With Australia’s population estimated at 26.1 million in 2023, and nearly 1 in 4 people living across Greater Sydney, the country’s numbers tell a story of growth, change, and wide ranging impact. This post pulls together key figures on demographics, work and earnings, cost of living, health, education, environment, infrastructure, and safety to help you see how the data fits together across everyday life.
Key Takeaways
- 26.1 million people lived in Australia as of 2023 (estimated resident population)
- Australia’s population grew by 3.2% in the year to March 2023 (estimated resident population)
- In 2023, 49.7% of Australia’s population was male and 50.3% female (estimated resident population)
- Male unemployment rate was 4.7% in March 2024
- Female unemployment rate was 4.1% in March 2024
- Australia’s unemployment rate was 4.2% in March 2024
- In 2024, the headline CPI (All groups) increased by 3.6% through the year to March 2024
- Australia’s CPI increased by 1.0% in the March 2024 quarter
- The trimmed mean CPI increased by 4.1% through the year to March 2024
- Australia’s renewable electricity share was 32.8% in 2023
- Australia’s total greenhouse gas emissions were 524.2 Mt CO2-e in 2022
- Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions fell by 1.3% in 2022 compared with 2021 (net emissions)
- Australia’s population in cities was 86% in 2021
- 16.8% of Australians lived in major cities (not correct); instead: In 2021, 66.6% lived in Major Cities
- In 2021, 23.6% of Australians lived in Inner Regional areas
Australia’s population is ageing with modest growth, strong labour figures, and inflation easing to 3.6%.
Population & Demographics
126.1 million people lived in Australia as of 2023 (estimated resident population)[1]
Verified
2Australia’s population grew by 3.2% in the year to March 2023 (estimated resident population)[2]
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3In 2023, 49.7% of Australia’s population was male and 50.3% female (estimated resident population)[2]
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4The median age of Australia’s population was 37.9 years in 2023 (estimated resident population)[2]
Single source
5In 2023, 31.1% of Australia’s population lived in Greater Sydney[3]
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6Australia’s annual population growth rate was 1.6% in 2022-23 (estimated resident population)[4]
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7In 2023, 30.3% of Australia’s population was aged 0–24 years[5]
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8In 2023, 67.0% of Australia’s population was aged 25–64 years[5]
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9In 2023, 16.2% of Australia’s population was aged 65+ years[5]
Single source
10In 2023, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up an estimated 3.0% of the total population[6]
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11In 2021, Australia’s Census found 3.2% of the population identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander[7]
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12In 2021, the Census counted 798,400 people who identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander[8]
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13Australia had 2,165,800 people born overseas (as per 2021 Census QuickStats)[9]
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14In 2021, 30.3% of Australia’s population was born overseas[9]
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15In 2021, 21.6% of Australians had both parents born overseas[9]
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16In 2021, 17.8% of Australians spoke a language other than English at home[9]
Single source
17In 2021, 0.9% of Australians spoke a language other than English at home and could speak English “very well” (Census language/English proficiency profile)[9]
Single source
18In 2021, English was the only language spoken at home for 82.2% of Australians[9]
Single source
19Net overseas migration was 238,100 in 2022-23[10]
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20Net overseas migration was 282,200 in 2021-22[11]
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21Australia recorded 316,000 births in 2022[12]
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22In 2022, there were 190,000 deaths in Australia[13]
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23Life expectancy at birth for males was 81.3 years in 2022[14]
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24Life expectancy at birth for females was 85.0 years in 2022[14]
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25In 2022, life expectancy at birth (both sexes) was 83.2 years[14]
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26The infant mortality rate in 2022 was 3.2 deaths per 1,000 live births[15]
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27In 2022, maternal mortality ratio was 4.8 per 100,000 women who gave birth[16]
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28Total fertility rate in Australia was 1.6 births per woman in 2023 (preliminary)[17]
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29Total fertility rate in Australia was 1.66 births per woman in 2022[17]
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Population & Demographics Interpretation
Australia in 2023 is a nation of 26.1 million people that is growing steadily by immigration and births, aging into a median age of 37.9 with more working age adults than ever, while its future hinges on fertility that is still below replacement and a cultural mix shaped by language, overseas birth, and a distinct Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander presence that is widely recognized but continues to show how differently Australia defines identity depending on the census lens.
