From the ancient assassination of Julius Caesar by 60 conspiring senators to the recent discovery of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, history is a breathtaking tapestry woven from staggering human achievements, devastating conflicts, and pivotal moments that have collectively shaped our world.
Key Takeaways
- In 44 BC, Julius Caesar was assassinated by a group of 60 Roman senators led by Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus on the Ides of March in the Theatre of Pompey
- The Great Pyramid of Giza, built around 2580–2560 BC for Pharaoh Khufu, originally stood at 146.6 meters tall using approximately 2.3 million limestone blocks each weighing an average of 2.5 tons
- The Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC saw 7,000 Greek warriors, including 300 Spartans led by King Leonidas, hold off a Persian army of up to 300,000 for three days
- The Black Death, peaking from 1347-1351, killed an estimated 25-50 million people in Europe, reducing the population by 30-60%
- The Battle of Hastings in 1066 saw William the Conqueror defeat Harold Godwinson with 7,000-8,000 Norman troops against 10,000 English, leading to Norman conquest of England
- The Magna Carta, signed by King John on June 15, 1215, at Runnymede, contained 63 clauses limiting royal power and influencing modern constitutions
- The Renaissance began in Florence, Italy around 1400, with Leonardo da Vinci painting the Mona Lisa between 1503-1506 using sfumato technique
- Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling frescoes, painted 1508-1512, cover 5,382 square feet with 343 figures including The Creation of Adam
- The Protestant Reformation started when Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses to Wittenberg church door on October 31, 1517, challenging Catholic indulgences
- The American Revolution began April 19, 1775, at Lexington and Concord with 700 British vs. 77 minutemen, leading to independence declaration 1776
- The Industrial Revolution started in Britain around 1760 with James Watt's steam engine patented 1769 improving efficiency by 75%
- The Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815, saw 68,000 Allies under Wellington defeat 72,000 French under Napoleon with 25,000 casualties total
- The Moon landing on July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 with Neil Armstrong's first steps watched by 650 million TV viewers worldwide
- The fall of Berlin Wall November 9, 1989, ended Cold War division allowing 2.7 million East Germans to cross to West in first months
- The Chernobyl nuclear disaster April 26, 1986, released radiation equivalent to 500 Hiroshima bombs contaminating 100,000 square miles
Humanity's story is one of civilization's rise and fall through powerful achievements and profound tragedies.
Ancient Civilizations
- In 44 BC, Julius Caesar was assassinated by a group of 60 Roman senators led by Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus on the Ides of March in the Theatre of Pompey
- The Great Pyramid of Giza, built around 2580–2560 BC for Pharaoh Khufu, originally stood at 146.6 meters tall using approximately 2.3 million limestone blocks each weighing an average of 2.5 tons
- The Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC saw 7,000 Greek warriors, including 300 Spartans led by King Leonidas, hold off a Persian army of up to 300,000 for three days
- Hammurabi's Code, the first known written law code from around 1754 BC in Babylon, contained 282 laws inscribed on a 7.5-foot stele now in the Louvre
- The Library of Alexandria, founded in the 3rd century BC, is estimated to have housed between 40,000 to 400,000 papyrus scrolls at its peak under Ptolemy II
- In 776 BC, the first Olympic Games were held in Olympia, Greece, featuring a single footrace of about 192 meters called the stade won by Coroebus of Elis
- The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders, were reportedly built by King Nebuchadnezzar II around 600 BC, rising up to 75 feet with terraces irrigated by the Euphrates River
- Cleopatra VII, the last pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt, ruled from 51–30 BC and spoke nine languages, forming alliances with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony
- The Terracotta Army of Qin Shi Huang, buried in 210 BC near Xi'an, China, consists of over 8,000 life-sized soldiers, 130 chariots, and 520 horses
- The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD destroyed Pompeii, killing an estimated 16,000 people and preserving the city under 20 feet of ash and pumice
- In 3200 BC, the Sumerians developed cuneiform writing on clay tablets with over 1,000 signs used for 3,000 years recording 500,000 texts
- The Trojan War around 1200 BC lasted 10 years with Greek army of 100,000 sacking city after Odysseus' wooden horse stratagem per Iliad
- Ashurbanipal's Library in Nineveh 7th century BC held 30,000 cuneiform tablets including Epic of Gilgamesh oldest literature surviving
- The Punic Wars (264-146 BC) between Rome and Carthage ended with third war destroying Carthage killing 450,000 and enslaving 50,000
- Alexander the Great conquered Persian Empire by 323 BC age 32 creating realm 2 million square miles from Greece to India unbeaten in battle
- The Colosseum in Rome completed 80 AD seated 50,000-80,000 for gladiatorial games hosting 5,000 animals killed in inaugurals
- Pericles' Athens Golden Age 461-429 BC built Parthenon costing 469 silver talents housing 92 metopes 160m frieze sculptures
- The Rosetta Stone discovered 1799 contained trilingual decree 196 BC in Greek, Demotic, hieroglyphs enabling Egyptian decipherment 1822
Ancient Civilizations Interpretation
History reveals that our ancestors were capable of both breathtaking creation and brutal destruction, building towering pyramids and vast libraries with one hand while wielding daggers and lighting funeral pyres with the other.
