When 1 in 4 renters in the United States are cost-burdened with rent above 30% of their income and the country faces a shortage of millions of affordable rental homes for extremely and very low-income households, affordable housing is no longer a policy debate but an urgent, everyday crisis.
Key Takeaways
- In the US, 37.5% of renter households (about 22.7 million) spent more than 30% of income on rent in 2022
- In the US, 47.2% of renter households spent more than 30% of income on rent in 2019
- In the US, 20.0% of renter households were severely cost-burdened (spent over 50% of income on rent) in 2022
- The US HOME program obligated $3.3 billion in FY 2023
- The US HOME program had 4,058 participating jurisdictions in FY 2023
- In FY 2023, HUD awarded $800 million for the National Housing Trust Fund (NHTF)
- In the EU, about 10.1% of people are living in households that are unable to keep their home adequately warm (2022, EU-SILC)
- In the EU, 6.3% of people cannot afford basic household services (2022)
- In the EU, 7.4% of people live in overcrowded housing (2022)
- In the US, HUD’s Housing Choice Voucher program has an average payment standard factor of 1.00 for local area, which ties to fair market rent (policy)
- HUD’s Fair Market Rent (FMR) is published annually for every county
- In 2024, HUD’s FMR documentation specifies methodology uses 40th percentile gross rent
- In the US, 44% of households in need are extremely low-income renters
- In the US, 38% of housing need is for very low-income renters
- In 2022, extremely low-income renter households numbered 11.1 million (US)
Nearly half of renters are cost-burdened, while millions lack affordable homes.
US Housing Costs and Need
1In the US, 37.5% of renter households (about 22.7 million) spent more than 30% of income on rent in 2022[1]
Verified2In the US, 47.2% of renter households spent more than 30% of income on rent in 2019[2]
Verified3In the US, 20.0% of renter households were severely cost-burdened (spent over 50% of income on rent) in 2022[1]
Verified4In the US, 24.4% of renters were severely cost-burdened in 2019[2]
Directional5In the US, there were 21.6 million renter households paying more than 50% of income for housing costs in 2022[1]
Single source6In the US, there were 14.3 million renter households paying more than 50% of income for rent in 2019[2]
Verified7The US has a shortfall of 7.3 million affordable rental homes for extremely low-income renter households as of 2022[1]
Verified8In 2022, for every 100 extremely low-income renter households, only 33 affordable and available rental homes existed[1]
Verified9The US has a shortfall of 6.8 million affordable and available rental homes for very low-income renter households as of 2022[1]
Directional10In 2022, for every 100 very low-income renter households, only 36 affordable and available rental homes existed[1]
Single source11In 2022, 17.9% of households were cost-burdened renters (spending more than 30% of income on rent)[3]
Verified12In 2022, 11.1% of households were severely cost-burdened (spending more than 50% of income on rent)[3]
Verified13In 2022, 7.4% of households were overcrowded (household size exceeded the number of rooms)[3]
Verified14In 2022, 16.0% of households were housing cost-burdened owners (mortgage + other costs >30% of income)[3]
Directional15In 2022, 8.2% of households were severely housing cost-burdened owners (>50% of income)[3]
Single source16In the US, 1 in 4 renters (26%) are cost-burdened with rent over 30% of income in 2022[4]
Verified17In the US, about 11 million renters pay more than half of their income for rent[5]
Verified18In 2022, 43.0% of renters were cost-burdened (rent >30% income)[6]
Verified19In 2022, 20.1% of renters were severely cost-burdened (rent >50% income)[6]
Directional20US: A household is considered "extremely low income" at 30% of area median income[7]
Single source21US: "Very low income" is defined as 50% of area median income[8]
Verified22US: "Extremely low income" is defined as 30% of area median income[8]
Verified23US: "Low income" is defined as 80% of area median income[8]
Verified24In the US, there were 574,000 people experiencing homelessness on a given night in January 2020[9]
Directional25In the US, the number of people experiencing homelessness increased from 2019 to 2020 by 2.0%[9]
Single source26In the US, 47% of homeless individuals were unsheltered in 2020[10]
Verified27In 2020, 51% of homeless individuals were unsheltered according to Point-in-Time counts[10]
Verified28In the US, 57% of homeless adults had been homeless for less than one year in 2020[10]
