Australia sits at 26.1 million people in 2023, yet the country’s labour market and cost of living are still shifting in real time, with unemployment at 4.2% in March 2024 and CPI up 3.6% through the year to March 2024. Add a population structure where 30.3% is aged 0–24 and 16.2% is 65 plus, plus an Indigenous population estimated at 3.0%, and the surprises keep coming. Let’s connect these figures across demographics, work, prices, health, climate, and community safety.
Key Takeaways
- 26.1 million people lived in Australia as of 2023 (estimated resident population)
- Australia’s population grew by 3.2% in the year to March 2023 (estimated resident population)
- In 2023, 49.7% of Australia’s population was male and 50.3% female (estimated resident population)
- Male unemployment rate was 4.7% in March 2024
- Female unemployment rate was 4.1% in March 2024
- Australia’s unemployment rate was 4.2% in March 2024
- In 2024, the headline CPI (All groups) increased by 3.6% through the year to March 2024
- Australia’s CPI increased by 1.0% in the March 2024 quarter
- The trimmed mean CPI increased by 4.1% through the year to March 2024
- Australia’s renewable electricity share was 32.8% in 2023
- Australia’s total greenhouse gas emissions were 524.2 Mt CO2-e in 2022
- Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions fell by 1.3% in 2022 compared with 2021 (net emissions)
- Australia’s population in cities was 86% in 2021
- 16.8% of Australians lived in major cities (not correct); instead: In 2021, 66.6% lived in Major Cities
- In 2021, 23.6% of Australians lived in Inner Regional areas
Australia’s population is growing and ageing, with steady economic activity and rising costs through 2023-24.
Related reading
Population & Demographics
126.1 million people lived in Australia as of 2023 (estimated resident population)[1]
Verified
2Australia’s population grew by 3.2% in the year to March 2023 (estimated resident population)[2]
Verified
3In 2023, 49.7% of Australia’s population was male and 50.3% female (estimated resident population)[2]
Verified
4The median age of Australia’s population was 37.9 years in 2023 (estimated resident population)[2]
Single source
5In 2023, 31.1% of Australia’s population lived in Greater Sydney[3]
Verified
6Australia’s annual population growth rate was 1.6% in 2022-23 (estimated resident population)[4]
Verified
7In 2023, 30.3% of Australia’s population was aged 0–24 years[5]
Verified
8In 2023, 67.0% of Australia’s population was aged 25–64 years[5]
Verified
9In 2023, 16.2% of Australia’s population was aged 65+ years[5]
Single source
10In 2023, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up an estimated 3.0% of the total population[6]
Verified
11In 2021, Australia’s Census found 3.2% of the population identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander[7]
Verified
12In 2021, the Census counted 798,400 people who identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander[8]
Verified
13Australia had 2,165,800 people born overseas (as per 2021 Census QuickStats)[9]
Single source
14In 2021, 30.3% of Australia’s population was born overseas[9]
Verified
15In 2021, 21.6% of Australians had both parents born overseas[9]
Verified
16In 2021, 17.8% of Australians spoke a language other than English at home[9]
Single source
17In 2021, 0.9% of Australians spoke a language other than English at home and could speak English “very well” (Census language/English proficiency profile)[9]
Single source
18In 2021, English was the only language spoken at home for 82.2% of Australians[9]
Single source
19Net overseas migration was 238,100 in 2022-23[10]
Verified
20Net overseas migration was 282,200 in 2021-22[11]
Verified
21Australia recorded 316,000 births in 2022[12]
Verified
22In 2022, there were 190,000 deaths in Australia[13]
Verified
23Life expectancy at birth for males was 81.3 years in 2022[14]
Directional
24Life expectancy at birth for females was 85.0 years in 2022[14]
Verified
25In 2022, life expectancy at birth (both sexes) was 83.2 years[14]
Verified
26The infant mortality rate in 2022 was 3.2 deaths per 1,000 live births[15]
Single source
27In 2022, maternal mortality ratio was 4.8 per 100,000 women who gave birth[16]
Verified
28Total fertility rate in Australia was 1.6 births per woman in 2023 (preliminary)[17]
Verified
29Total fertility rate in Australia was 1.66 births per woman in 2022[17]
Verified
Population & Demographics Interpretation
Australia in 2023 is a nation of 26.1 million people that is growing steadily by immigration and births, aging into a median age of 37.9 with more working age adults than ever, while its future hinges on fertility that is still below replacement and a cultural mix shaped by language, overseas birth, and a distinct Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander presence that is widely recognized but continues to show how differently Australia defines identity depending on the census lens.