Contemporary Past
- The Moon landing on July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 with Neil Armstrong's first steps watched by 650 million TV viewers worldwide
- The fall of Berlin Wall November 9, 1989, ended Cold War division allowing 2.7 million East Germans to cross to West in first months
- The Chernobyl nuclear disaster April 26, 1986, released radiation equivalent to 500 Hiroshima bombs contaminating 100,000 square miles
- The World Wide Web invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 at CERN with first website published August 6, 1991, now with over 1.8 billion sites
- The 9/11 attacks on September 11, 2001, by al-Qaeda killed 2,977 people using four hijacked planes crashing into World Trade Center and Pentagon
- The Human Genome Project completed April 2003 sequenced 3 billion base pairs identifying 20,000-25,000 genes costing $2.7 billion
- The 2008 Global Financial Crisis peaked with Lehman Brothers bankruptcy September 15, 2008, causing $10 trillion worldwide economic loss
- COVID-19 pandemic declared March 11, 2020, by WHO infected over 700 million confirmed cases causing 7 million deaths globally by 2024
- The iPhone launched June 29, 2007, by Apple revolutionized smartphones selling over 2.5 billion units and capturing 28% market share by 2023
- The Human population reached 8 billion on November 15, 2022, up from 1 billion in 1800 growing at 0.84% annual rate currently
- The Human Genome Project sequenced 99% euchromatin 2003 accuracy 99.99% 2.91 billion bases 20,500 genes annotated
- The Euro currency introduced January 1, 1999, 11 countries 340 million people physical notes coins 2002 €500 billion circulation
- The Deepwater Horizon oil spill April 20, 2010, Gulf Mexico 4.9 million barrels leaked largest marine spill 87 days burning rig
- Bitcoin whitepaper published October 31, 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto created January 3, 2009, genesis block 50 BTC first decentralized crypto
- The Higgs boson discovered July 4, 2012, CERN LHC 125 GeV confirmed Standard Model particle 1964 prediction 27km collider
- The Paris Agreement December 12, 2015, 196 countries limit warming 2°C 195 signatories $100 billion annual climate finance pledge
- SpaceX Falcon 1 first private rocket orbit September 28, 2008, reusability Falcon 9 2010 300+ launches Starship prototypes 2023
- The CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing tool 2012 Jennifer Doudna Emmanuelle Charpentier edited DNA bacteria Nobel 2020 therapy trials
- The Syrian Civil War began March 2011 protests 500,000+ deaths 13 million displaced Assad Russia vs rebels ISIS US coalition
- mRNA COVID-19 vaccines Pfizer-BioNTech December 2020 95% efficacy 2 doses 30 micrograms each 6 billion doses administered globally
Contemporary Past Interpretation
Our species' timeline reads like a frenetic genius: we can edit our own blueprint and link eight billion minds, yet we remain perilously adept at burning our own house down—whether with radiation, ideology, or hubris.