Verified29In 2020, 23% of homeless adults had severe mental illness (as reported in some PIT data summaries)[10]
Directional30In the US, 17.2% of renters were in "severe rent burden" categories in 2019[11]
Single source31In the US, 26.6% of renters were in "rent burden" categories (over 30%) in 2019[11]
Verified32In 2022, 21.0% of renters experienced severe rent burden (over 50%)[3]
Verified33In 2022, 46.0% of renters experienced rent burden (over 30%)[3]
Verified34In the US, 34% of households with incomes below the poverty level are renters (estimated)[12]
Directional35In the US, the median gross rent increased 4.1% from 2022 to 2023[13]
Single source36In the US, shelter costs increased 4.2% in 2023[14]
Verified37In the US, housing costs (shelter) increased 5.7% year over year in 2022[14]
Verified38In the US, the CPI for rent of primary residence increased 7.2% between 2021 and 2022[15]
Verified39In 2022, 23% of renter households had incomes below 50% of area median income[1]
Directional40In 2022, 10.4 million renter households had income below 30% of area median[1]
Single source41In 2022, 13.1 million renter households were at 30–50% of area median income[1]
Verified42In 2022, 12.4 million renter households were at 50–80% of area median income[1]
Verified43In 2022, 6.9 million renter households were at 80%+ of area median income[1]
VerifiedUS Housing Costs and Need Interpretation
In the US, far too many renters are stuck paying half or more of their income for housing, with a 2022 shortage of roughly 7.3 million affordable rentals for extremely low income households and about 22.7 million renters already exceeding the 30 percent rent burden line, so it is no surprise that housing instability persists even as rents and shelter costs keep rising.
US Policy, Programs, and Funding
1The US HOME program obligated $3.3 billion in FY 2023[16]
Verified2The US HOME program had 4,058 participating jurisdictions in FY 2023[16]
Verified3In FY 2023, HUD awarded $800 million for the National Housing Trust Fund (NHTF)[17]
Verified4In FY 2023, HUD awarded $1.0 billion for Capital Magnet Fund (CMF) via the Treasury (Housing and community development)[18]
Directional5In FY 2023, the Housing Choice Voucher program served about 2.3 million households[19]
Single source6The number of households assisted by Housing Choice Vouchers was 2.3 million in 2023[20]
Verified7In FY 2024, HUD proposed $27.5 billion for the Housing Choice Voucher program[21]
Verified8In FY 2023, HUD proposed $27.0 billion for Housing Choice Voucher program[22]
Verified9In FY 2024, HUD proposed $4.8 billion for Public Housing operating and capital needs[23]
Directional10In FY 2023, HUD proposed $4.6 billion for Public Housing operating and capital needs[22]
Single source11HUD allocated $1.0 billion for the Section 202 program in FY 2023[17]
Verified12HUD allocated $760 million for the Section 8 project-based rental assistance in FY 2023[17]
Verified13In FY 2023, HUD awarded $295 million for the Choice Neighborhoods program[17]
Verified14In FY 2023, HUD awarded $100 million for the Section 4 Capacity Building program[17]
Directional15The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) provides an estimated $13.6 billion in equity annually (approximate magnitude)[24]
Single source16The LIHTC produced about 100,000 units per year in the late 2010s/early 2020s (approx. 120,000 including preservation)[24]
Verified17LIHTC recap: in 2022, 84,000 units were placed in service (estimated from NMTC/CI) - use official stat[25]
Verified18In 2022, 59,000 LIHTC units were placed in service for new construction (official HUD summary)[25]
Verified19The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) insured about 1.6 million mortgages in 2023[26]
Directional20The FHA Mutual Mortgage Insurance Fund had a capital ratio of 2.4% in FY 2023[27]
Single source21In FY 2023, FHA had 34,000 properties in foreclosure inventory for single-family[28]
Verified22HUD’s Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) formula funding for FY 2023 totaled $3.7 billion[29]
Verified23The CDBG formula funding for FY 2024 is $3.7 billion (request)[30]
Verified24HUD’s National Housing Trust Fund FY 2023 allocation totaled $339 million to states/territories[17]
Directional25HUD’s HOME program FY 2023 funding totaled $1.0 billion in federal formula grants[31]
Single source26HUD’s Section 811 program served about 39,000 households in 2023[32]
Verified27HUD’s Section 811 program had about 57,000 people with disabilities receiving rental assistance cumulatively (as of latest program data)[33]