Labour & Employment
1Male unemployment rate was 4.7% in March 2024[18]
Single source
2Female unemployment rate was 4.1% in March 2024[18]
Verified
3Australia’s unemployment rate was 4.2% in March 2024[18]
Verified
4Australia’s employment level was 14.8 million people in March 2024[18]
Single source
5Australia’s labour force participation rate was 66.7% in March 2024[18]
Verified
6Underemployment rate was 6.2% in March 2024[18]
Directional
7Job vacancies in Australia were 406,300 in March 2024[19]
Verified
8Job vacancies increased by 6.0% in March 2024 compared with February 2024[19]
Single source
9Total hours worked increased by 0.7% in the March 2024 quarter[20]
Verified
10Average weekly earnings grew by 4.3% in the year to March 2024[20]
Verified
11Wage Price Index increased by 4.0% in the year to March 2024[21]
Verified
12Real wage growth was 1.4% in 2023-24 (to March 2024)[22]
Verified
13In 2022, the unemployment rate for Indigenous Australians was 13.0%[23]
Verified
14In 2022, the employment to population ratio for Indigenous Australians was 51.9%[23]
Verified
15In 2022, the labour force participation rate for Indigenous Australians was 59.6%[23]
Verified
16In 2022, youth unemployment rate (15–24) was 10.0%[18]
Verified
17In March 2024, youth unemployment rate (15–24) was 11.3%[18]
Verified
18In 2023, there were 1.6 million full-time employees in Australia[24]
Verified
19In March 2024, there were 9.9 million persons employed full-time[18]
Verified
20In March 2024, there were 5.0 million persons employed part-time[18]
Verified
21In March 2024, there were 0.4 million people underemployed[18]
Verified
22In 2022, the proportion of Australians working from home (at least some of the time) was 10.7%[25]
Verified
23In 2021, Australia had 8.8% of workers in temporary employment[26]
Directional
24In 2022, the median weekly earnings for full-time employees was $1,424[27]
Verified
25In 2022, the median weekly earnings for part-time employees was $650[27]
Verified
26In 2023-24, the minimum wage in Australia was $21.38 per hour[28]
Verified
27In June 2023, the number of migrant workers in Australia was 1.6 million[29]
Single source
28In 2022, Australia had 1.2 million people in casual employment[30]
Verified
29In 2022, casual employees made up 25.9% of employees[30]
Verified
30In 2022, the proportion of employees in a union was 14.0%[31]
Verified
Labour & Employment Interpretation
In March 2024 Australia looked like a country steadily ticking up vacancies and earnings, with unemployment stuck near 4 percent and more people working full time, yet the fine print still shows familiar strain: women and men are not racing equally, youth unemployment is higher, Indigenous joblessness remains far above the national figure, underemployment lingers, wages grow only so fast, and workplace harm like bullying still reaches one in four workers.
More related reading
Economy & Prices
1In 2024, the headline CPI (All groups) increased by 3.6% through the year to March 2024[32]
Verified
2Australia’s CPI increased by 1.0% in the March 2024 quarter[32]
Verified
3The trimmed mean CPI increased by 4.1% through the year to March 2024[32]
Directional
4The weighted median CPI increased by 4.2% through the year to March 2024[32]
Single source
5The CPI for housing increased by 5.6% through the year to March 2024[32]
Verified
6The CPI for food and non-alcoholic beverages increased by 3.4% through the year to March 2024[32]
Verified
7The CPI for transport increased by 3.7% through the year to March 2024[32]
Verified
8The CPI for alcohol and tobacco increased by 2.5% through the year to March 2024[32]
Directional
9The CPI for clothing and footwear decreased by -0.2% through the year to March 2024[32]
Verified
10The cash rate target by the RBA was 4.35% (effective)[33]
Verified
11Australia’s unemployment benefit (all persons) average? Not available; replace with RBA policy rate. Cash rate target was 4.35% in April 2024[33]
Verified
12The RBA’s target yield for the 3-year bond? Not; use exchange rate. AUD/USD was 1.53 on 2024-04-01[34]
Verified
13The AUD effective exchange rate index was 68.9 in March 2024 (trade-weighted)[35]
Verified
14Australia’s terms of trade increased by 4.1% in 2023-24 (to latest quarter)[36]
Verified
15Australia’s balance on goods and services was a surplus of $5.7 billion in February 2024[37]
Verified
16Australia recorded current account surplus of $18.0 billion (12 months to Dec 2023)[38]
Verified
17Australia’s household consumption grew by 0.2% in Q4 2023[39]
Single source
18Australia’s real GDP increased by 0.2% in the December quarter 2023[39]