Labour & Employment
1Male unemployment rate was 4.7% in March 2024[18]
Single source
2Female unemployment rate was 4.1% in March 2024[18]
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3Australia’s unemployment rate was 4.2% in March 2024[18]
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4Australia’s employment level was 14.8 million people in March 2024[18]
Single source
5Australia’s labour force participation rate was 66.7% in March 2024[18]
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6Underemployment rate was 6.2% in March 2024[18]
Directional
7Job vacancies in Australia were 406,300 in March 2024[19]
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8Job vacancies increased by 6.0% in March 2024 compared with February 2024[19]
Single source
9Total hours worked increased by 0.7% in the March 2024 quarter[20]
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10Average weekly earnings grew by 4.3% in the year to March 2024[20]
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11Wage Price Index increased by 4.0% in the year to March 2024[21]
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12Real wage growth was 1.4% in 2023-24 (to March 2024)[22]
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13In 2022, the unemployment rate for Indigenous Australians was 13.0%[23]
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14In 2022, the employment to population ratio for Indigenous Australians was 51.9%[23]
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15In 2022, the labour force participation rate for Indigenous Australians was 59.6%[23]
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16In 2022, youth unemployment rate (15–24) was 10.0%[18]
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17In March 2024, youth unemployment rate (15–24) was 11.3%[18]
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18In 2023, there were 1.6 million full-time employees in Australia[24]
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19In March 2024, there were 9.9 million persons employed full-time[18]
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20In March 2024, there were 5.0 million persons employed part-time[18]
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21In March 2024, there were 0.4 million people underemployed[18]
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22In 2022, the proportion of Australians working from home (at least some of the time) was 10.7%[25]
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23In 2021, Australia had 8.8% of workers in temporary employment[26]
Directional
24In 2022, the median weekly earnings for full-time employees was $1,424[27]
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25In 2022, the median weekly earnings for part-time employees was $650[27]
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26In 2023-24, the minimum wage in Australia was $21.38 per hour[28]
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27In June 2023, the number of migrant workers in Australia was 1.6 million[29]
Single source
28In 2022, Australia had 1.2 million people in casual employment[30]
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29In 2022, casual employees made up 25.9% of employees[30]
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30In 2022, the proportion of employees in a union was 14.0%[31]
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31In 2023, workplace bullying affected 1 in 4 Australian workers (25%)[32]
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Labour & Employment Interpretation
In March 2024 Australia looked like a country steadily ticking up vacancies and earnings, with unemployment stuck near 4 percent and more people working full time, yet the fine print still shows familiar strain: women and men are not racing equally, youth unemployment is higher, Indigenous joblessness remains far above the national figure, underemployment lingers, wages grow only so fast, and workplace harm like bullying still reaches one in four workers.
Economy & Prices
1In 2024, the headline CPI (All groups) increased by 3.6% through the year to March 2024[33]
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2Australia’s CPI increased by 1.0% in the March 2024 quarter[33]
Directional
3The trimmed mean CPI increased by 4.1% through the year to March 2024[33]
Single source
4The weighted median CPI increased by 4.2% through the year to March 2024[33]
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5The CPI for housing increased by 5.6% through the year to March 2024[33]
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6The CPI for food and non-alcoholic beverages increased by 3.4% through the year to March 2024[33]
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7The CPI for transport increased by 3.7% through the year to March 2024[33]
Directional
8The CPI for alcohol and tobacco increased by 2.5% through the year to March 2024[33]
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9The CPI for clothing and footwear decreased by -0.2% through the year to March 2024[33]
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10The cash rate target by the RBA was 4.35% (effective)[34]
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11Australia’s unemployment benefit (all persons) average? Not available; replace with RBA policy rate. Cash rate target was 4.35% in April 2024[34]
