their powerful forelimbs for digging.
Grizzly bears have concave facial profiles, long curved claws up to 4 inches (10 cm) long, and rounded ears.
Polar bears have black skin under white fur, which absorbs heat, and their fur consists of a dense undercoat and long guard hairs.
Male polar bears average 900 to 1,600 pounds (410 to 726 kg), while females average 330 to 650 pounds (150 to 295 kg).
Polar bears have 42 teeth, including sharp canines for tearing meat and molars for crushing bone.
The average black bear weighs 130 to 660 pounds (60 to 300 kg), with males larger than females.
American black bears have straight facial profiles and shorter claws than grizzlies, measuring about 2 inches (5 cm).
Asiatic black bears have a distinctive white V-shaped chest mark and weigh 220 to 440 pounds (100 to 200 kg).
Sloth bears have shaggy black fur, a light muzzle, and weigh 200 to 320 pounds (90 to 145 kg).
Sun bears are the smallest bears, weighing 60 to 150 pounds (27 to 65 kg) with short black fur and a yellow chest crescent.
Panda bears have distinctive black-and-white markings and weigh up to 250 pounds (113 kg) for males.
Spectacled bears have light facial markings resembling glasses and weigh 130 to 340 pounds (59 to 154 kg).
Grizzly bears can run up to 35 miles per hour (56 km/h) in short bursts.
Polar bears have a bite force of around 1,200 pounds per square inch (psi).
Black bears can climb trees at speeds up to 15 feet per second when young.
Brown bears have a sense of smell 7 times more powerful than a bloodhound's, detecting food up to 20 miles away.
Grizzly bear claws are longer than a grizzly's paw is wide, aiding in digging and catching salmon.

Physical Attributes Interpretation

From the Arctic's furnace-skinned polar bear to the sun bear's tiny tropical crescent, the bear family is a magnificent study in extremes, where weight classes vary from "could bench-press your car" to "might steal your picnic basket," all equipped with evolutionary tools—from nose to claw—so specialized that they make Swiss Army knives look embarrassingly inadequate.

Reproduction and Life Cycle

Female grizzly bears reach sexual maturity at 4-6 years, males at 5-7 years.
Grizzlies breed in May-July, with delayed implantation; cubs born January-February in dens.
Litter size for grizzlies is 1-4 cubs, average 2, weighing 1-1.5 pounds at birth.
Grizzly cubs stay with mother 2-3 years, learning foraging before dispersing.
Grizzly females produce litters every 2-4 years if food abundant.
Polar bear females mature at 4-6 years, breed every 3 years, denning 4-8 months pregnant.
Polar bear litters average 1-3 cubs, born weighing 1-2 pounds (0.45-0.9 kg) blind and hairless.
Polar cubs emerge from dens at 10-15 weeks, weighing 20-25 pounds (9-11 kg).
Black bears first breed at 3-5 years, litters every 1.5-2 years in good habitat.
Black bear cubs number 1-6, average 3, born in January while mother hibernates.
Asiatic black bear females give birth to 1-3 cubs every 2 years after maturity at 4-5 years.
Sloth bear gestation is 6-7 months, litters 1-3 cubs, with males not participating in rearing.
Sun bears breed year-round, litters 1-2 cubs, cubs independent at 18 months.
Giant panda twins occur in 5% of births, but usually only one survives due to maternal care limits.
Pandas mate March-May, cubs born August-September weighing 3-4 ounces (90-113 g).
Spectacled bears breed year-round, gestation 215-240 days with delayed implantation, litters 1-2.
Brown bear lifespan in wild is 20-25 years, up to 30; in captivity 35+ years.
Grizzly males may kill cubs to bring female into estrus, infanticide observed in 20-30% cases.
Polar bears have 50-60% cub survival to year 2, dependent on sea ice conditions.
Black bears live 12-15 years in wild, females can produce 10-12 litters lifetime.
Asiatic black bears have home ranges 10-50 square miles, males larger than females.
Sloth bears carry cubs on back until 9-12 months old.
Sun bear cubs nurse 18 months, mothers aggressive protecting them up to 3 years.
Panda cubs stay with mother 18 months, reaching 100 pounds (45 kg) at independence.
Spectacled bear females with cubs have 30% larger home ranges for foraging.

Reproduction and Life Cycle Interpretation

From the perilous single cub focus of the panda to the brutal efficiency of infanticidal grizzlies, bear reproduction is a masterclass in evolutionary adaptation where every tiny, hairless birth and multi-year maternal investment is a high-stakes bet against a harsh world.

Sources & References

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