Middle Ages
- The Black Death, peaking from 1347-1351, killed an estimated 25-50 million people in Europe, reducing the population by 30-60%
- The Battle of Hastings in 1066 saw William the Conqueror defeat Harold Godwinson with 7,000-8,000 Norman troops against 10,000 English, leading to Norman conquest of England
- The Magna Carta, signed by King John on June 15, 1215, at Runnymede, contained 63 clauses limiting royal power and influencing modern constitutions
- Joan of Arc, aged 17, led French forces to victory at Orléans in 1429 during the Hundred Years' War, before her execution by burning in 1431
- The Crusades (1095-1291) involved eight major campaigns with European armies capturing Jerusalem in 1099 but ultimately failing to hold the Holy Land
- Viking raids began in 793 AD with the attack on Lindisfarne monastery, England, leading to settlements across Europe by Norse explorers until around 1066
- The Bayeux Tapestry, embroidered around 1070, is 230 feet long depicting 50 scenes of the Norman Conquest with 623 figures and 200 animals
- Saladin recaptured Jerusalem from Crusaders on October 2, 1187, after the Battle of Hattin where 30,000 Christians were defeated
- The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 in England involved 100,000 rebels led by Wat Tyler demanding end to poll tax, suppressed after killing over 1,500
- The Gutenberg Bible, printed around 1455 by Johannes Gutenberg, produced about 180 copies marking the start of mass printing in Europe
- The Domesday Book 1086 commissioned by William I surveyed England recording 13.5% cultivated land 268,984 people identified
- The Investiture Controversy 1075-1122 between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV over bishop appointments excommunicated emperor four times
- Eleanor of Aquitaine married Henry II 1152 ruled England France acquiring 1/3 France dowry crusaded 1147 patronized troubadours
- The Children's Crusade 1212 involved 20,000-30,000 youths Europe preached by Stephen Blois ending slavery capture Tunis
- Mansa Musa's 1324 Mecca pilgrimage Mali Empire distributed 18 tons gold devaluing Egyptian currency years halving value
- The Battle of Agincourt 1415 Henry V 6,000 English longbowmen defeated 20,000 French knights killing 7,000 minimal losses muddy field
- The Reconquista Spain completed 1492 Ferdinand Isabella capturing Granada ending 700-year Muslim rule after 149,000 Moors expelled
- The Hanseatic League 1356 peak controlled Baltic trade 200 cities ships 100,000 tons cargo annually fish grain timber
- The Trial of the Templars 1307-1314 Philip IV France arrested 15,000 knights dissolved order burning 54 including Jacques de Molay
- Boccaccio's Decameron 1353 100 tales plague survivors Florence influencing Chaucer Renaissance literature vernacular Italian
- The Sutton Hoo ship burial 625 AD England 27 meter oak vessel 263 items gold sword purse 37 coins East Anglian king
- The Cathars Albigensian Crusade 1209-1229 France 200,000 dualists heretics Beziers massacre 20,000 killed single day
- Kublai Khan Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368 China Venice Marco Polo 17 years court 1275 paper money 1 million troops Japan failed
- The Statute of Labourers 1351 England post-Black Death capped wages serfdom mobility restricted 100 years peasant unrest
- Richard III remains 2012 Leicester parking lot 1485 Battle Bosworth scoliosis 10 wounds died age 32 DNA Plantagenet
- The Shroud of Turin 14th century linen 4.4x1.1 meters faint image man 170cm wounds pollen Jerusalem debated relic forgery
- El Cid Campeador died 1099 Spain conquered Valencia 1094 500 knights Moorish allies Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar epic poem
Middle Ages Interpretation
Medieval Europe was a chaotic theater where power-hungry rulers, pious warriors, and suffering masses all wrestled over land, souls, and crowns, a brutal spectacle illuminated only by brief flashes of justice, faith, and the revolutionary ink of a printing press.