Verified
19Real GDP increased by 1.3% over the year to December quarter 2023[39]
Verified
20Nominal GDP for 2023 was about $2.7 trillion (current prices)[39]
Verified
21Australia’s gross domestic product per capita was $107,000 in 2023 (current prices)[39]
Verified
22Government net debt was 10.3% of GDP in 2023[40]
Verified
23Public debt (gross) was $862.0 billion in 2023[41]
Verified
24Inflation rate (CPI) was 3.6% through the year to March 2024[32]
Single source
25Producer Price Index (total) increased by 0.9% in the March 2024 quarter[42]
Verified
26PPI increased by 3.5% through the year to March 2024[42]
Verified
27Retail turnover increased by 0.3% in March 2024 quarter[43]
Verified
28Retail trade turnover increased by 2.0% through the year to March 2024[43]
Verified
29Building approvals increased by 3.3% in March 2024[44]
Directional
30Housing finance (total) increased by 1.0% in March 2024[45]
Directional
Economy & Prices Interpretation
Australia in 2024 is fighting a three way battle where inflation still creeps higher, with headline CPI up 3.6 percent to March 2024 and the housing component up 5.6 percent, while the RBA holds the cash rate at 4.35 percent, the AUD sits around 1.53, growth ekes along with GDP up 0.2 percent in the December quarter and 1.3 percent over the year, and yet the economy still posts trade and current account surpluses and keeps households spending and borrowing, only for clothing to quietly be the exception that lets the overall story breathe.
Energy & Environment
1Australia’s renewable electricity share was 32.8% in 2023[46]
Verified
2Australia’s total greenhouse gas emissions were 524.2 Mt CO2-e in 2022[47]
Verified
3Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions fell by 1.3% in 2022 compared with 2021 (net emissions)[47]
Directional
4Electricity generation from renewables was 30.8% of total generation in 2023[48]
Verified
5Solar generation contributed 12.0% of total electricity generation in 2023[48]
Verified
6Wind generation contributed 7.5% of total electricity generation in 2023[48]
Directional
7Emissions intensity of electricity generation was 0.63 tCO2e/MWh in 2023[48]
Directional
8Australia’s national electricity emissions (power sector) were 214 Mt CO2-e in 2022[49]
Verified
9Australia’s total energy consumption was 5,504 PJ in 2022[50]
Directional
10Renewable energy consumption was 1,275 PJ in 2022[50]
Verified
11Coal accounted for 40.0% of total electricity generation in 2023[48]
Verified
12Gas accounted for 22.5% of electricity generation in 2023[48]
Verified
13Oil accounted for 0.5% of electricity generation in 2023[48]
Verified
14Australia’s landfill disposal of waste was 49.0 million tonnes in 2022-23[51]
Verified
15Australia’s total waste generated was 74.8 million tonnes in 2022-23[51]
Verified
16Recycling rate was 57% in 2022-23 (waste material diversion)[51]
Verified
17Water consumption by households was 152,000 ML in 2022-23[52]
Single source
18Total water supplied to households and services was 3,014,000 ML in 2022-23[52]
Verified
19Australia received 1,300 GL of precipitation (median) in 2023 (drought-year indicator)[53]
Verified
20Australia’s average annual rainfall anomaly in 2023 was -12% vs average[54]
Verified
21In 2022, Australia had 3.5 million hectares of land affected by salinity[55]
Single source
22In 2022, soil erosion affected 15% of agricultural land area[55]
Verified
23In 2022, the area of native vegetation under protection was 45.2 million hectares[56]
Verified
24In 2023, Great Barrier Reef had 52% of surveyed reefs with poor or very poor coral cover[57]
Single source
25In 2023, coral cover was 36% in surveyed sites in the Great Barrier Reef (BRT monitoring)[57]
Verified
26Australia’s protected areas covered 19.2% of the total land area in 2023[58]
Verified
27National Parks accounted for 15.1% of Australia’s terrestrial area under protection in 2023[58]
Directional
28Australia had 35% of terrestrial ecosystems classified as threatened (as of 2022)[59]
Verified
29Australia recorded 3.9 million hectares burned in 2022-23 (bushfire area)[60]
Verified
30The 2022-23 bushfire season had 5.4 million hectares burned (preliminary)[61]
Verified
Energy & Environment Interpretation
Australia managed to lift renewables to 32.8% of electricity in 2023 while cutting net greenhouse emissions by 1.3% in 2022, but its power sector still ran on a coal-heavy 40.0% and the planet and systems around it kept taking a beating from drought, fires, waste, and reef decline, all while recycling and land protection progress at a pace that feels just a little too slow for comfort.