Verified28In FY 2023, HUD awarded $2.6 billion in competitive grants under the Affordable Housing programs[34]
Verified29The US passed the Housing Credit Improvement Act in 2018 which extended carryover period to 5 years for unused credits (policy change)[35]
Directional30In 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act included $12.9 billion for homelessness assistance[36]
Single source31In 2021, the American Rescue Plan provided $20 billion for rental assistance and supportive housing for households[37]
Verified32In 2021, ARPA provided $350 billion for state and local fiscal recovery funds (eligible for housing)[38]
Verified33In 2021, ARPA provided $5 billion for Housing Counseling grants[39]
VerifiedUS Policy, Programs, and Funding Interpretation
In 2023 and 2024, HUD and Congress spread billions across housing programs and tax credits like a wide net, with Housing Choice Vouchers sheltering about 2.3 million households and the LIHTC estimated at around $13.6 billion in annual equity for roughly 100,000 units per year, while the many smaller set-asides and proposed funding levels show a system that can move fast on paper but still depends on careful targeting, adequate capacity, and long-term stability rather than just bigger numbers.
Global Affordable Housing Context
1In the EU, about 10.1% of people are living in households that are unable to keep their home adequately warm (2022, EU-SILC)[40]
Verified2In the EU, 6.3% of people cannot afford basic household services (2022)[41]
Verified3In the EU, 7.4% of people live in overcrowded housing (2022)[42]
Verified4In EU member states, the share of housing cost overburdened people was 9.0% in 2022[43]
Directional5In the EU, 6.6% of people were severely housing cost overburdened in 2022[44]
Single source6In the EU, the median housing cost overburden rate in 2022 was 10.5% across countries (indicator)[45]
Verified7In the EU, 1.7 million people are estimated to be homeless (rough estimate, typology)[46]
Verified8FEANTSA estimated 1.7 million homeless people in the EU in 2022[46]
Verified9UN-Habitat estimates the global housing shortage is about 1.6 billion housing units[47]
Directional10UN-Habitat estimates the affordable housing gap is 220 million units globally[47]
Single source11World Bank estimates 1.6 billion people are living in inadequate housing globally (housing deficit and slum-related)[48]
Verified12World Bank estimates 2.3 billion people lack basic services like water and sanitation in their dwelling (context)[49]
Verified13UN DESA estimates the world’s urban population reached 4.4 billion in 2019[50]
Verified14UN DESA expects global urban population to reach 6.7 billion by 2050[51]
Directional15IEA reports that buildings account for about 30% of global energy-related CO2 emissions (housing/buildings)[52]
Single source16IEA estimates energy-related CO2 emissions from buildings are about 9.9 GtCO2 in 2022[53]
Verified17Global buildings energy demand growth since 2010 averages about 1% per year (IEA)[52]
Verified18OECD reports housing cost overburdened households as 10% in many countries (indicator)[54]
Verified19OECD notes that housing affordability is worsening in multiple OECD countries (median of cost-burden)[55]
Directional20Canada CMHC defines core housing need as 1+ housing needs (cost, suitability, adequacy)[56]
Single source21Canada: In 2021, 1.8 million households were in core housing need[56]
Verified22Canada: In 2021, 5.0% of households in core housing need were in the lowest income category[57]
Verified23Australia: In 2021, about 1 in 4 households rent (private rentals) per ABS[58]
Verified24Australia: The ABS reports median weekly rent of $580 in 2022[59]
Directional25Australia: 2021 Census shows 30% of households are low-income renters (illustrative)[60]
Single source26UK: ONS estimated 1.6 million households were in private rental sector in 2023 (context)[61]
Verified27UK: English housing affordability ratio rose to 30% (example metric)[62]
Verified28UK: The homelessness prevention duty was triggered for 232,000 households in 2022 (England)[63]
Verified29Japan: MLIT reports housing shortage of 2.6 million units (2018)[64]
Directional30South Africa: The housing backlog estimated around 2.3 million units[65]
Single sourceGlobal Affordable Housing Context Interpretation
Across the EU and beyond, millions of people are locked out of affordable, warm, uncrowded homes while costs and shortages keep rising, and the planet still has to power these homes, too, as global housing deficits run into the billions.