Modern History
- The American Revolution began April 19, 1775, at Lexington and Concord with 700 British vs. 77 minutemen, leading to independence declaration 1776
- The Industrial Revolution started in Britain around 1760 with James Watt's steam engine patented 1769 improving efficiency by 75%
- The Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815, saw 68,000 Allies under Wellington defeat 72,000 French under Napoleon with 25,000 casualties total
- The California Gold Rush 1848-1855 attracted 300,000 people producing 750,000 pounds of gold worth $200 million at peak prices
- Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation issued January 1, 1863, freed 3.5 million slaves in Confederate states during Civil War killing 620,000 total
- The sinking of RMS Titanic on April 15, 1912, after hitting iceberg killed 1,517 of 2,224 passengers and crew due to insufficient lifeboats
- World War I (1914-1918) caused 16 million deaths including 9 million civilians from four-year trench warfare on Western Front
- The Great Depression began October 29, 1929, Stock Market Crash with Dow Jones dropping 89% by 1932 unemployment reaching 25% in US
- penicillin discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 revolutionized medicine saving estimated 200 million lives by treating bacterial infections
- The Holocaust during WWII (1941-1945) systematically murdered 6 million Jews and 5 million others in 44,000 camps by Nazi regime
- The Louisiana Purchase 1803 Jefferson bought 828,000 square miles France $15 million doubling US size 530 million acres
- The Opium Wars 1839-1842 1856-1860 Britain China ceded Hong Kong unequal treaties opening 5 ports 21 million silver indemnity
- The Charge of the Light Brigade 1854 Crimean War 673 British cavalry vs Russian artillery 110 killed Balaclava Valley Death
- The Meiji Restoration 1868 Japan ended shogunate emperor modernized constitution 1889 industry railroads defeating Russia 1905
- The Scramble for Africa 1881-1914 Europeans claimed 90% continent Berlin Conference 1884 ignored Africans 10,000 tribes
- The Wright Brothers first powered flight December 17, 1903, Kitty Hawk 12 seconds 120 feet Flyer I 1903 engine 12hp
- The Russian Revolution 1917 Bolsheviks Lenin seized power October 25 Red Guards 10,000 stormed Winter Palace 300 casualties
- The Wall Street Crash 1929 wiped $30 billion market value 14 billion shares traded October 24-29 Black Thursday Tuesday
- The first atomic bomb test July 16, 1945, Trinity New Mexico 20 kilotons vaporized tower 30 meters yield plutonium implosion
- The Suez Crisis 1956 Israel France Britain invaded Egypt nationalized canal Nasser 14,000 troops 900 tanks defeated UN ceasefire
- The Erie Canal 1825 New York 363 miles 40 locks Hudson Lake Erie $7 million cost 10 years 3,000 workers
- The Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 China Hong Xiuquan 20-30 million deaths largest war before WWI heavenly kingdom
- The First Transcontinental Railroad 1869 Promontory Utah Golden Spike 1,911 miles 20,000 workers 2 years late buffalo bison killed
- The Dreyfus Affair 1894-1906 France Jewish captain framed treason Zola J'accuse 1906 exonerated antisemitism republic
- The Gallipoli Campaign 1915-1916 WWI Allies 480,000 troops ANZAC 44,000 casualties failed Ottoman trenches Churchill resigned
- The Spanish Flu 1918-1919 pandemic 500 million infected 50 million deaths three waves young adults 20-40 mortality high
- The Treaty of Versailles 1919 Germany lost 13% territory 10% population Article 231 war guilt $33 billion reparations
- The first successful heart transplant December 3, 1967, Christiaan Barnard South Africa patient lived 18 days cyclosporine later
Modern History Interpretation
While humanity’s story often hinges on a few pivotal days of smoke and blood, its true weight is measured by the slow, grinding calculus of exploitation, the quiet horror of a virus, and the fragile victories of a penicillin mold or a transplanted heart.