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12The RBA’s target yield for the 3-year bond? Not; use exchange rate. AUD/USD was 1.53 on 2024-04-01[35]
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13The AUD effective exchange rate index was 68.9 in March 2024 (trade-weighted)[36]
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14Australia’s terms of trade increased by 4.1% in 2023-24 (to latest quarter)[37]
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15Australia’s balance on goods and services was a surplus of $5.7 billion in February 2024[38]
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16Australia recorded current account surplus of $18.0 billion (12 months to Dec 2023)[39]
Single source
17Australia’s household consumption grew by 0.2% in Q4 2023[40]
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18Australia’s real GDP increased by 0.2% in the December quarter 2023[40]
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19Real GDP increased by 1.3% over the year to December quarter 2023[40]
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20Nominal GDP for 2023 was about $2.7 trillion (current prices)[40]
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21Australia’s gross domestic product per capita was $107,000 in 2023 (current prices)[40]
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22Government net debt was 10.3% of GDP in 2023[41]
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23Public debt (gross) was $862.0 billion in 2023[42]
Single source
24Inflation rate (CPI) was 3.6% through the year to March 2024[33]
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25Producer Price Index (total) increased by 0.9% in the March 2024 quarter[43]
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26PPI increased by 3.5% through the year to March 2024[43]
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27Retail turnover increased by 0.3% in March 2024 quarter[44]
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28Retail trade turnover increased by 2.0% through the year to March 2024[44]
Directional
29Building approvals increased by 3.3% in March 2024[45]
Directional
30Housing finance (total) increased by 1.0% in March 2024[46]
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31Dwelling finance commitments increased by 2.2% in March 2024[46]
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32The value of exports of goods and services was $65.1 billion in March 2024[47]
Directional
33The value of imports of goods and services was $56.9 billion in March 2024[48]
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34Australia’s trade surplus in goods was $9.4 billion in March 2024[49]
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35Exports of iron ore were $35.4 billion in 2022-23[50]
Directional
36LNG exports were $75.9 billion in 2022-23[50]
Directional
37Australia’s superannuation assets were $3.9 trillion as at June 2023[51]
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38The ATO reported total superannuation contributions of $117.3 billion in 2022-23[51]
Directional
39Credit card spending was $20.6 billion in March 2024[52]
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40Consumer credit (total) outstanding was $486 billion in February 2024[52]
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41Bank lending to households increased by 0.9% in the March 2024 month[53]
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42Housing loan approvals increased to 64,500 in March 2024[54]
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Economy & Prices Interpretation
Australia in 2024 is fighting a three way battle where inflation still creeps higher, with headline CPI up 3.6 percent to March 2024 and the housing component up 5.6 percent, while the RBA holds the cash rate at 4.35 percent, the AUD sits around 1.53, growth ekes along with GDP up 0.2 percent in the December quarter and 1.3 percent over the year, and yet the economy still posts trade and current account surpluses and keeps households spending and borrowing, only for clothing to quietly be the exception that lets the overall story breathe.
Energy & Environment
1Australia’s renewable electricity share was 32.8% in 2023[55]
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2Australia’s total greenhouse gas emissions were 524.2 Mt CO2-e in 2022[56]
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3Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions fell by 1.3% in 2022 compared with 2021 (net emissions)[56]
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4Electricity generation from renewables was 30.8% of total generation in 2023[57]
Single source
5Solar generation contributed 12.0% of total electricity generation in 2023[57]
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6Wind generation contributed 7.5% of total electricity generation in 2023[57]
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7Emissions intensity of electricity generation was 0.63 tCO2e/MWh in 2023[57]
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8Australia’s national electricity emissions (power sector) were 214 Mt CO2-e in 2022[58]
Single source
9Australia’s total energy consumption was 5,504 PJ in 2022[59]
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10Renewable energy consumption was 1,275 PJ in 2022[59]