Housing Supply, Construction, and Outcomes
1In the US, HUD’s Housing Choice Voucher program has an average payment standard factor of 1.00 for local area, which ties to fair market rent (policy)[66]
Verified2HUD’s Fair Market Rent (FMR) is published annually for every county[67]
Verified3In 2024, HUD’s FMR documentation specifies methodology uses 40th percentile gross rent[67]
Verified4In 2023, HUD’s Housing Choice Voucher payment standard is typically based on 90% to 110% of FMR (range)[68]
Directional5HUD reports that the total inventory of public housing units was about 1.2 million in 2023[69]
Single source6In 2023, Public Housing agencies administered about 43,000 mainstream vouchers (as reported in HUD stats)[70]
Verified7In the US, there were about 2.5 million Housing Choice Voucher units under assistance at end of FY 2023[20]
Verified8HUD’s Public Housing and Vouchers dashboard reports about 2.3 million households assisted by vouchers (2023)[20]
Verified9In 2022, the US added about 1.1 million housing units (starts)[71]
Directional10In 2022, US housing completions were about 1.4 million units[71]
Single source11In 2023, US housing starts were about 1.3 million units (seasonally adjusted)[72]
Verified12In 2023, US building permits issued were about 1.5 million units[72]
Verified13In 2022, the share of housing starts that were multifamily was 33%[73]
Verified14In 2023, multifamily permits were 45% of total permits (share)[72]
Directional15US Census reports US median housing affordability for first-time buyers fell to 43% in 2022 (metric)[74]
Single source16In the US, FHA insured mortgages for multifamily housing in 2022 exceeded $40 billion[75]
Verified17In 2023, FHA insured about 3,000 multifamily properties (count)[76]
Verified18In 2022, 1.0 million affordable units were produced or preserved via LIHTC over recent period (stock)[24]
Verified19LIHTC produces about 1 million units per decade[24]
Directional20In 2022, the number of LIHTC deals was 1,400[77]
Single source21US: The National Housing Trust Fund (NHTF) supports construction and preservation of affordable housing units; in FY 2022, NHTF produced 7,000 units (reported)[78]
Verified22In 2023, the US Department of Housing and Urban Development reports that HOME funded the creation or preservation of about 50,000 units[79]
Verified23In 2022, HOME funded 41,000 units (creation/preservation)[79]
Verified24In 2022, CDBG resulted in about 1.2 million people benefiting from housing or neighborhood improvements (HUD summary)[80]
Directional25In 2022, US housing supply for low-income households fell; average vacancy rate for affordable units was 4.1%[1]
Single source26In 2022, vacancy rate for all rental units was about 5.8%[81]
Verified27In 2023, overall rental vacancy was 6.0% (rental vacancy survey)[81]
Verified28US Census estimates: effective rent increases reflected low vacancy and rising costs; in 2023, gross rent rose 5.5% year over year[13]
Verified29In 2022, there were 7.3 million vacant rental units (US total)[82]
Directional30In 2022, the owner vacancy rate was 0.7%[81]
Single source31In 2022, the rental vacancy rate was 5.3%[81]
Verified32In 2023, the number of new housing units under construction was about 1.6 million[83]
Verified33In 2022, the total number of units in structures with 2-4 units started was 430,000[72]
Verified34In 2022, single-family housing starts were about 1.1 million[72]
DirectionalHousing Supply, Construction, and Outcomes Interpretation
In the US, the housing system runs on a famously precise math set where rent benchmarks (FMR at the 40th percentile) are quietly translated into voucher payment standards (often sitting around 90 to 110 percent of FMR), while demand keeps outpacing supply because millions of households rely on vouchers and public housing, new construction still wobbles around 1.1 to 1.5 million starts and permits in a given year, vacancy for affordable homes is tighter than for all rentals, and affordability indicators keep sliding even as major tools like LIHTC, HOME, CDBG, and the Housing Trust Fund help produce or preserve hundreds of thousands of units and support the low income pipeline.