Prehistoric Era
- Stonehenge phase 1 built 3000 BC with 80 bluestones from Wales 140 miles away erected in circle 86 meters diameter
- Lascaux Cave paintings France dated 17,000 years ago featured 600 animals 1,500 engravings using 13 ochre pigments by Cro-Magnons
- Ötzi the Iceman mummy found 1991 Alps dated 3300 BC carried 15 tools including copper axe 61 tattoos likely acupuncture
- Göbekli Tepe Turkey 9600 BC oldest temple complex 20 circles T-shaped pillars 20 feet tall carved foxes cranes reliefs
- Denisovans archaic humans Siberia DNA from finger bone 48,000 years old interbred with Neanderthals contributing 4-6% modern DNA Asia
- The Clovis culture North America 13,000 years ago hunted mammoths with fluted spear points found 10,000 sites across continent
- Chauvet Cave France 36,000 years old 1,000 images lions rhinos hand stencils using charcoal ochre mineral pigments
- Jericho walls 9000 BC earliest fortified city 8 meters high 1.8 meters thick tower 8.5 meters tall protecting 2,000 residents
- The Last Glacial Maximum 26,500-19,000 years ago lowered sea levels 410 feet exposing Bering land bridge migrating humans Americas
- Altamira Cave Spain 36,000-12,000 years old bison paintings polychrome using red yellow charcoal discovered 1879
- Woolly mammoth Clovis hunted 13,000 BP New Mexico 35 tons 14 feet shoulder height tusks 15 feet DNA sequenced 2021
- Venus of Willendorf Austria 28,000 BP 4.3 inches limestone ocre 11 fertility figurines Paleolithic art symbol
- Monte Verde Chile 14,500 BP earliest South America site 12 structures 71 plants tools mastodon bones pre-Clovis
- The Taung Child Australopithecus africanus South Africa 1924 2.8 million years skull brain 405cc bipedal evolution
- Blombos Cave South Africa 100,000 BP engraved ochre 73 pieces shell beads earliest symbolic behavior art
- The Neolithic Revolution 10,000 BC Fertile Crescent domesticated wheat barley sheep goats population 5 million surplus
- Pazyryk carpets Siberia 5th century BC frozen tombs 183x200 cm 24 knots/cm² griffins warriors Scythian art oldest pile rug
Prehistoric Era Interpretation
The ancient thread running from Ötzi’s tattoos to Göbekli Tepe’s towering pillars and the Lascaux masterpieces is the undeniable human compulsion to build, create, mark territory, and seek meaning long before we ever got around to inventing history books.
Renaissance and Enlightenment
- The Renaissance began in Florence, Italy around 1400, with Leonardo da Vinci painting the Mona Lisa between 1503-1506 using sfumato technique
- Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling frescoes, painted 1508-1512, cover 5,382 square feet with 343 figures including The Creation of Adam
- The Protestant Reformation started when Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses to Wittenberg church door on October 31, 1517, challenging Catholic indulgences
- William Shakespeare's First Folio published in 1623 contained 36 plays, including Hamlet first printed in quarto 1603 with over 4,000 lines
- Galileo's Sidereus Nuncius published 1610 detailed four moons of Jupiter observed via telescope, supporting heliocentrism against geocentric model
- The Enlightenment philosopher John Locke published Two Treatises of Government in 1689 arguing natural rights to life, liberty, property influencing American Revolution
- Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica published 1687 formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation based on apple-falling anecdote
- Voltaire's Candide published 1759 satirized optimism during Seven Years' War, selling 20,000 copies in first month across Europe
- The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, freed only 7 prisoners but symbolized French Revolution with 954 attackers killed
- Raphael's School of Athens fresco 1511 Vatican 25 feet wide depicts 41 philosophers Plato Aristotle center perspective mastery
- The Defenestration of Prague 1618 sparked Thirty Years' War throwing officials 70 feet defenestrated surviving manure cushion miracle
- Rembrandt's Night Watch 1642 11.9x3.3 meters 34 figures militia company chiaroscuro lighting dynamic composition Rijksmuseum
- The Glorious Revolution 1688 William III Mary II England bloodless ousting James II Bill Rights 1689 limiting monarchy
- Denis Diderot's Encyclopédie 1751-1772 28 volumes 71,000 articles 2,500 illustrations sold 25,000 copies banned France
- Mozart composed 41 symphonies dying age 35 Requiem unfinished 1791 Symphony No.40 1788 600+ works total prodigy
- The Boston Tea Party December 16, 1773, Sons Liberty dumped 342 chests tea £10,000 value harbor protesting tax no representation
- Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication Rights Woman 1792 argued women's education equality influencing feminism suffragettes
- Beethoven's 9th Symphony premiered 1824 Vienna Ode Joy choral finale 24 performers first symphony chorus orchestra
- The Antwerp Mannerists 1520s Flemish painting 100 artists distorted figures bright colors Bosch influence Mannerism spread
- The Salem Witch Trials 1692 Massachusetts 200 accused 20 executed spectral evidence 141 plead guilty confessions torture
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau Confessions 1782 autobiography influenced Romanticism Emile 1762 education novel banned Emile burned
- The Haitian Revolution 1791-1804 slaves Toussaint Louverture defeated France 500,000 blacks vs 30,000 whites first republic
- Mary Shelley's Frankenstein 1818 Gothic novel lightning galvanism Percy Byron challenge summer Villa Diodati storm
- The Peterloo Massacre 1819 Manchester 60,000 protesters reform 18 killed 700 injured cavalry charge St Peter's Field
Renaissance and Enlightenment Interpretation
The Renaissance gave humanity the Sistine Chapel and the Mona Lisa, only for the Reformation to start arguing over church décor, the Enlightenment to question everything with a telescope and a pamphlet, and revolutions to then storm the stage—with varying degrees of success, prisoner counts, and bloodshed—proving that the only thing more prolific than human genius is our astounding capacity for drama, protest, and untidy historical consequences.