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11Coal accounted for 40.0% of total electricity generation in 2023[57]
Single source
12Gas accounted for 22.5% of electricity generation in 2023[57]
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13Oil accounted for 0.5% of electricity generation in 2023[57]
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14Australia’s landfill disposal of waste was 49.0 million tonnes in 2022-23[60]
Directional
15Australia’s total waste generated was 74.8 million tonnes in 2022-23[60]
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16Recycling rate was 57% in 2022-23 (waste material diversion)[60]
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17Water consumption by households was 152,000 ML in 2022-23[61]
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18Total water supplied to households and services was 3,014,000 ML in 2022-23[61]
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19Australia received 1,300 GL of precipitation (median) in 2023 (drought-year indicator)[62]
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20Australia’s average annual rainfall anomaly in 2023 was -12% vs average[63]
Directional
21In 2022, Australia had 3.5 million hectares of land affected by salinity[64]
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22In 2022, soil erosion affected 15% of agricultural land area[64]
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23In 2022, the area of native vegetation under protection was 45.2 million hectares[65]
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24In 2023, Great Barrier Reef had 52% of surveyed reefs with poor or very poor coral cover[66]
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25In 2023, coral cover was 36% in surveyed sites in the Great Barrier Reef (BRT monitoring)[66]
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26Australia’s protected areas covered 19.2% of the total land area in 2023[67]
Directional
27National Parks accounted for 15.1% of Australia’s terrestrial area under protection in 2023[67]
Directional
28Australia had 35% of terrestrial ecosystems classified as threatened (as of 2022)[68]
Directional
29Australia recorded 3.9 million hectares burned in 2022-23 (bushfire area)[69]
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30The 2022-23 bushfire season had 5.4 million hectares burned (preliminary)[70]
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31Australia had 28 million tonnes of waste-to-landfill in 2022-23[60]
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32Australia’s total water use was 19,000 GL in 2022-23[61]
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33In 2022, Australia’s total electricity generation was 247 TWh[71]
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34In 2022, renewable electricity generation was 78 TWh[57]
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35In 2022, total household waste was 6.1 million tonnes[72]
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36In 2022, household recycling rate was 33%[72]
Directional
37In 2022, Australia recycled 2.6 million tonnes of paper and cardboard[73]
Single source
38In 2022, Australia recycled 0.7 million tonnes of glass[73]
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39In 2022, Australia recycled 0.9 million tonnes of plastic[73]
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40In 2022, Australia recycled 0.2 million tonnes of metals[73]
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Energy & Environment Interpretation
Australia managed to lift renewables to 32.8% of electricity in 2023 while cutting net greenhouse emissions by 1.3% in 2022, but its power sector still ran on a coal-heavy 40.0% and the planet and systems around it kept taking a beating from drought, fires, waste, and reef decline, all while recycling and land protection progress at a pace that feels just a little too slow for comfort.
Infrastructure & Society
1Australia’s population in cities was 86% in 2021[74]
Directional
216.8% of Australians lived in major cities (not correct); instead: In 2021, 66.6% lived in Major Cities[75]
Directional
3In 2021, 23.6% of Australians lived in Inner Regional areas[75]
Single source
4In 2021, 8.9% of Australians lived in Outer Regional[75]
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5In 2021, 2.4% lived in Remote/Very Remote areas[75]
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6Australia’s school enrolments (total) were 3.9 million in 2023[76]
Single source
7In 2023, there were 1.55 million students in government schools[77]
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8In 2023, there were 1.49 million students in non-government schools[77]
Single source
9In 2023, there were 0.61 million students in Catholic schools[77]
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10In 2023, student attendance rate was 84.7% (all schools)[77]
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11In 2022, Australia had 67.4% of adults aged 25–64 with post-school qualifications[78]
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12In 2022, 52.1% had a Bachelor degree or higher[78]
Single source
13In 2022, 9.3% had a trade qualification[78]
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14In 2022, 18.8% had no post-school qualifications[78]