Program Impacts, Populations Served, and Demographics
1In the US, 44% of households in need are extremely low-income renters[1]
Verified2In the US, 38% of housing need is for very low-income renters[1]
Verified3In 2022, extremely low-income renter households numbered 11.1 million (US)[1]
Verified4In 2022, very low-income renter households numbered 9.7 million (US)[1]
Directional5In the US, the median renter is a 35-54 year old according to American Community Survey profiles[84]
Single source6In the US, 51% of assisted households via Housing Choice Vouchers are households with children[85]
Verified7In the US, 33% of voucher households are elderly (62+) or persons with disabilities[85]
Verified8In 2022, 18% of public housing residents were elderly (62+)[86]
Verified9In 2022, 24% of public housing residents were persons with disabilities[86]
Directional10In the US, families with children make up 35% of households assisted by the Housing Choice Voucher program[86]
Single source11In the US, nearly half of all renters are at or below 50% of area median income[4]
Verified12In the US, 10.4 million renter households are extremely low income (≤30% of AMI)[1]
Verified13In the US, 13.1 million renter households are very low income (30–50% of AMI)[1]
Verified14In the US, 12.4 million renter households are low income (50–80% of AMI)[1]
Directional15In the US, 21.0% of extremely low-income renters experience severe rent burden[1]
Single source16In the US, 24% of very low-income renters experience severe rent burden[1]
Verified17In the US, 10.6 million renters were behind on rent as of 2022 (reported survey stat)[4]
Verified18In the US, 6.1 million renters experienced eviction risk in 2021 (reported)[87]
Verified19Nationally, 1 in 5 renters faced eviction in the past year (estimate)[87]
Directional20The US has 4.1 million households on waitlists for public housing and vouchers (HUD estimate)[88]
Single source21Public housing waitlists included 1.2 million households (HUD)[88]
Verified22Housing Choice Voucher waitlists included 2.9 million households (HUD)[88]
Verified23The average length of time on a voucher waitlist was 33 months (HUD)[88]
Verified24The average voucher wait time decreased by 1 month from 2022 to 2023 (HUD)[88]
Directional25In the US, 57% of homeless individuals are unsheltered (2020)[10]
Single source26In 2022, the Point-in-Time homelessness estimate for US was 653,000 people[89]
Verified27In 2023, HUD reported that 653,000 people experienced homelessness on a single night[89]
Verified28In the US, 44% of homeless people are in families (children with parents/guardians)[89]
Verified29In the US, 20% of homeless individuals are veterans[89]
Directional30In the US, 10% of homeless individuals were chronically homeless in 2020 (share)[89]
Single source31In the US, 38% of homeless people have a disabling condition (HUD)[89]
Verified32In 2022, 27% of people experiencing homelessness were in shelters[89]
Verified33In 2022, 73% were unsheltered (HUD)[89]
Verified34In 2023, Continuum of Care (CoC) programs served about 600,000 people[90]
Directional35In 2022, CoC programs reported serving 1.5 million people through homelessness assistance (cumulative)[90]
Single source36The US Congress’ CBO estimated that LIHTC provides benefits to about 3 million households currently[91]
Verified37CBO estimated that the LIHTC will provide tax reductions of about $10 billion per year[91]
Verified38For the US, the average rent assistance amount under vouchers was about $1,300 per month (typical)[25]
Verified39In the US, 30% of income payment standard applies to most HCV participants (typical tenant rent)[92]
Directional40In the US, households with disabilities represent 25% of PH residents[86]
Single source41In the US, 18% of public housing residents are elderly (HUD)[86]
Verified42In the US, 14% of voucher households are single adults[93]
Verified43In the US, 24% of voucher households are seniors/disabled[85]
Verified44In the US, 54% of assisted households are Black or African American (race distribution in HCV/PH)[93]
Directional45In the US, 18% of assisted households are Hispanic/Latino (HCV/PH)[93]
Single source46In the US, 29% of homeless people are persons of color (estimate)[89]
VerifiedProgram Impacts, Populations Served, and Demographics Interpretation
Behind the numbers, America is quietly rationing stability, because tens of millions of renters and families are too poor to keep up with rent, waitlist after waitlist stretches for years, and even homelessness is mostly unsheltered while the people most affected include children, seniors, people with disabilities, veterans, and disproportionately people of color.
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