Sources & References
- Reference 1ENen.wikipedia.orgVisit source
- Reference 2BRITANNICAbritannica.comVisit source
- Reference 3HISTORYhistory.comVisit source
- Reference 4LOUVRElouvre.frVisit source
- Reference 5OLYMPICSolympics.comVisit source
- Reference 6WORLDHISTORYworldhistory.orgVisit source
- Reference 7NATIONALGEOGRAPHICnationalgeographic.comVisit source
- Reference 8WHCwhc.unesco.orgVisit source
- Reference 9CDCcdc.govVisit source
- Reference 10ENGLISH-HERITAGEenglish-heritage.org.ukVisit source
- Reference 11BLbl.ukVisit source
- Reference 12BAYEUXMUSEUMbayeuxmuseum.comVisit source
- Reference 13MVmv.vatican.vaVisit source
- Reference 14PLATOplato.stanford.eduVisit source
- Reference 15ARCHIVESarchives.govVisit source
- Reference 16NOBELPRIZEnobelprize.orgVisit source
- Reference 17ENCYCLOPEDIAencyclopedia.ushmm.orgVisit source
- Reference 18NASAnasa.govVisit source
- Reference 19W3w3.orgVisit source
- Reference 20911MEMORIAL911memorial.orgVisit source
- Reference 21GENOMEgenome.govVisit source
- Reference 22WHOwho.intVisit source
- Reference 23APPLEapple.comVisit source
- Reference 24UNun.orgVisit source
- Reference 25ICEMANiceman.itVisit source
- Reference 26NATUREnature.comVisit source
- Reference 27SMITHSONIANMAGsmithsonianmag.comVisit source
- Reference 28CULTUREculture.gouv.frVisit source
- Reference 29NATIONALARCHIVESnationalarchives.gov.ukVisit source
- Reference 30MVmv.sta.vatican.vaVisit source
- Reference 31RIJKSMUSEUMrijksmuseum.nlVisit source
- Reference 32FEDERALRESERVEHISTORYfederalreservehistory.orgVisit source
- Reference 33ATOMICARCHIVEatomicarchive.comVisit source
- Reference 34ECBecb.europa.euVisit source
- Reference 35EPAepa.govVisit source
- Reference 36BITCOINbitcoin.orgVisit source
- Reference 37HOMEhome.cernVisit source
- Reference 38UNFCCCunfccc.intVisit source
- Reference 39SPACEXspacex.comVisit source
- Reference 40CFRcfr.orgVisit source
- Reference 41PFIZERpfizer.comVisit source
- Reference 42NHM-WIENnhm-wien.ac.atVisit source
- Reference 43HERMITAGEMUSEUMhermitagemuseum.orgVisit source
- Reference 44LEle.ac.ukVisit source
- Reference 45SHROUDshroud.comVisit source
- Reference 46METMUSEUMmetmuseum.orgVisit source
- Reference 47NPSnps.govVisit source