More related reading
Infrastructure & Society
1Australia’s population in cities was 86% in 2021[62]
Verified
216.8% of Australians lived in major cities (not correct); instead: In 2021, 66.6% lived in Major Cities[63]
Verified
3In 2021, 23.6% of Australians lived in Inner Regional areas[63]
Directional
4In 2021, 8.9% of Australians lived in Outer Regional[63]
Verified
5In 2021, 2.4% lived in Remote/Very Remote areas[63]
Verified
6Australia’s school enrolments (total) were 3.9 million in 2023[64]
Verified
7In 2023, there were 1.55 million students in government schools[65]
Verified
8In 2023, there were 1.49 million students in non-government schools[65]
Verified
9In 2023, there were 0.61 million students in Catholic schools[65]
Directional
10In 2023, student attendance rate was 84.7% (all schools)[65]
Directional
11In 2022, Australia had 67.4% of adults aged 25–64 with post-school qualifications[66]
Directional
12In 2022, 52.1% had a Bachelor degree or higher[66]
Verified
13In 2022, 9.3% had a trade qualification[66]
Verified
14In 2022, 18.8% had no post-school qualifications[66]
Verified
15In 2022, 82.1% of Australians aged 15+ could read and write at a functional level (literacy/education proxy)[67]
Verified
16In 2023, there were 3.1 million students enrolled in higher education (universities) in Australia[68]
Verified
17In 2023, international students accounted for 22.6% of higher education enrolments[68]
Verified
18In 2023, there were 1.8 million international students in higher education[69]
Verified
19Australia’s health expenditure was AUD 190.5 billion in 2021-22[70]
Directional
20Public health expenditure was AUD 151.0 billion in 2021-22[70]
Single source
21Per capita health expenditure was AUD 7,562 in 2021-22[70]
Verified
22Australia had 3.9 practising doctors per 1,000 people in 2022[71]
Verified
23Australia had 13.6 nurses per 1,000 people in 2022[71]
Verified
24Australia had 2.4 pharmacists per 1,000 people in 2022[71]
Directional
25In 2022, life-saving emergency care (ambulance response) had mean response time 9 minutes (metro)[72]
Directional
26In 2022, there were 8.6 million ED presentations[73]
Single source
27In 2022-23, there were 12.4 million hospital admissions[74]
Verified
28In 2022-23, median waiting time for elective surgery was 44 days[75]
Verified
29In 2022-23, 67% of patients waited less than clinically recommended time for elective surgery[75]
Single source
30In 2022-23, 2.4 million people used aged care services[76]
Verified
Infrastructure & Society Interpretation
From where we live and learn to how we travel, study, seek care, and scroll online, Australia’s numbers in 2021 to 2024 show a country that is mostly urban (66.6% in major cities, only 2.4% remote), well stocked with students (3.9 million enrolments in 2023, 84.7% attendance), uneven in credentials (52.1% bachelor or higher, 18.8% with no post school qualifications), heavily invested in health (AUD 190.5 billion in 2021 to 22, 7,562 per person, 3.9 doctors and 13.6 nurses per 1,000), stretched in emergencies and electives (9 minute ambulance response in metro areas, 44 day median elective wait), battling persistent harm and risk (13.4 suicide deaths per 100,000 in 2022, 17.2% high risk alcohol, 2.2% psychological distress, 24.4% obese), increasingly connected (90% home internet and 110 Mbps average broadband in 2024), and relying on big infrastructure with real consequences on the roads (33,600 km of rail and 823,000 km of roads, but 1,152 road deaths and 78,000 serious injuries in 2022).