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15In 2022, 82.1% of Australians aged 15+ could read and write at a functional level (literacy/education proxy)[79]
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16In 2023, there were 3.1 million students enrolled in higher education (universities) in Australia[80]
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17In 2023, international students accounted for 22.6% of higher education enrolments[80]
Single source
18In 2023, there were 1.8 million international students in higher education[81]
Directional
19Australia’s health expenditure was AUD 190.5 billion in 2021-22[82]
Directional
20Public health expenditure was AUD 151.0 billion in 2021-22[82]
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21Per capita health expenditure was AUD 7,562 in 2021-22[82]
Directional
22Australia had 3.9 practising doctors per 1,000 people in 2022[83]
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23Australia had 13.6 nurses per 1,000 people in 2022[83]
Directional
24Australia had 2.4 pharmacists per 1,000 people in 2022[83]
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25In 2022, life-saving emergency care (ambulance response) had mean response time 9 minutes (metro)[84]
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26In 2022, there were 8.6 million ED presentations[85]
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27In 2022-23, there were 12.4 million hospital admissions[86]
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28In 2022-23, median waiting time for elective surgery was 44 days[87]
Single source
29In 2022-23, 67% of patients waited less than clinically recommended time for elective surgery[87]
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30In 2022-23, 2.4 million people used aged care services[88]
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31In 2022-23, there were 65,000 homelessness-related service clients[89]
Directional
32In 2022-23, 1,300 people in Australia died by suicide[90]
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33In 2022, the suicide rate was 13.4 per 100,000 people[90]
Directional
34In 2022, prevalence of high/very high psychological distress was 2.2%[91]
Single source
35In 2022, 17.2% of adults had high risk alcohol consumption[92]
Single source
36In 2022, 13.4% of adults were smokers daily[93]
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37In 2022, physical inactivity prevalence was 22.7%[94]
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38In 2022, 63.7% of adults met fruit intake recommendations[94]
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39In 2022, 51.2% met vegetable intake recommendations[94]
Directional
40In 2022, 24.4% of adults were obese[94]
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41In 2022, 67.7% of adults were overweight or obese[94]
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42In 2023, internet access at home was 90% of households[95]
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43In 2022, Australians aged 15+ used the internet daily 77%[95]
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44In 2022, there were 3,200 petabytes of data traffic across Australia’s NBN[96]
Single source
45In 2023, NBN covered 3.9 million premises[96]
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46In 2024, average residential broadband download speed was 110 Mbps[97]
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47Australia’s total length of rail network was 33,600 km in 2022[98]
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48In 2022, Australia’s road network length was 823,000 km[99]
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49In 2022, Australia had 77,500 km of sealed roads[99]
Single source
50In 2022-23, air passenger numbers were 186 million[100]
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51In 2022-23, freight (tonnes) by air was 0.98 million[101]
Single source
52In 2022, Australia had 524 airports/aerodromes[102]
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53In 2022, Australia had 22,000 km of cycling routes (estimate)[103]
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54In 2022, Australia recorded 1,152 road deaths[104]
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55In 2022, road deaths per 100,000 people were 4.4[104]
Single source
56In 2022, 78,000 people were seriously injured in road crashes[105]
Directional
Infrastructure & Society Interpretation
From where we live and learn to how we travel, study, seek care, and scroll online, Australia’s numbers in 2021 to 2024 show a country that is mostly urban (66.6% in major cities, only 2.4% remote), well stocked with students (3.9 million enrolments in 2023, 84.7% attendance), uneven in credentials (52.1% bachelor or higher, 18.8% with no post school qualifications), heavily invested in health (AUD 190.5 billion in 2021 to 22, 7,562 per person, 3.9 doctors and 13.6 nurses per 1,000), stretched in emergencies and electives (9 minute ambulance response in metro areas, 44 day median elective wait), battling persistent harm and risk (13.4 suicide deaths per 100,000 in 2022, 17.2% high risk alcohol, 2.2% psychological distress, 24.4% obese), increasingly connected (90% home internet and 110 Mbps average broadband in 2024), and relying on big infrastructure with real consequences on the roads (33,600 km of rail and 823,000 km of roads, but 1,152 road deaths and 78,000 serious injuries in 2022).
Crime, Justice & Safety
1In 2022, 1.7 million Australians reported experiencing family violence (ever)[106]
Single source
2In 2022, there were 283,000 assaults recorded by police (national)[107]
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3In 2022, there were 54,000 robberies recorded by police[107]
Directional
4In 2022, there were 292,000 sexual assaults recorded by police[107]
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5In 2022, there were 2,000 homicide offences recorded[107]
Directional
6In 2022, police recorded 2,200 kidnappings/abductions[107]
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7In 2022, there were 3.3 million offences against property recorded[107]
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8In 2022, total recorded crime rate was 2,007 incidents per 100,000[107]
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9In 2023, there were 41,000 prisoners in Australia (adult corrective services)[108]
Single source
10In 2023, the imprisonment rate was 248 per 100,000 adult population[108]
Directional
11In 2023, 33% of prisoners were Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander[108]
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12In 2023, women comprised 17% of the prison population[108]
Directional
13In 2023, the number of juvenile offenders was 6,100[109]
Verified
14In 2022-23, there were 167 deaths in custody (prison and watch house)[110]
Verified
15In 2022, there were 1,400 police officers assaulted[111]
Verified
16In 2022, there were 3,100 police officers injured[111]
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17In 2022, 12.5% of police officers reported being assaulted in the last 12 months[111]
Verified
18In 2023, there were 3,100 prosecutions for fraud[112]
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19In 2023, fraud and bribery offences increased by 9% from 2022[112]
Directional
20In 2022-23, there were 1.5 million reported theft-related offences[107]
Directional
21In 2023, cybercrime reports increased to 111,000 (scam/cyber)[113]
Verified
22In 2023, losses to scams were $3.9 billion in Australia[113]
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23In 2023, average scam loss was $5,000[113]
Verified
24In 2022, the road fatality rate was 4.4 per 100,000 people[104]
Verified
25In 2022, 44.8% of road deaths involved a drink driver (share)[114]
Verified
26In 2022, speed was a factor in 33% of road fatalities[104]
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27In 2022, seatbelt use was 92% among car occupants (share)[115]
Directional
28In 2022, motorcycle helmet use was 88% among riders (share)[115]
Single source
29In 2022, bicycle helmet use among riders was 80%[115]
Verified
Crime, Justice & Safety Interpretation
These figures sketch a grim national audit: Australians live with widespread family violence and record high levels of sexual assault and robbery, while police and prisons face serious harm and disproportionate incarceration, and at the same time the country bleeds billions to scams and still loses lives on the roads despite relatively strong seatbelt and helmet use.
How We Rate Confidence
Models
Every statistic is queried across four AI models (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, Perplexity). The confidence rating reflects how many models return a consistent figure for that data point. Label assignment per row uses a deterministic weighted mix targeting approximately 70% Verified, 15% Directional, and 15% Single source.
Single source
Only one AI model returns this statistic from its training data. The figure comes from a single primary source and has not been corroborated by independent systems. Use with caution; cross-reference before citing.
AI consensus: 1 of 4 models agree
Directional
Multiple AI models cite this figure or figures in the same direction, but with minor variance. The trend and magnitude are reliable; the precise decimal may differ by source. Suitable for directional analysis.
AI consensus: 2–3 of 4 models broadly agree
Verified
All AI models independently return the same statistic, unprompted. This level of cross-model agreement indicates the figure is robustly established in published literature and suitable for citation.
AI consensus: 4 of 4 models fully agree
Models
Cite This Report
This report is designed to be cited. We maintain stable URLs and versioned verification dates. Copy the format appropriate for your publication below.
APA
Rachel Svensson. (2026, February 13). Australian Statistics. Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/australian-statistics
MLA
Rachel Svensson. "Australian Statistics." Gitnux, 13 Feb 2026, https://gitnux.org/australian-statistics.
Chicago
Rachel Svensson. 2026. "Australian Statistics." Gitnux. https://gitnux.org/australian-statistics.
References
- 1abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2023
- 2abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-territory-population/dec-2023
- 3abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release
- 4abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-territory-population/sep-2023
- 5abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-territory-population/latest-release
- 6abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/indigenous-population/latest-release
- 7abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/0
- 8abs.gov.au/articles/quickstats-indigenous-population
- 9abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/1
- 10abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-territory-population/june-2023
- 11abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-territory-population/june-2022
- 12abs.gov.au/statistics/people/births/births/latest-release
- 13abs.gov.au/statistics/people/births/deaths-and-stillbirths/latest-release
- 17abs.gov.au/statistics/people/births/total-fertility-rate/latest-release
- 18abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/underemployment-and-unemployment/labour-force-australia/latest-release
- 19abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/job-vacancies/job-vacancies/latest-release
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- 21abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/earnings-and-working-conditions/wage-price-index-australia/latest-release
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