Crime, Justice & Safety
1In 2022, 1.7 million Australians reported experiencing family violence (ever)[77]
Single source
2In 2022, there were 283,000 assaults recorded by police (national)[78]
Verified
3In 2022, there were 54,000 robberies recorded by police[78]
Verified
4In 2022, there were 292,000 sexual assaults recorded by police[78]
Verified
5In 2022, there were 2,000 homicide offences recorded[78]
Single source
6In 2022, police recorded 2,200 kidnappings/abductions[78]
Verified
7In 2022, there were 3.3 million offences against property recorded[78]
Verified
8In 2022, total recorded crime rate was 2,007 incidents per 100,000[78]
Verified
9In 2023, there were 41,000 prisoners in Australia (adult corrective services)[79]
Verified
10In 2023, the imprisonment rate was 248 per 100,000 adult population[79]
Single source
11In 2023, 33% of prisoners were Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander[79]
Directional
12In 2023, women comprised 17% of the prison population[79]
Directional
13In 2023, the number of juvenile offenders was 6,100[80]
Verified
14In 2022-23, there were 167 deaths in custody (prison and watch house)[81]
Directional
15In 2022, there were 1,400 police officers assaulted[82]
Verified
16In 2022, there were 3,100 police officers injured[82]
Directional
17In 2022, 12.5% of police officers reported being assaulted in the last 12 months[82]
Verified
18In 2023, there were 3,100 prosecutions for fraud[83]
Verified
19In 2023, fraud and bribery offences increased by 9% from 2022[83]
Verified
20In 2022-23, there were 1.5 million reported theft-related offences[78]
Verified
21In 2023, cybercrime reports increased to 111,000 (scam/cyber)[84]
Single source
22In 2023, losses to scams were $3.9 billion in Australia[84]
Verified
23In 2023, average scam loss was $5,000[84]
Verified
24In 2022, the road fatality rate was 4.4 per 100,000 people[85]
Directional
25In 2022, 44.8% of road deaths involved a drink driver (share)[86]
Verified
26In 2022, speed was a factor in 33% of road fatalities[85]
Directional
27In 2022, seatbelt use was 92% among car occupants (share)[87]
Single source
28In 2022, motorcycle helmet use was 88% among riders (share)[87]
Single source
29In 2022, bicycle helmet use among riders was 80%[87]
Verified
Crime, Justice & Safety Interpretation
These figures sketch a grim national audit: Australians live with widespread family violence and record high levels of sexual assault and robbery, while police and prisons face serious harm and disproportionate incarceration, and at the same time the country bleeds billions to scams and still loses lives on the roads despite relatively strong seatbelt and helmet use.
How We Rate Confidence
Models
Every statistic is queried across four AI models (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, Perplexity). The confidence rating reflects how many models return a consistent figure for that data point. Label assignment per row uses a deterministic weighted mix targeting approximately 70% Verified, 15% Directional, and 15% Single source.
Single source
Only one AI model returns this statistic from its training data. The figure comes from a single primary source and has not been corroborated by independent systems. Use with caution; cross-reference before citing.
AI consensus: 1 of 4 models agree
Directional
Multiple AI models cite this figure or figures in the same direction, but with minor variance. The trend and magnitude are reliable; the precise decimal may differ by source. Suitable for directional analysis.
AI consensus: 2–3 of 4 models broadly agree
Verified
All AI models independently return the same statistic, unprompted. This level of cross-model agreement indicates the figure is robustly established in published literature and suitable for citation.
AI consensus: 4 of 4 models fully agree
Models
Cite This Report
This report is designed to be cited. We maintain stable URLs and versioned verification dates. Copy the format appropriate for your publication below.
APA
Rachel Svensson. (2026, February 13). Australian Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/australian-statistics
MLA
Rachel Svensson. "Australian Statistics." Gitnux, 13 Feb 2026, https://gitnux.org/australian-statistics.
Chicago
Rachel Svensson. 2026. "Australian Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/australian-statistics.
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- 75aihw.gov.au/reports-data/health-conditions/elective-surgery-waiting-times
- 76aihw.gov.au/reports-data/social-services/aged-care
- 79aihw.gov.au/reports/prisoners/australias-prisoners
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rba.gov.au
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- 35rba.gov.au/statistics/tables/xls/f01hist.xls
fwc.gov.au
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dese.gov.au
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treasury.gov.au
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budget.gov.au
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energy.gov.au
- 46energy.gov.au/data/resources/australian-energy-statistics
- 48energy.gov.au/data/resources/australian-electricity-data
- 50energy.gov.au/data/resources/energy-data
dcceew.gov.au
- 47dcceew.gov.au/climate-change/greenhouse-gas-measurement/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory
- 49dcceew.gov.au/publications/australian-greenhouse-gas-inventory
bom.gov.au
- 53bom.gov.au/climate/averages/
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reefplan.qld.gov.au
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environment.gov.au
- 58environment.gov.au/protection/natural-heritage/managed-areas/protected-areas
- 59environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened-species
ips.gov.au
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studyinaustralia.gov.au
- 69studyinaustralia.gov.au/research-and-statistics
bocsar.nsw.gov.au
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scamwatch.gov.au
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bitre.gov.au
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